Protein Information

Name MAPK (protein family or complex)
Synonyms MAPK; mitogen activated protein kinase; mitogen activated protein kinases

Compound Information

Name jasmonic acid
CAS

Reference List

PubMed Abstract RScore(About this table)
16673940 Reyna NS, Yang Y: Molecular analysis of the rice MAP kinase gene family in relation to Magnaporthe grisea infection. Mol Plant Microbe Interact. 2006 May;19(5):530-40.

Four of the M. grisea-induced OsMPK genes were associated with host-cell death in the lesion-mimic rice mutant, and eight of them were differentially induced in response to defense signal molecules such as jasmonic acid, salicylic acid, abscisic acid, and ethylene.
Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades play a crucial role in plant growth and development as well as biotic and abiotic stress responses.
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12671083 Seo S, Seto H, Koshino H, Yoshida S, Ohashi Y: A diterpene as an endogenous signal for the activation of defense responses to infection with tobacco mosaic virus and wounding in tobacco. Plant Cell. 2003 Apr;15(4):863-73.


In pathogen-infected or wounded tobacco plants, the activation of wound-induced protein kinase (WIPK), a tobacco mitogen-activated protein kinase, has been implicated in the defense response.
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15144381 Liu Y, Schiff M, Dinesh-Kumar SP: Involvement of MEK1 MAPKK, NTF6 MAPK, WRKY/MYB transcription factors, COI1 and CTR1 in N-mediated resistance to tobacco mosaic virus. Plant J. 2004 Jun;38(5):800-9.

In addition, suppression of jasmonic acid (JA) signaling component COI1 ortholog affected N function.
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19220780 Bargmann BO, Laxalt AM, ter Riet B, Testerink C, Merquiol E, Mosblech A, Leon-Reyes A, Pieterse CM, Haring MA, Heilmann I, Bartels D, Munnik T: Reassessing the role of phospholipase D in the Arabidopsis wounding response. Plant Cell Environ. 2009 Jul;32(7):837-50. Epub 2009 Feb 9.

Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) AtPLDalpha1 has been proposed to be activated in intact cells, and the phosphatidic acid (PA) it produces to serve as a precursor for jasmonic acid (JA) synthesis and to be required for wounding-induced gene expression.
Independently, PLD activity has been reported to have a bearing on wounding-induced MAPK activation.
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17630279 Schweighofer A, Kazanaviciute V, Scheikl E, Teige M, Doczi R, Hirt H, Schwanninger M, Kant M, Schuurink R, Mauch F, Buchala A, Cardinale F, Meskiene I: The PP2C-type phosphatase AP2C1, which negatively regulates MPK4 and MPK6, modulates innate immunity, jasmonic acid, and ethylene levels in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell. 2007 Jul;19(7):2213-24. Epub 2007 Jul 13.

Wound signaling pathways in plants are mediated by mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and stress hormones, such as ethylene and jasmonates.
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16600475 Flescher E: Jasmonates in cancer therapy. Cancer Lett. 2007 Jan 8;245(1-2):1-10. Epub 2006 Apr 4.


These include: (1) The bio-energetic mechanism-jasmonates induce severe ATP depletion in cancer cells via mitochondrial perturbation; (2) The re-differentiation mechanism-jasmonates induce re-differentiation in human myeloid leukemia cells via mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activity; (3) The reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated mechanism-jasmonates induce apoptosis in lung carcinoma cells via the generation of hydrogen peroxide, and pro-apoptotic proteins of the Bcl-2 family.
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15229618 Ishii Y, Kiyota H, Sakai S, Honma Y: Induction of differentiation of human myeloid leukemia cells by jasmonates, plant hormones. Leukemia. 2004 Aug;18(8):1413-9.


MJ activated mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) in the cells before causing myelomonocytic differentiation.
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17433310 Ortiz-Masia D, Perez-Amador MA, Carbonell J, Marcote MJ: Diverse stress signals activate the C1 subgroup MAP kinases of Arabidopsis. FEBS Lett. 2007 May 1;581(9):1834-40. Epub 2007 Apr 9.

Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades play an important role in mediating stress responses in plants.
Jasmonic acid (JA) activated AtMPK1/AtMPK2 in the absence of wounding.
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9927645 Seo S, Sano H, Ohashi Y: Jasmonate-based wound signal transduction requires activation of WIPK, a tobacco mitogen-activated protein kinase. Plant Cell. 1999 Feb;11(2):289-98.

Transgenic tobacco plants, in which expression of endogenous wipk was suppressed, did not accumulate jasmonic acid or its methyl ester when wounded, suggesting that WIPK is involved in jasmonate-mediated wound signal transduction.
2(0,0,0,2) Details
14742423 Mayrose M, Bonshtien A, Sessa G: LeMPK3 is a mitogen-activated protein kinase with dual specificity induced during tomato defense and wounding responses. J Biol Chem. 2004 Apr 9;279(15):14819-27. Epub 2004 Jan 23.

LeMPK3 gene expression was also induced very rapidly by mechanical stress and wounding much earlier than upon pathogen infection, but not in response to the defense-related plant hormones ethylene and jasmonic acid.
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14555690 Kim CY, Liu Y, Thorne ET, Yang H, Fukushige H, Gassmann W, Hildebrand D, Sharp RE, Zhang S: Activation of a stress-responsive mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade induces the biosynthesis of ethylene in plants. Plant Cell. 2003 Nov;15(11):2707-18. Epub 2003 Oct 10.

In contrast to previous reports, no major increase in jasmonic acid (JA) and methyl jasmonate (MJ) was detected after the activation of SIPK/WIPK in NtMEK2DD transgenic plants.
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17369371 Takahashi F, Yoshida R, Ichimura K, Mizoguchi T, Seo S, Yonezawa M, Maruyama K, Yamaguchi-Shinozaki K, Shinozaki K: The mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade MKK3-MPK6 is an important part of the jasmonate signal transduction pathway in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell. 2007 Mar;19(3):805-18. Epub 2007 Mar 16.

The plant hormone jasmonic acid (JA) plays a key role in the environmental stress responses and developmental processes of plants.
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12713542 Thoma I, Loeffler C, Sinha AK, Gupta M, Krischke M, Steffan B, Roitsch T, Mueller MJ: Cyclopentenone isoprostanes induced by reactive oxygen species trigger defense gene activation and phytoalexin accumulation in plants. Plant J. 2003 May;34(3):363-75.


PPA1 and PPB1 display powerful biologic activities including activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and induction of glutathione-S-transferase (GST), defense genes, and phytoalexins.
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12507518 Agrawal GK, Agrawal SK, Shibato J, Iwahashi H, Rakwal R: Novel rice MAP kinases OsMSRMK3 and OsWJUMK1 involved in encountering diverse environmental stresses and developmental regulation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2003 Jan 17;300(3):775-83.

We report isolation of two novel rice (Oryza sativa L.) mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), OsMSRMK3 (multiple stress responsive) and OsWJUMK1 (wound- and JA-uninducible) that most likely exist as single copy genes in its genome.
Steady state mRNA analyses of these MAPKs with constitutive expression in leaves of two-week-old seedlings revealed that OsMSRMK3 was up-regulated upon wounding (by cut), jasmonic acid (JA), salicylic acid (SA), ethylene, abscisic acid, hydrogen peroxide (H (2) O (2)), protein phosphatase inhibitors, chitosan, high salt/sugar, and heavy metals, whereas OsWJUMK1 not induced by either wounding, JA or SA, showed up-regulation only by H (2) O (2), heavy metals, and cold stress (12 degrees C).
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18599650 Qiu JL, Zhou L, Yun BW, Nielsen HB, Fiil BK, Petersen K, Mackinlay J, Loake GJ, Mundy J, Morris PC: Arabidopsis mitogen-activated protein kinase kinases MKK1 and MKK2 have overlapping functions in defense signaling mediated by MEKK1, MPK4, and MKS1. Plant Physiol. 2008 Sep;148(1):212-22. Epub 2008 Jul 3.

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16814558 Blanco FA, Zanetti ME, Casalongue CA, Daleo GR: Molecular characterization of a potato MAP kinase transcriptionally regulated by multiple environmental stresses. Plant Physiol Biochem. 2006 May-Jun;44(5-6):315-22. Epub 2006 Jun 16.

