Protein Information

Name Lipoxygenase (protein family or complex)
Synonyms arachidonate lipoxygenase; arachidonate lipoxygenases; lipoxygenase; lipoxygenases

Compound Information

Name jasmonic acid
CAS

Reference List

PubMed Abstract RScore(About this table)
20349083 Park YS, Kunze S, Ni X, Feussner I, Kolomiets MV: Comparative molecular and biochemical characterization of segmentally duplicated 9-lipoxygenase genes ZmLOX4 and ZmLOX5 of maize. Planta. 2010 Mar 27.

While ZmLOX4 was only induced by jasmonic acid (JA), the transcripts of ZmLOX5 were increased in response to JA and salicylic acid treatments.
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15232071 Kessler A, Halitschke R, Baldwin IT: Silencing the jasmonate cascade: induced plant defenses and insect populations. Science. 2004 Jul 30;305(5684):665-8. Epub 2004 Jul 1.


We transformed the native tobacco, Nicotiana attenuata, to silence its lipoxygenase, hydroperoxide lyase, and allene oxide synthase genes in order to inhibit oxylipin signaling, known to mediate the plant's direct and indirect defenses.
3(0,0,0,3) Details
10555305 Porta H, Rueda-Benitez P, Campos F, Colmenero-Flores JM, Colorado JM, Carmona MJ, Covarrubias AA, Rocha-Sosa M: Analysis of lipoxygenase mRNA accumulation in the common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) during development and under stress conditions. Plant Cell Physiol. 1999 Aug;40(8):850-8.

The levels of these enzymes and their corresponding mRNAs are modulated during these processes as well as by different effectors such as jasmonic acid (JA), its methyl ester (MeJA) or abscisic acid (ABA).
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12826630 Hause B, Hause G, Kutter C, Miersch O, Wasternack C: Enzymes of jasmonate biosynthesis occur in tomato sieve elements. Plant Cell Physiol. 2003 Jun;44(6):643-8.

The allene oxide cyclase (AOC) is a plastid-located enzyme in the biosynthesis of the signaling compound jasmonic acid (JA).
The enzymes preceding AOC in JA biosynthesis, the allene oxide synthase (AOS) and the lipoxygenase, were also detected in SE.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
11171229 Weichert H, Kolbe A, Wasternack C, Feussner I: Formation of 4-hydroxy-2-alkenals in barley leaves. Biochem Soc Trans. 2000 Dec;28(6):850-1.


In barley leaves 13-lipoxygenases are induced by jasmonates.
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16668141 Staswick PE, Huang JF, Rhee Y: Nitrogen and Methyl Jasmonate Induction of Soybean Vegetative Storage Protein Genes. Plant Physiol. 1991 May;96(1):130-136.


Inhibitors of lipoxygenase, the first enzyme in the jasmonic acid biosynthetic pathway, blocked induction by wounding and petiole girdling but not by MeJA.
0(0,0,0,0) Details
11090221 Wang C, Zien CA, Afitlhile M, Welti R, Hildebrand DF, Wang X: Involvement of phospholipase D in wound-induced accumulation of jasmonic acid in arabidopsis. Plant Cell. 2000 Nov;12(11):2237-46.

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12650198 Maccarrone M, Tacconi M, Battista N, Valgattarri F, Falciani P, Finazzi-Agro A: Lipoxygenase activity during parabolic flights. J Gravit Physiol. 2001 Jul;8(1):P123-4.

In plants, lipoxy-genases favour germination, participate in the synthesis of traumatin and jasmonic acid and in the response to abiotic stress.
3(0,0,0,3) Details
15310834 Mercke P, Kappers IF, Verstappen FW, Vorst O, Dicke M, Bouwmeester HJ: Combined transcript and metabolite analysis reveals genes involved in spider mite induced volatile formation in cucumber plants. Plant Physiol. 2004 Aug;135(4):2012-24. Epub 2004 Aug 13.

For example, lipoxygenase cDNA clones clustered with the volatile (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate and the volatile sesquiterpene (E,E)- alpha-farnesene clustered with an up-regulated sesquiterpene synthase fragment.
In cucumber (Cucumis sativus) the production of carnivore attractants can be induced by herbivory or jasmonic acid spraying.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
19054344 Hummel GM, Schurr U, Baldwin IT, Walter A: Herbivore-induced jasmonic acid bursts in leaves of Nicotiana attenuata mediate short-term reductions in root growth. Plant Cell Environ. 2009 Feb;32(2):134-43. Epub 2008 Nov 14.

To test this hypothesis, we measured primary root growth with digital image sequence processing at high temporal resolution in antisense-lipoxygenase 3 (asLOX3) and inverted repeat-coronatin-insensitive 1 (irCOI1) seedlings which are impaired in JA biosynthesis and perception, respectively, and wild-type (WT) seedlings.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
12906114 Martinez de Ilarduya O, Xie Q, Kaloshian I: Aphid-induced defense responses in Mi-1-mediated compatible and incompatible tomato interactions. Mol Plant Microbe Interact. 2003 Aug;16(8):699-708.

We studied changes in expression of jasmonic acid (JA)- and salicylic acid (SA)-dependent defense genes in response to potato and green peach aphids.
We determined changes in three PR proteins, lipoxygenase and proteinase inhibitors I and II transcripts, locally and systemically in both compatible and incompatible interactions in tomato.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
17216231 Zong N, Wang CZ: Larval feeding induced defensive responses in tobacco: comparison of two sibling species of Helicoverpa with different diet breadths. Planta. 2007 Jun;226(1):215-24. Epub 2007 Jan 10.


Inductions of jasmonic acid (JA), lipoxygenase (LOX), and proteinase inhibitors (PIs) were not significantly different concerning these two species, but H. assulta caused the less intensive foliar polyphenol oxidase (PPO) increase, more intensive nicotine and peroxidase (POD) increases in tobacco than H. armigera.
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19897603 Kallenbach M, Alagna F, Baldwin IT, Bonaventure G: Nicotiana attenuata SIPK, WIPK, NPR1, and fatty acid-amino acid conjugates participate in the induction of jasmonic acid biosynthesis by affecting early enzymatic steps in the pathway. Plant Physiol. 2010 Jan;152(1):96-106. Epub 2009 Nov 6.

Plants silenced in the expression of SIPK and NPR1 were affected in the initial accumulation of 13-hydroperoxy-linolenic acid (13-OOH-18:3) after wounding and 18:3-Glu elicitation by mechanisms independent of changes in 13-lipoxygenase activity.
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20138530 Klink VP, Hosseini P, Matsye PD, Alkharouf NW, Matthews BF: Syncytium gene expression in Glycine max ([PI 88788]) roots undergoing a resistant reaction to the parasitic nematode Heterodera glycines. Plant Physiol Biochem. 2010 Feb-Mar;48(2-3):176-93. Epub 2010 Jan 4.

These analyses reveal induced levels of the jasmonic acid biosynthesis and 13-lipoxygenase pathways.
These analyses reveal induced levels of the jasmonic acid biosynthesis and 13-lipoxygenase pathways.
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20190093 Seltmann MA, Stingl NE, Lautenschlaeger JK, Krischke M, Mueller MJ, Berger S: Differential impact of lipoxygenase 2 and jasmonates on natural and stress-induced senescence in Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant Physiol. 2010 Feb 26.

Jasmonic acid and related oxylipins are controversely discussed to be involved in regulating the initiation and progression of leaf senescence.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
12777050 Stenzel I, Hause B, Miersch O, Kurz T, Maucher H, Weichert H, Ziegler J, Feussner I, Wasternack C: Jasmonate biosynthesis and the allene oxide cyclase family of Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant Mol Biol. 2003 Apr;51(6):895-911.