Using polymerase chain reaction (PCR), a DNA fragment corresponding to a Solanum tuberosum MAPK, StMPK1, was isolated.
StMPK1 mRNA levels also increased in potato tuber after 24 h of treatment with jasmonic acid (JA) and abscicic acid (ABA), but not in response to ethylene or salicylic acid.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
12559953 Kim JA, Agrawal GK, Rakwal R, Han KS, Kim KN, Yun CH, Heu S, Park SY, Lee YH, Jwa NS: Molecular cloning and mRNA expression analysis of a novel rice (Oryzasativa L.) MAPK kinase kinase, OsEDR1, an ortholog of Arabidopsis AtEDR1, reveal its role in defense/stress signalling pathways and development. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2003 Jan 24;300(4):868-76.

Using our established two-week-old rice seedling in vitro model system, we show that OsEDR1 has a constitutive expression in seedling leaves and is further up-regulated within 15 min upon wounding by cut, treatment with the global signals jasmonic acid (JA), salicylic acid (SA), ethylene (ethephon, ET), abscisic acid, and hydrogen peroxide.
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18509467 Schikora A, Carreri A, Charpentier E, Hirt H: The dark side of the salad: Salmonella typhimurium overcomes the innate immune response of Arabidopsis thaliana and shows an endopathogenic lifestyle. PLoS One. 2008 May 28;3(5):e2279.

The induction of defense responses fails in plants that are compromised in ethylene or jasmonic acid signaling or in the MKK3-MPK6 MAPK pathway.
Arabidopsis reacts to Salmonella by inducing the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades and enhanced expression of pathogenesis related (PR) genes.
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11332734 Xiong L, Lee MW, Qi M, Yang Y: Identification of defense-related rice genes by suppression subtractive hybridization and differential screening. Mol Plant Microbe Interact. 2001 May;14(5):685-92.

In combination with treatments of cycloheximide plus jasmonic acid (JA) or benzothiadiazole (BTH) in rice seedlings, the polymerase chain reaction-based suppression subtractive hybridization also was conducted to search for immediate early (IE) defense-related genes whose transcription is independent of de novo protein synthesis.
Database searches revealed that these IE genes encode putative mitogen-activated protein kinase, diacylglycerol kinase, zinc finger protein, RelA-SpoT protein, ankyrin-containing protein, ABC transporter, beta-ketoacyl-CoA synthase, and other potential defense-signaling components.
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19764773 Chen YE, Yuan S, Du JB, Xu MY, Zhang ZW, Lin HH: Phosphorylation of photosynthetic antenna protein CP29 and photosystem II structure changes in monocotyledonous plants under environmental stresses. Biochemistry. 2009 Oct 20;48(41):9757-63.

Abscisic acid (ABA), reactive oxygen species (ROS), salicylic acid (SA), jasmonic acid (JA), ethylene (ET), NO, and the scavenger of H (2) O (2) had weak effects on CP29 phosphorylation.
However, three protein kinase inhibitors, U0126, W7, and K252a (for mitogen-activated protein kinase, Ca (2+)-dependent protein kinase, and Ser/Thr protein kinases, respectively), decrease the level of CP29 phosphorylation in barley apparently under environmental stresses.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
8533090 Seo S, Okamoto M, Seto H, Ishizuka K, Sano H, Ohashi Y: Tobacco MAP kinase: a possible mediator in wound signal transduction pathways. Science. 1995 Dec 22;270(5244):1988-92.

A complementary DNA encoding a mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase homolog has been isolated from tobacco plants.
In tobacco plants transformed with the cloned complementary DNA, trans inactivation of the endogenous homologous gene occurred, and both production of wound-induced jasmonic acid and accumulation of wound-inducible gene transcripts were inhibited.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
10687382 Stratmann JW, Stelmach BA, Weiler EW, Ryan CA: UVB/UVA radiation activates a 48 kDa myelin basic protein kinase and potentiates wound signaling in tomato leaves. Photochem Photobiol. 2000 Feb;71(2):116-23.

The activation was associated with phosphorylation of tyrosine residues on the kinase, which is indicative of protein kinases of the mitogen-activated protein kinase family.
Levels of 12-oxo-phytodienoic acid and jasmonic acid that have been well documented to increase in response to wounding were not detected in response to UVB/UVA irradiation alone.
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16478936 Liechti R, Gfeller A, Farmer EE: Jasmonate signaling pathway. Sci STKE. 2006 Feb 14;2006(322):cm2.