Immunohistochemical analyses revealed abundant occurrence of AOC protein as well as of the preceding enzymes in octadecanoid biosynthesis, lipoxygenase (LOX) and allene oxide synthase (AOS), in fully developed tissues, but much less so in 7-day old leaf tissues.
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16923817 Andersson MX, Hamberg M, Kourtchenko O, Brunnstrom A, McPhail KL, Gerwick WH, Gobel C, Feussner I, Ellerstrom M: Oxylipin profiling of the hypersensitive response in Arabidopsis thaliana. J Biol Chem. 2006 Oct 20;281(42):31528-37. Epub 2006 Aug 21.

We demonstrate that recognition of the Pseudomonas syringae avirulence protein AvrRpm1 induces 9- and 13-lipoxygenase-dependent oxylipin synthesis in Arabidopsis thaliana.
The major oxylipins accumulated were jasmonic acid, 12-oxo-phytodienoic acid, and dinor-oxo-phytodienoic acid.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
17643553 Nam KH, Kong F, Matsuura H, Takahashi K, Nabeta K, Yoshihara T: Temperature regulates tuber-inducing lipoxygenase-derived metabolites in potato (Solanum tuberosum). J Plant Physiol. 2008 Feb;165(2):233-8. Epub 2007 Jul 23.

In this study, the contents of the LOX-derived metabolites hydroperoxylinolenic acid (HPOT), jasmonic acid (JA), tuberonic acid (TA) and tuberonic acid glucoside (TAG) were analyzed in leaves of potatoes growing at different temperatures.
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11251100 Kolomiets MV, Hannapel DJ, Chen H, Tymeson M, Gladon RJ: Lipoxygenase is involved in the control of potato tuber development. Plant Cell. 2001 Mar;13(3):613-26.

LOXs incorporate oxygen into their fatty acid substrates and produce hydroperoxide fatty acids that are precursors of jasmonic acid and related compounds.
2(0,0,0,2) Details
16134894 Hamiduzzaman MM, Jakab G, Barnavon L, Neuhaus JM, Mauch-Mani B: beta-Aminobutyric acid-induced resistance against downy mildew in grapevine acts through the potentiation of callose formation and jasmonic acid signaling. Mol Plant Microbe Interact. 2005 Aug;18(8):819-29.

Application of the phenylalanine ammonia lyase inhibitor 2-aminoindan-2-phosphonic acid and the lipoxygenase (LOX) inhibitor 5, 8, 11, 14-eicosatetraynoic acid (ETYA) also led to a reduction of BABA-induced resistance (BABA-IR), suggesting that callose deposition as well as defense mechanisms depending on phenylpropanoids and the JA pathways all contribute to BABA-IR.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
16168955 Kong F, Abe J, Takahashi K, Matsuura H, Yoshihara T, Nabeta K: Allene oxide cyclase is essential for theobroxide-induced jasmonic acid biosynthesis in Pharbitis nil. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2005 Nov 4;336(4):1150-6.

In this study, we investigated the accumulation of protein by the immunoblot analysis of lipoxygenase (LOX), allene oxide synthase (AOS), and allene oxide cyclase (AOC), key enzymes in JA biosynthesis, and how the endogenous levels of JA in P. nil are affected by theobroxide.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
16897477 Nielsen ME, Lok F, Nielsen HB: Distinct developmental defense activations in barley embryos identified by transcriptome profiling. Plant Mol Biol. 2006 Jul;61(4-5):589-601.

Here we report the results of microarray analyses of > 22,000 genes, which together with measurements of jasmonic acid and salicylic acid during embryo development provide new information on the initiation in the developing barley embryo of at least two distinct types of developmental defense activation (DDA).
Early DDA is characterized by the up-regulation of a specific set of genes around 20 days after flowering, including co-regulation of those for encoding 9-lipoxygenase and several oxylipin-generating enzymes, possibly leading to the formation of alpha-ketols.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
19132874 Gao X, Brodhagen M, Isakeit T, Brown SH, Gobel C, Betran J, Feussner I, Keller NP, Kolomiets MV: Inactivation of the lipoxygenase ZmLOX3 increases susceptibility of maize to Aspergillus spp. Mol Plant Microbe Interact. 2009 Feb;22(2):222-31.

Although oxylipins did not differ detectably between A. flavus-infected kernels of the lox3-4 and wild-type (WT) maize, oxylipin precursors (free fatty acids) and a downstream metabolite (jasmonic acid) accumulated to greater levels in lox3-4 than in WT kernels.
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17922288 Gao X, Stumpe M, Feussner I, Kolomiets M: A novel plastidial lipoxygenase of maize (Zea mays) ZmLOX6 encodes for a fatty acid hydroperoxide lyase and is uniquely regulated by phytohormones and pathogen infection. Planta. 2008 Jan;227(2):491-503. Epub 2007 Oct 9.

Northern blot analysis demonstrated that ZmLOX6 was induced by jasmonic acid, but repressed by abscisic acid, salicylic acid and ethylene and was not responsive to wounding or insects.
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12242357 Harms K, Atzorn R, Brash A, Kuhn H, Wasternack C, Willmitzer L, Pena-Cortes H: Expression of a Flax Allene Oxide Synthase cDNA Leads to Increased Endogenous Jasmonic Acid (JA) Levels in Transgenic Potato Plants but Not to a Corresponding Activation of JA-Responding Genes. Plant Cell. 1995 Oct;7(10):1645-1654.

JA and MeJA are plant lipid derivatives synthesized from [alpha]-linolenic acid by a lipoxygenase-mediated oxygenation leading to 13-hydroperoxylinolenic acid, which is subsequently transformed by the action of allene oxide synthase (AOS) and additional modification steps.
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19787434 Klink VP, Hosseini P, Matsye P, Alkharouf NW, Matthews BF: A gene expression analysis of syncytia laser microdissected from the roots of the Glycine max (soybean) genotype PI 548402 (Peking) undergoing a resistant reaction after infection by Heterodera glycines (soybean cyst nematode). Plant Mol Biol. 2009 Dec;71(6):525-67. Epub 2009 Sep 29.

Those analyses revealed lipoxygenase-9 and lipoxygenase-4 as the most highly induced genes in the resistant reaction.
The presence of induced levels of these genes implies the importance of jasmonic acid and phenylpropanoid signaling pathways locally at the site of the syncytium during the resistance phase of the resistant reaction.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
14675445 Halitschke R, Baldwin IT: Antisense LOX expression increases herbivore performance by decreasing defense responses and inhibiting growth-related transcriptional reorganization in Nicotiana attenuata. Plant J. 2003 Dec;36(6):794-807.

Inhibition of jasmonic acid (JA) signaling has been shown to decrease herbivore resistance, but the responsible mechanisms are largely unknown because insect resistance is poorly understood in most model plant systems.
We characterize three members of the lipoxygenase (LOX) gene family in the native tobacco plant Nicotiana attenuata and manipulate, by antisense expression, a specific, wound- and herbivory-induced isoform (LOX3) involved in JA biosynthesis.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
11891244 He Y, Fukushige H, Hildebrand DF, Gan S: Evidence supporting a role of jasmonic acid in Arabidopsis leaf senescence. Plant Physiol. 2002 Mar;128(3):876-84.

Arabidopsis lipoxygenase 1 (cytoplasmic) expression is greatly increased but lipoxygenase 2 (plastidial) expression is sharply reduced during leaf senescence.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
9353943 Oka Y, Chet I, Spiegel Y: An immunoreactive protein to wheat-germ agglutinin antibody is induced in oat roots following invasion of the cereal cyst nematode Heterodera avenae, and by jasmonate. Mol Plant Microbe Interact. 1997 Nov;10(8):961-9.