As progress in characterizing several new mutants (some of which are hypersensitive to jasmonic acid) augments our understanding of jasmonate signaling, the Connections Map will be updated to include this new information.
In Arabidopsis, NONEXPRESSOR OF PR GENES (NPR1) mediates part of this interaction, with another layer of control provided further downstream by the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) homolog MPK4.
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19820318 Hu X, Li W, Chen Q, Yang Y: Early signal transduction linking the synthesis of jasmonic acid in plant. Plant Signal Behav. 2009 Aug;4(8):696-7. Epub 2009 Aug 2.

In this Mini-Review paper, we discuss the possible roles of reactive oxygen species (ROS), nitric oxide (NO), calcium influx and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade during JA synthesis or JA signal transduction.
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17134397 Parani M, Rudrabhatla S, Myers R, Weirich H, Smith B, Leaman DW, Goldman SL: Microarray analysis of nitric oxide responsive transcripts in Arabidopsis. Plant Biotechnol J. 2004 Jul;2(4):359-66.


We observed the up-regulation of several genes encoding disease-resistance proteins, WRKY proteins, transcription factors, zinc finger proteins, glutathione S-transferases, ABC transporters, kinases and biosynthetic genes of ethylene, jasmonic acid, lignin and alkaloids.
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11495791 Nurnberger T, Scheel D: Signal transmission in the plant immune response. Trends Plant Sci. 2001 Aug;6(8):372-9.


In addition, salicylic acid, jasmonic acid and ethylene are components of signaling networks that provide the molecular basis for specificity of plant defense responses.
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16875320 Ning J, Yuan B, Xie KB, Hu HH, Wu CQ, Xiong LZ: Isolation and identification of SA and JA inducible protein kinase gene OsSJMK1 in rice. Yi Chuan Xue Bao. 2006 Jul;33(7):625-33.

The predicted protein of this gene, consisting of 498 amino acids with a predicted PI value of 8.43, contains a mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) domain with a dual-phosphorylation activation motif TDY (Thr-Asp-Tyr) and a C-terminus domain that feature a typical MAPK belonging to subgroup V.
Despite the high similarity of gene structure between OsSJMK1 and BWMK1, the expression of OsSJMK1 was weakly induced by blast fungus but not wounding, rather it was transiently induced by jasmonic acid (JA) and salicylic acid (SA) at early stages of treatment.
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12237344 Bogre L, Ligterink W, Meskiene I, Barker PJ, Heberle-Bors E, Huskisson NS, Hirt H: Wounding Induces the Rapid and Transient Activation of a Specific MAP Kinase Pathway. Plant Cell. 1997 Jan;9(1):75-83.

Using specific antibodies, we showed that wounding alfalfa leaves specifically induces the transient activation of the p44MMK4 kinase, which belongs to the family of mitogen-activated protein kinases.
Abscisic acid, methyl jasmonic acid, and electrical activity are known to mediate wound signaling in plants.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
10707361 Kumar D, Klessig DF: Differential induction of tobacco MAP kinases by the defense signals nitric oxide, salicylic acid, ethylene, and jasmonic acid. Mol Plant Microbe Interact. 2000 Mar;13(3):347-51.

In tobacco, two mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases, designated salicylic acid (SA)-induced protein kinase (SIPK) and wounding-induced protein kinase (WIPK) are activated in a disease resistance-specific manner following pathogen infection or elicitor treatment.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
18987213 Weigelt K, Kuster H, Rutten T, Fait A, Fernie AR, Miersch O, Wasternack C, Emery RJ, Desel C, Hosein F, Muller M, Saalbach I, Weber H: ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase-deficient pea embryos reveal specific transcriptional and metabolic changes of carbon-nitrogen metabolism and stress responses. Plant Physiol. 2009 Jan;149(1):395-411. Epub 2008 Nov 5.


Transcriptional activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways and oxylipin synthesis indicates an additional activation of stress signaling pathways.
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16235109 Uehara Y, Takahashi Y, Berberich T, Miyazaki A, Takahashi H, Matsui K, Ohme-Takagi M, Saitoh H, Terauchi R, Kusano T: Tobacco ZFT1, a transcriptional repressor with a Cys2/His2 type zinc finger motif that functions in spermine-signaling pathway. Plant Mol Biol. 2005 Oct;59(3):435-48.

ZFT1 was not induced by two other polyamines, putrescine and spermidine, or by salicylic acid (SA), jasmonic acid or ethylene.
Within the Spm-signaling pathway, we found that ZFT1 functioned downstream of both mitochondrial dysfunction and mitogen-activated protein kinase activation.
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11204791 Seo S, Seto H, Yamakawa H, Ohashi Y: Transient accumulation of jasmonic acid during the synchronized hypersensitive cell death in Tobacco mosaic virus-infected tobacco leaves. Mol Plant Microbe Interact. 2001 Feb;14(2):261-4.

The accumulation of JA was preceded by activation of a tobacco mitogen-activated protein kinase, WIPK, which functions upstream of JA in wound signal transduction pathways.
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19245318 Wang Z, Mao H, Dong C, Ji R, Cai L, Fu H, Liu S: Overexpression of Brassica napus MPK4 enhances resistance to Sclerotinia sclerotiorum in oilseed rape. Mol Plant Microbe Interact. 2009 Mar;22(3):235-44.

In this study, we isolated a B. napus mitogen-activated protein kinase, BnMPK4, and found that BnMPK4 along with PDF1.2 are inducible in resistant line Zhongshuang9 but both are consistently suppressed in susceptible line 84039 after inoculation with S. sclerotiorum.
Our results support the idea that MPK4 positively regulates jasmonic acid-mediated defense response, which might play an important role in resistance to S. sclerotiorum in oilseed rape.
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17506336 Brader G, Djamei A, Teige M, Palva ET, Hirt H: The MAP kinase kinase MKK2 affects disease resistance in Arabidopsis. Mol Plant Microbe Interact. 2007 May;20(5):589-96.

The Arabidopsis mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) kinase 2 (MKK2) was shown to mediate cold and salt stress responses through activation of the two MAP kinases MPK4 and MPK6.
Although MKK2-EE plants shared enhanced expression of genes encoding enzymes of ethylene (ET) and jasmonic acid (JA) synthesis, ET, JA, and salicylic acid (SA) levels did not differ dramatically from those of wild-type or mkk2-null plants under ambient growth conditions.
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9380763 Stratmann JW, Ryan CA: Myelin basic protein kinase activity in tomato leaves is induced systemically by wounding and increases in response to systemin and oligosaccharide elicitors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1997 Sep 30;94(20):11085-9.

A 48-kDa MBP kinase activity also increases in response to polygalacturonic acid and chitosan but not in response to jasmonic acid or phytodienoic acid.
In response to wounding, the MBP kinase is phosphorylated on phosphotyrosine residues, indicating a relationship to the mitogen-activated protein kinase family of protein kinases.
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17194768 Qutob D, Kemmerling B, Brunner F, Kufner I, Engelhardt S, Gust AA, Luberacki B, Seitz HU, Stahl D, Rauhut T, Glawischnig E, Schween G, Lacombe B, Watanabe N, Lam E, Schlichting R, Scheel D, Nau K, Dodt G, Hubert D, Gijzen M, Nurnberger T: Phytotoxicity and innate immune responses induced by Nep1-like proteins. Plant Cell. 2006 Dec;18(12):3721-44. Epub 2006 Dec 28.

We show that oomycete-derived Nep1 (for necrosis and ethylene-inducing peptide1)-like proteins (NLPs) trigger a comprehensive immune response in Arabidopsis thaliana, comprising posttranslational activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase activity, deposition of callose, production of nitric oxide, reactive oxygen intermediates, ethylene, and the phytoalexin camalexin, as well as cell death.
NLP-induced cell death is an active, light-dependent process requiring HSP90 but not caspase activity, salicylic acid, jasmonic acid, ethylene, or functional SGT1a/SGT1b.
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16207744 Gomi K, Ogawa D, Katou S, Kamada H, Nakajima N, Saji H, Soyano T, Sasabe M, Machida Y, Mitsuhara I, Ohashi Y, Seo S: A mitogen-activated protein kinase NtMPK4 activated by SIPKK is required for jasmonic acid signaling and involved in ozone tolerance via stomatal movement in tobacco. Plant Cell Physiol. 2005 Dec;46(12):1902-14. Epub 2005 Oct 5.
84(1,1,1,4) Details
15500467 Ahlfors R, Macioszek V, Rudd J, Brosche M, Schlichting R, Scheel D, Kangasjarvi J: Stress hormone-independent activation and nuclear translocation of mitogen-activated protein kinases in Arabidopsis thaliana during ozone exposure. Plant J. 2004 Nov;40(4):512-22.