ASP45 was induced in both compatible and incompatible interactions between the nematode and the plant, and also in roots by exposure to jasmonic acid (JA) or methyl jasmonate.
Lipoxygenase activity, which is involved in JA synthesis, was higher in nematode-infected and JA-treated roots than in their noninfected, untreated counterparts.
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17253984 Bonaventure G, Gfeller A, Proebsting WM, Hortensteiner S, Chetelat A, Martinoia E, Farmer EE: A gain-of-function allele of TPC1 activates oxylipin biogenesis after leaf wounding in Arabidopsis. Plant J. 2007 Mar;49(5):889-98. Epub 2007 Jan 23.


We employed a genetic screen capable of detecting the misregulated activity of 13-lipoxygenase, which operates at the entry point of the jasmonate biosynthesis pathway.
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12100478 Park JH, Halitschke R, Kim HB, Baldwin IT, Feldmann KA, Feyereisen R: A knock-out mutation in allene oxide synthase results in male sterility and defective wound signal transduction in Arabidopsis due to a block in jasmonic acid biosynthesis. Plant J. 2002 Jul;31(1):1-12.

RT-PCR analysis showed that the induction of transcripts for vegetative storage protein and lipoxygenase genes, previously shown to be inducible by wound and jasmonate application in the wild-type, was absent in the aos mutant.
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16376956 Sharma VK, Monostori T, Gobel C, Hansch R, Bittner F, Wasternack C, Feussner I, Mendel RR, Hause B, Schulze J: Transgenic barley plants overexpressing a 13-lipoxygenase to modify oxylipin signature. Phytochemistry. 2006 Feb;67(3):264-76. Epub 2005 Dec 27.

The corresponding protein (LOX-100) in transgenic T0 and T1 plants accumulated constitutively to similar levels as in the jasmonic acid methyl ester (JAME)-treated wild type plants.
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18185911 Wang R, Shen W, Liu L, Jiang L, Liu Y, Su N, Wan J: A novel lipoxygenase gene from developing rice seeds confers dual position specificity and responds to wounding and insect attack. Plant Mol Biol. 2008 Mar;66(4):401-14. Epub 2008 Jan 5.

In all of the antisense lines and more than half of the sense lines the expression levels of OsLOX1, the levels of enzyme activity, and the levels of the endogenous OsLOX1 products (jasmonic acid, (Z)-3-hexenal and colneleic acid) at 6, 48, and 48 h after BPH feeding respectively, were below the levels found in non-transgenic control plants; yet, the levels in the remaining sense transformants were enhanced relative to controls.
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18643970 Manavella PA, Dezar CA, Bonaventure G, Baldwin IT, Chan RL: HAHB4, a sunflower HD-Zip protein, integrates signals from the jasmonic acid and ethylene pathways during wounding and biotic stress responses. Plant J. 2008 Nov;56(3):376-88. Epub 2008 Jul 4.

In HAHB4 sunflower overexpressing tissue, increased activities of lipoxygenase, hydroperoxide lyase and TPI are detected whereas in HAHB4-silenced tissue these activities are reduced.
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16868922 Zhang C, Fevereiro PS: The effect of heat shock on paclitaxel production in Taxus yunnanensis cell suspension cultures: role of abscisic acid pretreatment. Biotechnol Bioeng. 2007 Feb 15;96(3):506-14.

Furthermore, HS induced oxidative burst, the early event of plant defense response to pathogen attack and other stress challenge; the addition of putative inhibitors of lipoxygenase, a key enzyme for jasmonic acid biosynthesis, significantly inhibited HS-induced pacliatxel accumulation.
Furthermore, HS induced oxidative burst, the early event of plant defense response to pathogen attack and other stress challenge; the addition of putative inhibitors of lipoxygenase, a key enzyme for jasmonic acid biosynthesis, significantly inhibited HS-induced pacliatxel accumulation.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
19806367 Bruinsma M, van Broekhoven S, Poelman EH, Posthumus MA, Muller MJ, van Loon JJ, Dicke M: Inhibition of lipoxygenase affects induction of both direct and indirect plant defences against herbivorous insects. Oecologia. 2010 Feb;162(2):393-404. Epub 2009 Oct 6.

Phenidone treatment of Brussels sprouts plants reduced the accumulation of internal signalling compounds in the octadecanoid pathway downstream of the step catalysed by LOX, i.e. 12-oxo-phytodienoic acid (OPDA) and jasmonic acid.
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15797604 Stumpe M, Carsjens JG, Stenzel I, Gobel C, Lang I, Pawlowski K, Hause B, Feussner I: Lipid metabolism in arbuscular mycorrhizal roots of Medicago truncatula. Phytochemistry. 2005 Apr;66(7):781-91.

The peroxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids, common to all eukaryotes, is mostly catalyzed by members of the lipoxygenase enzyme family of non-heme iron containing dioxygenases.
One prominent oxylipin is jasmonic acid (JA), a product of the 13-allene oxide synthase branch of the pathway and known as signaling substance that plays a role in vegetative and propagative plant development as well as in plant responses to wounding and pathogen attack.
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19995344 Jardim BC, Perdizio VA, Berbert-Molina MA, Rodrigues DC, Botelho-Junior S, Vicente AC, Hansen E, Otsuki K, Urmenyi TP, Jacinto T: Herbivore Response in Passion fruit (Passiflora edulis Sims) Plants: Induction of Lipoxygenase Activity in Leaf Tissue in Response to Generalist and Specialist Insect Attack. Protein Pept Lett. 2009 Dec 8.

These results suggest that the herbivore-response in passion fruit is mediated by jasmonates, since a key enzyme of the biosynthetic pathway of jasmonic acid is induced upon lepidopteran insects' attacks.
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14682619 Kim ES, Choi E, Kim Y, Cho K, Lee A, Shim J, Rakwal R, Agrawal GK, Han O: Dual positional specificity and expression of non-traditional lipoxygenase induced by wounding and methyl jasmonate in maize seedlings. Plant Mol Biol. 2003 Aug;52(6):1203-13.

This increase followed an initial increase in endogenous jasmonic acid (JA) 1 h after wounding (JA burst).
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14991649 Wu J, Ge X: Oxidative burst, jasmonic acid biosynthesis, and taxol production induced by low-energy ultrasound in Taxus chinensis cell suspension cultures. Biotechnol Bioeng. 2004 Mar 30;85(7):714-21.

The US exposure induced transient production of O (2)*- and H (2) O (2) and an increase in the intracellular JA level as well as the activities of enzymes for JA synthesis, lipoxygenase (LOX), and allene oxide synthase (AOS).
1(0,0,0,1) Details
11314951 Oikawa A, Ishihara A, Hasegawa M, Kodama O, Iwamura H: Induced accumulation of 2-hydroxy-4,7-dimethoxy-1,4-benzoxazin-3-one glucoside (HDMBOA-Glc) in maize leaves. Phytochemistry. 2001 Apr;56(7):669-75.

Accumulation of 2-(2-hydroxy-4,7-dimethoxy-1,4-benzoxazin-3-one)-beta-D-glucopyranose (HDMBOA-Glc) was induced in maize leaves by treatment with CuCl2, chitopentaose, penta-N-acetylchitopentaose, or jasmonic acid (JA).
The lipoxygenase inhibitor ibuprofen suppressed the accumulation of HDMBOA-Glc induced by CuCl2 treatment, and the reduced accumulation of HDMBOA-Glc was recovered by addition of JA.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
17005920 Nemchenko A, Kunze S, Feussner I, Kolomiets M: Duplicate maize 13-lipoxygenase genes are differentially regulated by circadian rhythm, cold stress, wounding, pathogen infection, and hormonal treatments. J Exp Bot. 2006;57(14):3767-79. Epub 2006 Sep 27.

ZmLOX10 was preferentially expressed in leaves and was induced in response to wounding, cold stress, defence-related hormones jasmonic acid (JA), salicylic acid (SA), and abscisic acid (ABA), and inoculation with an avirulent strain of Cochliobolus carbonum.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
8702864 Royo J, Vancanneyt G, Perez AG, Sanz C, Stormann K, Rosahl S, Sanchez-Serrano JJ: Characterization of three potato lipoxygenases with distinct enzymatic activities and different organ-specific and wound-regulated expression patterns. J Biol Chem. 1996 Aug 30;271(35):21012-9.

In plants, lipoxygenases are involved in the synthesis of the hormone jasmonic acid that regulates plant responses to wounding and, in addition, is an inducer of tuberization in potato.
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9927708 Royo J, Leon J, Vancanneyt G, Albar JP, Rosahl S, Ortego F, Castanera P, Sanchez-Serrano JJ: Antisense-mediated depletion of a potato lipoxygenase reduces wound induction of proteinase inhibitors and increases weight gain of insect pests. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1999 Feb 2;96(3):1146-51.

De novo jasmonic acid (JA) synthesis is required for wound-induced expression of proteinase inhibitors and other defense genes in potato and tomato.
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12172844 Weichert H, Kolbe A, Kraus A, Wasternack C, Feussner I: Metabolic profiling of oxylipins in germinating cucumber seedlings--lipoxygenase-dependent degradation of triacylglycerols and biosynthesis of volatile aldehydes. Planta. 2002 Aug;215(4):612-9. Epub 2002 Apr 24.

Furthermore, the activities of LOX forms metabolizing linolenic acid were detected by measuring the accumulation of volatile aldehydes and the allene oxide synthase-derived metabolite jasmonic acid.
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17344058 Norton G, Pappusamy A, Yusof F, Pujade-Renaud V, Perkins M, Griffiths D, Jones H: Characterisation of recombinant Hevea brasiliensis allene oxide synthase: effects of cycloxygenase inhibitors, lipoxygenase inhibitors and salicylates on enzyme activity. Plant Physiol Biochem. 2007 Feb;45(2):129-38. Epub 2007 Jan 13.

Mechanical wounding and jasmonic acid (JA) treatment have been shown to be important factors in controlling laticifer differentiation in Hevea brasiliensis (rubber tree).
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10805441 Hause B, Weichert H, Hohne M, Kindl H, Feussner I: Expression of cucumber lipid-body lipoxygenase in transgenic tobacco: lipid-body lipoxygenase is correctly targeted to seed lipid bodies. Planta. 2000 Apr;210(5):708-14.

Increased LOX activity was shown in young leaves of transformed plants by an increase in the amounts of endogenous (2E)-hexenal and jasmonic acid.
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17428728 Gaquerel E, Herve C, Labriere C, Boyen C, Potin P, Salaun JP: Evidence for oxylipin synthesis and induction of a new polyunsaturated fatty acid hydroxylase activity in Chondrus crispus in response to methyljasmonate. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2007 May;1771(5):565-75. Epub 2007 Mar 2.


As a result of a lipoxygenase-like activation, MeJA induces a concomitant accumulation of 13-hydroxy-9Z,11E-octadecadienoic acid (13-HODE) and 13-oxo-9Z,11E-octadecadienoic acid (13-oxo-ODE) in a dose-dependent manner in C. crispus.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
20007446 Demkura PV, Abdala G, Baldwin IT, Ballare CL: Jasmonate-dependent and -independent pathways mediate specific effects of solar ultraviolet B radiation on leaf phenolics and antiherbivore defense. Plant Physiol. 2010 Feb;152(2):1084-95. Epub 2009 Dec 9.

We examined the role of jasmonate signaling by measuring responses to UV-B in wild-type and transgenic jasmonate-deficient Nicotiana attenuata plants in which a lipoxygenase gene (NaLOX3) was silenced (as-lox).
In wild-type plants, UV-B failed to elicit the accumulation of jasmonic acid (JA) or the bioactive JA-isoleucine conjugate but amplified the response of jasmonate-inducible genes, such as trypsin proteinase inhibitor (TPI), to wounding and methyl jasmonate, and increased the accumulation of several phenylpropanoid derivatives.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
19703696 Schaller A, Stintzi A: Enzymes in jasmonate biosynthesis - structure, function, regulation. Phytochemistry. 2009 Sep;70(13-14):1532-8. Epub 2009 Aug 22.

In a first lipoxygenase-catalyzed reaction molecular oxygen is introduced to yield their 13-hydroperoxy derivatives.
Until recently, jasmonic acid has been viewed as the end product of the pathway and as the bioactive hormone.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
11171239 Engelberth J: Differential signalling and plant-volatile biosynthesis. Biochem Soc Trans. 2000 Dec;28(6):871-2.

Both pathways, represented by jasmonic acid and alamethicin, depend on lipid-derived signalling compounds, set off by the activation of a phospholipase A and further processing by lipoxygenase activity.
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19131630 Acosta IF, Laparra H, Romero SP, Schmelz E, Hamberg M, Mottinger JP, Moreno MA, Dellaporta SL: tasselseed1 is a lipoxygenase affecting jasmonic acid signaling in sex determination of maize. Science. 2009 Jan 9;323(5911):262-5.

The TS1 protein encodes a plastid-targeted lipoxygenase with predicted 13-lipoxygenase specificity, which suggests that TS1 may be involved in the biosynthesis of the plant hormone jasmonic acid.
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15081279 Maucher H, Stenzel I, Miersch O, Stein N, Prasad M, Zierold U, Schweizer P, Dorer C, Hause B, Wasternack C: The allene oxide cyclase of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)--cloning and organ-specific expression. Phytochemistry. 2004 Apr;65(7):801-11.


Among different tissues of barley seedlings, the scutellar node and leaf base accumulated AOC mRNA preferentially which correlated with accumulation of mRNAs for other biosynthetic enzymes (lipoxygenases, AOSs).
1(0,0,0,1) Details
17977145 Zheng SJ, van Dijk JP, Bruinsma M, Dicke M: Sensitivity and speed of induced defense of cabbage (Brassica oleracea L.): dynamics of BoLOX expression patterns during insect and pathogen attack. Mol Plant Microbe Interact. 2007 Nov;20(11):1332-45.

Here, we have cloned a LIPOXYGENASE (LOX) from B. oleracea (BoLOX).
The sequence reveals that the BoLOX protein has a transit peptide for chloroplast targeting, which is characteristic for class 2 LOXs involved in jasmonic acid (JA) biosynthesis which takes place in the chloroplast.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
15347784 Armengaud P, Breitling R, Amtmann A: The potassium-dependent transcriptome of Arabidopsis reveals a prominent role of jasmonic acid in nutrient signaling. Plant Physiol. 2004 Sep;136(1):2556-76. Epub 2004 Sep 3.

Transcript levels for the JA biosynthetic enzymes lipoxygenase, allene oxide synthase, and allene oxide cyclase were strongly increased during K (+) starvation and quickly decreased after K (+) resupply.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
16036342 Reverberi M, Fanelli C, Zjalic S, Briganti S, Picardo M, Ricelli A, Fabbri AA: Relationship among lipoperoxides, jasmonates and indole-3-acetic acid formation in potato tuber after wounding. Free Radic Res. 2005 Jun;39(6):637-47.


These reactive species could cause a subsequent increase of 9 and 13-lipoxygenase (LOX, E.C.1.13.12.12.), analysed by RT-PCR and spectrophotometric assay, LOOH, Jasmonates and IAA all quantified by GC-MS analysis.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
18559356 Paschold A, Bonaventure G, Kant MR, Baldwin IT: Jasmonate perception regulates jasmonate biosynthesis and JA-Ile metabolism: the case of COI1 in Nicotiana attenuata. Plant Cell Physiol. 2008 Aug;49(8):1165-75. Epub 2008 Jun 17.