ROS in turn trigger the activation of signaling cascades such as the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade and accumulation of plant hormones, jasmonic acid, salicylic acid (SA), and ethylene (ET).
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18042205 Balbi V, Devoto A: Jasmonate signalling network in Arabidopsis thaliana: crucial regulatory nodes and new physiological scenarios. New Phytol. 2008;177(2):301-18. Epub 2007 Nov 27.


Moreover, a significant increase in the amount of evidence has allowed placing of specific mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) as crucial regulatory nodes in the defence signalling network.
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17253983 Seo S, Katou S, Seto H, Gomi K, Ohashi Y: The mitogen-activated protein kinases WIPK and SIPK regulate the levels of jasmonic and salicylic acids in wounded tobacco plants. Plant J. 2007 Mar;49(5):899-909. Epub 2007 Jan 23.

In tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum), wounding causes rapid activation of two mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), wound-induced protein kinase (WIPK) and salicylic acid (SA)-induced protein kinase (SIPK), and the subsequent accumulation of jasmonic acid (JA).
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16950863 Shoresh M, Gal-On A, Leibman D, Chet I: Characterization of a mitogen-activated protein kinase gene from cucumber required for trichoderma-conferred plant resistance. Plant Physiol. 2006 Nov;142(3):1169-79. Epub 2006 Sep 1.

The fungal biocontrol agent Trichoderma asperellum has been recently shown to induce systemic resistance in plants through a mechanism that employs jasmonic acid and ethylene signal transduction pathways.
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12355160 Song F, Goodman RM: OsBIMK1, a rice MAP kinase gene involved in disease resistance responses. Planta. 2002 Oct;215(6):997-1005. Epub 2002 Jun 20.

The activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) has been previously implicated in signal transduction during plant responses to pathogen attack as well as to various environmental stresses.
Expression of OsBIMK1 was activated rapidly upon treatment with benzothiadiazole (BTH) as well as with dichloroisonicotinic acid, probenazole, jasmonic acid and its methyl ester, Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae, or wounding.
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19116133 Cho K, Agrawal GK, Jwa NS, Kubo A, Rakwal R: Rice OsSIPK and its orthologs: a "central master switch" for stress responses. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2009 Feb 13;379(3):649-53. Epub 2008 Dec 29.

Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) plays a central role in controlling a vast array of plant biochemical and physiological processes.
A large body of evidence demonstrates the involvement of SIPKs in fine-tuned regulation of the plant responses to ozone, wounding, SA, and jasmonic acid (JA).
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17464219 You MK, Oh SI, Ok SH, Cho SK, Shin HY, Jeung JU, Shin JS: Identification of putative MAPK kinases in Oryza minuta and O. sativa responsive to biotic stresses. Mol Cells. 2007 Feb 28;23(1):108-14.

Transcript patterns following imbibition of plant hormones such as methyl jasmonic acid (MeJA), ethephone, salicylic acid (SA) and abscisic acid (ABA), as well as exposure to methyl viologen (MV), revealed that the expression of OmMKK1 is related to defense response signaling pathways.
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18066586 Lee MO, Cho K, Kim SH, Jeong SH, Kim JA, Jung YH, Shim J, Shibato J, Rakwal R, Tamogami S, Kubo A, Agrawal GK, Jwa NS: Novel rice OsSIPK is a multiple stress responsive MAPK family member showing rhythmic expression at mRNA level. Planta. 2008 Apr;227(5):981-90. Epub 2007 Dec 8.