CORONATINE INSENSITIVE 1 (COI1) is a well-known key player in processes downstream of jasmonic acid (JA) biosynthesis: silencing COI1 in Nicotiana attenuata (ir-coi1) makes plants insensitive to JA, prevents the up-regulation of JA-mediated defenses and decreases the plant's resistance to herbivores and pathogens.
In response to wounding and application of OS ir-coi1 plants accumulate 75% less JA compared with wild-type plants (WT), resembling JA levels found in plants silenced in the key enzyme in JA biosynthesis LIPOXYGENASE 3 (as-lox).
1(0,0,0,1) Details
14534325 Liechti R, Farmer EE: The jasmonate biochemical pathway. Sci STKE. 2003 Oct 7;2003(203):CM18.

The lipoxygenase-catalyzed addition of molecular oxygen to alpha-linolenic acid initiates jasmonate synthesis by providing a 13-hydroperoxide substrate for the formation of an unstable allene oxide that is then subject to enzyme-guided cyclization to produce 12-oxo-phytodienoic acid (OPDA).
OPDA, a key regulatory lipid in the plant immune system, has several fates, including esterification into plastid lipids or transformation into the 12-carbon co-regulator jasmonic acid (JA).
1(0,0,0,1) Details
17210991 Farmaki T, Sanmartin M, Jimenez P, Paneque M, Sanz C, Vancanneyt G, Leon J, Sanchez-Serrano JJ: Differential distribution of the lipoxygenase pathway enzymes within potato chloroplasts. J Exp Bot. 2007;58(3):555-68. Epub 2007 Jan 8.

Jasmonic acid, the final product of the allene oxide synthase/allene oxide cyclase branch of the pathway, regulates wound-induced gene expression.
It is shown here that while a 13-lipoxygenase (LOX H3), allene oxide synthase and allene oxide cyclase proteins accumulate upon wounding in potato, a second 13-lipoxygenase (LOX H1) and hydroperoxide lyase are present at constant levels in both non-wounded and wounded tissues.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
9132052 Jensen AB, Poca E, Rigaud M, Freyssinet G, Pages M: Molecular characterization of L2 lipoxygenase from maize embryos. . Plant Mol Biol. 1997 Mar;33(4):605-14.

Identification of lipoxygenases from in vivo and in vitro synthesized proteins indicates that similar levels of both L1 and L2 forms accumulated during treatment with abscisic acid, (ABA) gibberellic acid (GA3) and jasmonic acid (JA).
37(0,1,1,7) Details
19441219 Hu T, Hu Z, Qu X, Ren Y, Chen G: [Advances in plant lipoxygenases research] . Sheng Wu Gong Cheng Xue Bao. 2009 Jan;25(1):1-9.

Some of the physiological processes in which lipoxygenases have been implicated include wounding, pathogen attack, seed germination, fruit ripening, plant senescence, and synthesis of Abscisic acid (ABA) and Jasmonic acid (JA).
34(0,1,1,4) Details
11171222 Noehringer C, Scheel D, Blee E: Lipoxygenase isoforms in elicitor-treated parsley cell suspension cultures. Biochem Soc Trans. 2000 Dec;28(6):827-9.

Treatment of parsley cell cultures with a fungal elicitor triggered the induction of a lipoxygenase isoform which may be involved in the de novo synthesis of defence-response inducers, such as jasmonic acid or 12-oxo-phytodienoic acid.
32(0,1,1,2) Details
16586506 Hu F, Huang J, Xu Y, Qian X, Zhong JJ: Responses of defense signals, biosynthetic gene transcription and taxoid biosynthesis to elicitation by a novel synthetic jasmonate in cell cultures of Taxus chinensis. Biotechnol Bioeng. 2006 Aug 20;94(6):1064-71.


The oxidative burst (induced H2O2 production) was confirmed, and the induction of lipoxygenase (LOX) activity and intracellular jasmonate acid (JA) synthesis was found.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
17899174 Porta H, Figueroa-Balderas RE, Rocha-Sosa M: Wounding and pathogen infection induce a chloroplast-targeted lipoxygenase in the common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Planta. 2008 Jan;227(2):363-73. Epub 2007 Sep 26.

Chloroplastic LOXs are implicated in the biosynthesis of oxylipins like jasmonic acid and C6 volatiles among others.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
8130256 Gerwick WH: Structure and biosynthesis of marine algal oxylipins. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1994 Mar 24;1211(3):243-55.


In general, the red algae metabolize C20 acids via 12-lipoxygenase-initiated pathways, green algae metabolize C18 acids at C-9 and C-13, and brown algae metabolize both C18 and C20 acids, principally by lipoxygenases with n-6 specificity.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
16898019 Rayapuram C, Baldwin IT: Using nutritional indices to study LOX3-dependent insect resistance. Plant Cell Environ. 2006 Aug;29(8):1585-94.

Induced resistance to biotic attackers is thought to be mediated by responses elicited by jasmonic acid (JA), a subset of which are lipoxygenase 3 (LOX3) dependent.
31(0,1,1,1) Details
18974997 Jacquard C, Mazeyrat-Gourbeyre F, Devaux P, Boutilier K, Baillieul F, Clement C: Microspore embryogenesis in barley: anther pre-treatment stimulates plant defence gene expression. Planta. 2009 Jan;229(2):393-402. Epub 2008 Oct 31.

Genes encoding enzymes involved in oxidative stress (glutathione-S-transferase, GST; oxalate oxidase, OxO), in the synthesis of jasmonic acid (13-lipoxygenase, Lox; allene oxide cyclase, AOC; allene oxide synthase, AOS) and in the phenylpropanoid pathway (phenylalanine ammonia lyase, PAL), as well as those encoding PR proteins (Barwin, chitinase 2b, Chit 2b; glucanase, Gluc; basic pathogenesis-related protein 1, PR1; pathogenesis-related protein 10, PR10) were up-regulated in whole anthers upon stress treatment, indicating that anther perceives stress and reacts by triggering general plant defence mechanisms.
31(0,1,1,1) Details
17416638 Barazani O, von Dahl CC, Baldwin IT: Sebacina vermifera promotes the growth and fitness of Nicotiana attenuata by inhibiting ethylene signaling. Plant Physiol. 2007 Jun;144(2):1223-32. Epub 2007 Apr 6.

Sebacina vermifera, a growth-promoting endophytic fungus, significantly increases Nicotiana attenuata's growth but impairs both its herbivore resistance and its accumulation of the costly, jasmonic acid (JA)-regulated defense protein, trypsin proteinase inhibitor (TPI).
To determine if the fungi's growth-promoting effects can be attributed to lower TPI-related defense costs, we inoculated transformed N. attenuata plants silenced in their ability to synthesize JA, JA-isoleucine, and TPI by antisense (lipoxygenase 3 [as-lox3] and Thr deaminase [as-td]) and inverted repeat (ir-tpi) expression, and found that inoculation promoted plant growth as in untransformed wild-type plants.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
11710601 Van Poecke RM, Posthumus MA, Dicke M: Herbivore-induced volatile production by Arabidopsis thaliana leads to attraction of the parasitoid Cotesia rubecula: chemical, behavioral, and gene-expression analysis. J Chem Ecol. 2001 Oct;27(10):1911-28.

These include AtTPS10, encoding a terpene synthase involved in myrcene production, AtPAL1, encoding phenylalanine ammonia-lyase involved in methyl salicylate production, and AtLOX2 and AtHPL, encoding lipoxygenase and hydroperoxide lyase, respectively, both involved in the production of green leaf volatiles.
AtAOS, encoding allene oxide synthase, involved in the production of jasmonic acid, also was induced by herbivory.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
15047141 Agrawal GK, Tamogami S, Han O, Iwahashi H, Rakwal R: Rice octadecanoid pathway. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2004 Apr 23;317(1):1-15.

Plant jasmonic acid (JA) and structurally similar animal prostaglandins play pivotal roles in regulating cellular responses against environmental cues, including the innate immune response (s).
In plants, JA and its immediate precursor 12-oxo-phytodienoic acid (OPDA) are synthesized by the octadecanoid pathway, which employs at least five enzymes (lipase, lipoxygenase, allene oxide synthase and cyclase, and OPDA reductase), in addition to the enzymes involved in the beta-oxidation steps.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
18052887 Gao X, Starr J, Gobel C, Engelberth J, Feussner I, Tumlinson J, Kolomiets M: Maize 9-lipoxygenase ZmLOX3 controls development, root-specific expression of defense genes, and resistance to root-knot nematodes. Mol Plant Microbe Interact. 2008 Jan;21(1):98-109.

A set of jasmonic acid (JA)- and ethylene (ET)-responsive and biosynthetic genes as well as salicylic acid (SA)-dependent genes were overexpressed specifically in the roots of lox3-4 mutants.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
17850230 Rayapuram C, Baldwin IT: Increased SA in NPR1-silenced plants antagonizes JA and JA-dependent direct and indirect defenses in herbivore-attacked Nicotiana attenuata in nature. Plant J. 2007 Nov;52(4):700-15. Epub 2007 Sep 10.

The phytohormone jasmonic acid (JA) is known to mediate herbivore resistance, while salicylic acid (SA) and non-expressor of PR-1 (NPR1) mediate pathogen resistance in many plants.
In the glasshouse, Spodoptera exigua larvae grew better on ir-npr1 plants, which had low levels of JA, JA-isoleucine/leucine, lipoxygenase-3 (LOX3) transcripts and JA-elicited direct defense metabolites (nicotine, caffeoyl putrescine and rutin), but high levels of SA and isochorismate synthase (ICS) transcripts, suggesting de novo biosynthesis of SA.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
12226483 Porta H, Rocha-Sosa M: Plant lipoxygenases. Plant Physiol. 2002 Sep;130(1):15-21.

1(0,0,0,1) Details
17284840 Kongrit D, Jisaka M, Iwanaga C, Yokomichi H, Katsube T, Nishimura K, Nagaya T, Yokota K: Molecular cloning and functional expression of soybean allene oxide synthases. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 2007 Feb;71(2):491-8. Epub 2007 Feb 7.

A plant allene oxide synthase (AOS) reacting with 13S-hydroperoxy-9Z,11E,15Z-octadecatrienoic acid (13-HPOT), a lipoxygenase product of alpha-linolenic acid, provides an allene oxide which functions as an intermediate for jasmonic acid (JA) synthesis, making AOS a key enzyme regulating the JA level in plants.
31(0,1,1,1) Details
19656341 Zhou G, Qi J, Ren N, Cheng J, Erb M, Mao B, Lou Y: Silencing OsHI-LOX makes rice more susceptible to chewing herbivores, but enhances resistance to a phloem feeder. Plant J. 2009 Nov;60(4):638-48. Epub 2009 Jul 25.

The jasmonic acid (JA) pathway plays a central role in plant defense responses against insects.
We cloned a chloroplast-localized type 2 13-lipoxygenase gene of rice, OsHI-LOX, whose transcripts were up-regulated in response to feeding by the rice striped stem borer (SSB) Chilo suppressalis and the rice brown planthopper (BPH) Niaparvata lugens, as well as by mechanical wounding and treatment with JA.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
10780012 Il'inskaia LI, Chalenko GI, Perekhod EA, Gerasimova NG, Ozeretskovskaia OL: [Effect of methyljasmononate on induction of late-blight resistance of potatoes using arachidonic acid]. Prikl Biokhim Mikrobiol. 2000 Mar-Apr;36(2):214-20.

Methyl ester of jasmonic acid (Me-JA) influences the induced resistance of potato tubers to late blight caused by Phytophthora infestans.
In addition, Me-JA reduced the adverse effects of lipoxygenase inhibitors (salicylhydroxamic acid and esculetin) on the induced resistance of potato tubers to late blight.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
16207701 Peltier JB, Cai Y, Sun Q, Zabrouskov V, Giacomelli L, Rudella A, Ytterberg AJ, Rutschow H, van Wijk KJ: The oligomeric stromal proteome of Arabidopsis thaliana chloroplasts. Mol Cell Proteomics. 2006 Jan;5(1):114-33. Epub 2005 Oct 4.

Several proteins with diverse functions outside primary carbon metabolism, such as the isomerase ROC4, lipoxygenase 2 involved in jasmonic acid biosynthesis, and a carbonic anhydrase (CA1), were surprisingly abundant in the range of 0.75-1.5% of the total stromal mass.
Several proteins with diverse functions outside primary carbon metabolism, such as the isomerase ROC4, lipoxygenase 2 involved in jasmonic acid biosynthesis, and a carbonic anhydrase (CA1), were surprisingly abundant in the range of 0.75-1.5% of the total stromal mass.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
12244255 Sadka A, DeWald DB, May GD, Park WD, Mullet JE: Phosphate Modulates Transcription of Soybean VspB and Other Sugar-Inducible Genes. Plant Cell. 1994 May;6(5):737-749.

Moreover, sucrose-stimulated expression of the sugar-responsive genes lipoxygenase A and chalcone synthase of soybean and proteinase inhibitor II and class I patatin of potato was inhibited by phosphate.
Transcription of the Vsp is synergistically activated by jasmonic acid or methyl jasmonate (MeJA) and soluble sugars.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
15012267 Creelman RA, Mullet JE: BIOSYNTHESIS AND ACTION OF JASMONATES IN PLANTS. Annu Rev Plant Physiol Plant Mol Biol. 1997 Jun;48:355-381.

Jasmonic acid and its derivatives can modulate aspects of fruit ripening, production of viable pollen, root growth, tendril coiling, and plant resistance to insects and pathogens.
Modulation of lipoxygenase and allene oxide synthase gene expression in transgenic plants raises new questions about the compartmentation of the biosynthetic pathway and its regulation.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
9808751 Harms K, Ramirez I I, Pena-Cortes H: Inhibition of wound-induced accumulation of allene oxide synthase transcripts in flax leaves by aspirin and salicylic acid . Plant Physiol. 1998 Nov;118(3):1057-65.

Allene oxide synthase (AOS) mediates the conversion of lipoxygenase-derived fatty acid hydroperoxides to unstable allene epoxides, which supply the precursors for the synthesis of the phytohormone jasmonic acid (JA).
31(0,1,1,1) Details
10759530 Sivasankar S, Sheldrick B, Rothstein SJ: Expression of allene oxide synthase determines defense gene activation in tomato. Plant Physiol. 2000 Apr;122(4):1335-42.

Allene oxide synthase (AOS; hydroperoxide dehydratase; EC 4.2.1.92) catalyzes the first step in the biosynthesis of jasmonic acid from lipoxygenase-derived hydroperoxides of free fatty acids.
31(0,1,1,1) Details
7549487 Bunker TW, Koetje DS, Stephenson LC, Creelman RA, Mullet JE, Grimes HD: Sink limitation induces the expression of multiple soybean vegetative lipoxygenase mRNAs while the endogenous jasmonic acid level remains low. Plant Cell. 1995 Aug;7(8):1319-31.
15(0,0,2,5) Details
7567995 Bell E, Creelman RA, Mullet JE: A chloroplast lipoxygenase is required for wound-induced jasmonic acid accumulation in Arabidopsis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1995 Sep 12;92(19):8675-9.
14(0,0,2,4) Details
17223227 Cenzano A, Abdala G, Hause B: Cytochemical immuno-localization of allene oxide cyclase, a jasmonic acid biosynthetic enzyme, in developing potato stolons. J Plant Physiol. 2007 Nov;164(11):1449-56. Epub 2007 Jan 16.