A time course (30-120 min) experiment using a variety of elicitors and stresses revealed that the OsSIPK mRNA is strongly induced by jasmonic acid (JA), salicylic acid (SA), ethephon, abscisic acid, cycloheximide (CHX), JA/SA + CHX, cantharidin, okadaic acid, hydrogen peroxide, chitosan, sodium chloride, and cold stress (12 degrees C), but not with wounding by cut, gaseous pollutants ozone, and sulfur dioxide, high temperature, ultraviolet C irradiation, sucrose, and drought.
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18283488 Ortiz-Masia D, Perez-Amador MA, Carbonell P, Aniento F, Carbonell J, Marcote MJ: Characterization of PsMPK2, the first C1 subgroup MAP kinase from pea (Pisum sativum L.). Planta. 2008 May;227(6):1333-42. Epub 2008 Feb 19.

Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades play a key role in plant growth and development as well as in biotic and abiotic stress responses.
Expression of PsMPK2 in Arabidopsis thaliana shows that mechanical injury and other stress signals as abscisic acid, jasmonic acid and hydrogen peroxide increase its kinase activity, extending previous results indicating that C1 subgroup MAPKs may be involved in the response to stress.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
16027369 Ludwig AA, Saitoh H, Felix G, Freymark G, Miersch O, Wasternack C, Boller T, Jones JD, Romeis T: Ethylene-mediated cross-talk between calcium-dependent protein kinase and MAPK signaling controls stress responses in plants. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2005 Jul 26;102(30):10736-41. Epub 2005 Jul 18.

Furthermore, N-terminal CDPK2 signaling triggered enhanced levels of the phytohormones jasmonic acid, 12-oxo-phytodienoic acid, and ethylene but not salicylic acid.
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17400894 Wu J, Hettenhausen C, Meldau S, Baldwin IT: Herbivory rapidly activates MAPK signaling in attacked and unattacked leaf regions but not between leaves of Nicotiana attenuata. Plant Cell. 2007 Mar;19(3):1096-122. Epub 2007 Mar 30.


Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling plays a central role in transducing extracellular stimuli into intracellular responses, but its role in mediating plant responses to herbivore attack remains largely unexplored.
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12074577 Agrawal GK, Rakwal R, Iwahashi H: Isolation of novel rice (Oryza sativa L.) multiple stress responsive MAP kinase gene, OsMSRMK2, whose mRNA accumulates rapidly in response to environmental cues. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2002 Jun 28;294(5):1009-16.

In search for components of MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase) cascades in rice (Oryza sativa L. cv.
Nipponbare), we identified a single copy gene called OsMSRMK2 from jasmonic acid (JA) treated rice seedling leaf cDNA library.
3(0,0,0,3) Details
18633480 Schweighofer A, Meskiene I: Regulation of stress hormones jasmonates and ethylene by MAPK pathways in plants. Mol Biosyst. 2008 Aug;4(8):799-803. Epub 2008 Jun 4.

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12430017 Frick UB, Schaller A: cDNA microarray analysis of fusicoccin-induced changes in gene expression in tomato plants. Planta. 2002 Nov;216(1):83-94. Epub 2002 Nov 12.

Genes related to the biosynthesis of jasmonic acid and aromatic amino acids, on the other hand, were found to be up-regulated.
In addition to these expression changes, which occurred rather late after FC treatment, rapid and transient induction kinetics were observed for a small group of genes encoding a calcium-dependent protein kinase, two mitogen-activated protein kinases, a matrix metalloproteinase and a homologue of the respiratory burst oxidase.
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18218965 Wu J, Hettenhausen C, Schuman MC, Baldwin IT: A comparison of two Nicotiana attenuata accessions reveals large differences in signaling induced by oral secretions of the specialist herbivore Manduca sexta. Plant Physiol. 2008 Mar;146(3):927-39. Epub 2008 Jan 24.

In this study, we compare the OS-elicited early responses as well as the antiherbivore defensive metabolites in two accessions of the wild tobacco Nicotiana attenuata and show that, compared with an accession collected from Utah, an Arizona accession has lower herbivore-elicited activity of the salicylic acid-induced protein kinase, an important mitogen-activated protein kinase involved in herbivore resistance.
These differences in salicylic acid-induced protein kinase activity were associated with substantially different levels of OS-elicited jasmonic acid, jasmonic acid-isoleucine conjugate, and ethylene bursts.
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