Jasmonic acid treatment for 24h, however, increased lipoxygenase and allene oxide cyclase protein levels in both developmental stages analyzed.
8(0,0,1,3) Details
11605475 Valueva TA, Revina TA, Gvozdeva EL, Gerasimova NG, Il'inskaia LI, Ozeretskovakaia OL: [Effect of elicitors on accumulation of protease inhibitors in injured potato tubers]. Prikl Biokhim Mikrobiol. 2001 Sep-Oct;37(5):601-6.


The data suggest an important role of the lipoxygenase metabolism in signal transduction of the anti-injury defense system in the dormant potato tubers.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
13677466 Mandaokar A, Kumar VD, Amway M, Browse J: Microarray and differential display identify genes involved in jasmonate-dependent anther development. Plant Mol Biol. 2003 Jul;52(4):775-86.


The four early-induced genes in opr3 encode lipoxygenase, a putative bHLH transcription factor, epithiospecifier protein and an unknown protein.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
11874572 Jensen AB, Raventos D, Mundy J: Fusion genetic analysis of jasmonate-signalling mutants in Arabidopsis. Plant J. 2002 Mar;29(5):595-606.


Jasmonates induce plant-defence responses and act to regulate defence-related genes including positive feedback of the lipoxygenase 2 (LOX2) gene involved in jasmonate synthesis.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
16478937 Liechti R, Farmer EE: Jasmonate biochemical pathway. Sci STKE. 2006 Feb 14;2006(322):cm3.

The lipoxygenase-catalyzed addition of molecular oxygen to alpha-linolenic acid initiates jasmonate synthesis by providing a 13-hydroperoxide substrate for the formation of an unstable allene oxide that is then subject to enzyme-guided cyclization to produce 12-oxo-phytodienoic acid (OPDA).
OPDA has several fates, including esterification into plastid lipids or transformation into the 12-carbon co-regulator jasmonic acid (JA).
1(0,0,0,1) Details
8378325 Song WC, Funk CD, Brash AR: Molecular cloning of an allene oxide synthase: a cytochrome P450 specialized for the metabolism of fatty acid hydroperoxides. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1993 Sep 15;90(18):8519-23.

Allene oxide synthases convert lipoxygenase-derived fatty acid hydroperoxides to unstable allene epoxides.
In plants, an allene oxide is a precursor of the growth regulator jasmonic acid.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
6404266 Vick BA, Zimmerman DC: The biosynthesis of jasmonic acid: a physiological role for plant lipoxygenase. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1983 Mar 16;111(2):470-7.
7(0,0,1,2) Details
10187766 Varvas K, Jarving I, Koljak R, Valmsen K, Brash AR, Samel N: Evidence of a cyclooxygenase-related prostaglandin synthesis in coral. J Biol Chem. 1999 Apr 9;274(15):9923-9.

By analogy with the lipoxygenase/allene oxide synthase pathway to jasmonic acid in plants, the presence of (8R)-lipoxygenase and allene oxide synthase in the coral Plexaura homomalla suggested a potential metabolic route to prostaglandins (Brash, A.
7(0,0,1,2) Details
1876834 Song WC, Brash AR: Purification of an allene oxide synthase and identification of the enzyme as a cytochrome P-450. Science. 1991 Aug 16;253(5021):781-4.

Fatty acid hydroperoxides (lipoxygenase products) are metabolized to allene oxides by a type of dehydrase that has been detected in plants, corals, and starfish oocytes.
The allene oxides are unstable epoxide precursors of more complex products such as jasmonic acid, the plant growth hormone.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
15829512 Wang JW, Wu JY: Nitric oxide is involved in methyl jasmonate-induced defense responses and secondary metabolism activities of Taxus cells. Plant Cell Physiol. 2005 Jun;46(6):923-30. Epub 2005 Apr 13.

Methyl jasmonate (MeJA), a methyl ester of jasmonic acid (JA), is a well-established signal molecule in plant defense responses and an effective inducer of secondary metabolite accumulation in plant cell cultures such as the valuable anticancer diterpenoid taxol (paclitaxel) in Taxus spp.
Several other responses occurred concomitantly, including the production of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and the increases in intracellular malondialdehyde (MDA) content, lipoxygenase (LOX) and phenylalanine ammonium-lyase (PAL) activities.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
11368765 Prior A, Jones JT, Blok VC, Beauchamp J, McDermott L, Cooper A, Kennedy MW: A surface-associated retinol- and fatty acid-binding protein (Gp-FAR-1) from the potato cyst nematode Globodera pallida: lipid binding activities, structural analysis and expression pattern. Biochem J. 2001 Jun 1;356(Pt 2):387-94.

Of direct relevance to plant defence systems was the observation that Gp-FAR-1 binds two lipids (linolenic and linoleic acids) that are precursors of plant defence compounds and the jasmonic acid signalling pathway.
Moreover, Gp-FAR-1 was found to inhibit the lipoxygenase-mediated modification of these substrates in vitro.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
9799511 Tatulian SA, Steczko J, Minor W: Uncovering a calcium-regulated membrane-binding mechanism for soybean lipoxygenase-1. Biochemistry. 1998 Nov 3;37(44):15481-90.

Although it has been documented that plant cell stimulation increases intracellular Ca2+ concentration and activates cytosolic phospholipase A2, followed by lipoxygenase-catalyzed conversion of the liberated linolenic acid to jasmonic acid, no evidence is available for Ca2+-regulated membrane binding and activity of plant lipoxygenases.
6(0,0,0,6) Details
3075946 Leshem YY: Plant senescence processes and free radicals. Free Radic Biol Med. 1988;5(1):39-49.

As evidenced by ESR spectrometry, spin trapping, specific membrane phase transition studies and enzyme kinetics, an important factor in the above processes appears to be lipoxygenase activity producing polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) hydroperoxides and subsequently several free radical species and senescence-promoting compounds such as ethylene, malondialdehyde and jasmonic acid.
6(0,0,1,1) Details
15144900 Lee A, Cho K, Jang S, Rakwal R, Iwahashi H, Agrawal GK, Shim J, Han O: Inverse correlation between jasmonic acid and salicylic acid during early wound response in rice. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2004 Jun 4;318(3):734-8.

In particular, jasmonic acid, salicylic acid, and lipoxygenase activity were measured in leaves of wounded rice plants during the early tillering phase.
6(0,0,1,1) Details
19729221 Taheri P, Tarighi S: Riboflavin induces resistance in rice against Rhizoctonia solani via jasmonate-mediated priming of phenylpropanoid pathway. J Plant Physiol. 2010 Feb 15;167(3):201-8. Epub 2009 Sep 2.

Here, we show that riboflavin, which acts as a defense activator in rice against economically important sheath blight caused by Rhizoctonia solani, primed the expression of lipoxygenase (LOX) as a key gene in octadecanoid pathway, and enhanced lignification.
Exogenous jasmonic acid (JA) application on rice induces resistance against R. solani in a manner similar to riboflavin.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
20159849 Gfeller A, Dubugnon L, Liechti R, Farmer EE: Jasmonate biochemical pathway. Sci Signal. 2010 Feb 16;3(109):cm3.

The lipoxygenase-catalyzed addition of molecular oxygen to alpha-linolenic acid initiates jasmonate synthesis by providing a 13-hydroperoxide substrate for formation of an unstable allene oxide by allene oxide synthase (AOS).
OPDA has several fates, including esterification into plastid lipids and transformation into the 12-carbon prohormone jasmonic acid (JA).
1(0,0,0,1) Details
19522815 Yang HR, Tang K, Liu HT, Pan QH, Huang WD: Jasmonic acid is induced in a biphasic manner in response of pea seedlings to wounding. J Integr Plant Biol. 2009 Jun;51(6):562-73.

In the present study, pea seedlings were used as material to investigate the systemic induction of JA and the activation of lipoxygenase (LOX)-dependent octadecanoid pathway upon wounding.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
11960741 Howe GA, Schilmiller AL: Oxylipin metabolism in response to stress. Curr Opin Plant Biol. 2002 Jun;5(3):230-6.

Oxylipins comprise a group of biologically active compounds whose structural diversity is generated by the coordinate action of lipases, lipoxygenases, and a group of cytochromes P450 that are specialized for the metabolism of hydroperoxy fatty acids.
Research on oxylipins has focused mainly on the biosynthesis of the plant signaling molecule jasmonic acid, and its role in the regulation of developmental and defense-related processes.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
11158538 Orozco-Cardenas ML, Narvaez-Vasquez J, Ryan CA: Hydrogen peroxide acts as a second messenger for the induction of defense genes in tomato plants in response to wounding, systemin, and methyl jasmonate. Plant Cell. 2001 Jan;13(1):179-91.


These data provide a rationale for the sequential, coordinated, and functional roles of systemin, jasmonic acid, oligogalacturonides, and H (2) O (2) signals for systemic signaling in tomato plants in response to wounding.
0(0,0,0,0) Details
16367970 Paschold A, Halitschke R, Baldwin IT: Using 'mute' plants to translate volatile signals. Plant J. 2006 Jan;45(2):275-91.


No differences in the constitutive accumulation of defense metabolites and the signal molecule jasmonic acid (JA) were found.
0(0,0,0,0) Details
12223792 Schweizer P, Buchala A, Metraux JP: Gene-Expression Patterns and Levels of Jasmonic Acid in Rice Treated with the Resistance Inducer 2,6-Dichloroisonicotinic Acid. Plant Physiol. 1997 Sep;115(1):61-70.

Lipoxygenase enzyme activity and levels of nonconjugated jasmonic acid (JA) were enhanced in leaves of plants treated with a high dose of INA (100 ppm).
6(0,0,1,1) Details
1744085 Brash AR, Hughes MA, Hawkins DJ, Boeglin WE, Song WC, Meijer L: Allene oxide and aldehyde biosynthesis in starfish oocytes. J Biol Chem. 1991 Dec 5;266(34):22926-31.

Allene oxides are a very unusual type of epoxide that, in biological systems, are formed by the enzymic dehydration of fatty acid hydroperoxides (lipoxygenase products).
This reaction occurs widely in plants, in which allene oxide synthesis is a key step in the conversion of linolenic acid to jasmonic acid, the plant growth regulator.
4(0,0,0,4) Details
9492266 Voros K, Feussner I, Kuhn H, Lee J, Graner A, Lobler M, Parthier B, Wasternack C: Characterization of a methyljasmonate-inducible lipoxygenase from barley (Hordeum vulgare cv. Eur J Biochem. 1998 Jan 15;251(1-2):36-44.

The gene was transiently expressed after exogenous application of jasmonic acid methyl ester with a maximum between 12 h and 18 h.
4(0,0,0,4) Details
10998053 Schaffrath U, Zabbai F, Dudler R: Characterization of RCI-1, a chloroplastic rice lipoxygenase whose synthesis is induced by chemical plant resistance activators. Eur J Biochem. 2000 Oct;267(19):5935-42.

RCI-1 transcript levels also increased after exogenous application of jasmonic acid, but not upon wounding.
3(0,0,0,3) Details
20214384 Zhu L, Liu X, Chen MS: Differential accumulation of phytohormones in wheat seedlings attacked by avirulent and virulent Hessian fly (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) larvae. J Econ Entomol. 2010 Feb;103(1):178-85.

We analyzed the accumulation of six phytohormones and phytohormone-related compounds in a wheat, Triticum aestivium L., genotype, 'Molly', after attacks by avirulent and virulent Hessian fly, Mayetiola destructor (Say) (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae), larvae, respectively, and we examined the expression of genes in the jasmonic acid (JA) pathway by Northern blot analysis.
Transcript levels of genes encoding lipoxygenase 2, allene oxide synthase, and Arabidopsis storage protein 2 were increased after avirulent larval attacks but decreased after virulent larval attacks.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
12351632 Itoh A, Schilmiller AL, McCaig BC, Howe GA: Identification of a jasmonate-regulated allene oxide synthase that metabolizes 9-hydroperoxides of linoleic and linolenic acids. J Biol Chem. 2002 Nov 29;277(48):46051-8. Epub 2002 Sep 25.

Allene oxide synthase (AOS) is a cytochrome P-450 (CYP74A) that catalyzes the first step in the conversion of 13-hydroperoxy linolenic acid to jasmonic acid and related signaling molecules in plants.
These findings suggest that LeAOS3 plays a role in the metabolism of 9-lipoxygenase-derived hydroperoxides in roots, and that this branch of oxylipin biosynthesis is regulated by the jasmonate signaling cascade.
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11154344 Engelberth J, Koch T, Schuler G, Bachmann N, Rechtenbach J, Boland W: Ion channel-forming alamethicin is a potent elicitor of volatile biosynthesis and tendril coiling. Plant Physiol. 2001 Jan;125(1):369-77.


Unlike elicitation with jasmonic acid or herbivore damage, the blend of substances emitted comprises only the two homoterpenes, 4,11-dimethylnona-1,3,7-triene and 4,8,12-trimethyltrideca-1,3,7,11-tetraene, and methyl salicylate.
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11278736 Stelmach BA, Muller A, Hennig P, Gebhardt S, Schubert-Zsilavecz M, Weiler EW: A novel class of oxylipins, sn1-O-(12-oxophytodienoyl)-sn2-O-(hexadecatrienoyl)-monogalactosyl Diglyceride, from Arabidopsis thaliana. J Biol Chem. 2001 Apr 20;276(16):12832-8. Epub 2001 Jan 25.


The cyclic derivative of 13 (S)-hydroperoxolinolenic acid, 12-oxophytodienoic acid, serves as a signal transducer in higher plants, mediating mechanotransductory processes and plant defenses against a variety of pathogens, and also serves as a precursor for the biosynthesis of jasmonic acid, a mediator of plant herbivore defense.
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18666956 Xu MJ, Dong JF: Synergistic action between jasmonic acid and nitric oxide in inducing matrine accumulation of Sophora flavescens suspension cells. J Integr Plant Biol. 2008 Jan;50(1):92-101.

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14716563 Huang X, Stettmaier K, Michel C, Hutzler P, Mueller MJ, Durner J: Nitric oxide is induced by wounding and influences jasmonic acid signaling in Arabidopsis thaliana. Planta. 2004 Apr;218(6):938-46. Epub 2004 Jan 10.

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18803390 Xue YJ, Tao L, Yang ZM: Aluminum-induced cell wall peroxidase activity and lignin synthesis are differentially regulated by jasmonate and nitric oxide. J Agric Food Chem. 2008 Oct 22;56(20):9676-84. Epub 2008 Sep 20.


The biochemical effect of exogenous nitric oxide (NO) and methyl jasmonic acid (MJ) was examined to investigate signal properties and lignin synthesis under Al stress.
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