Protein Information

Name PR1
Synonyms CACNG 5; PR; CACNG5; Neuronal voltage gated calcium channel gamma like subunit; PR1; TMEM37; Transmembrane protein 37; Voltage dependent calcium channel gamma subunit like protein…

Compound Information

Name jasmonic acid
CAS

Reference List

PubMed Abstract RScore(About this table)
18397206 Meur G, Budatha M, Srinivasan T, Rajesh Kumar KR, Dutta Gupta A, Kirti PB: Constitutive expression of Arabidopsis NPR1 confers enhanced resistance to the early instars of Spodoptera litura in transgenic tobacco. Physiol Plant. 2008 Aug;133(4):765-75. Epub 2008 Apr 7.

AtNPR1 also modulates SA-induced suppression of jasmonic acid-responsive gene expression, and npr1 mutants manifest enhanced herbivore resistance.
We have raised stable transgenic tobacco lines, expressing AtNPR1 constitutively, which showed elevated expression of PR1 and PR2 genes upon SA treatment.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
12223690 Schweizer P, Buchala A, Silverman P, Seskar M, Raskin I, Metraux JP: Jasmonate-Inducible Genes Are Activated in Rice by Pathogen Attack without a Concomitant Increase in Endogenous Jasmonic Acid Levels. Plant Physiol. 1997 May;114(1):79-88.

Pathogen-induced accumulation of PR1-like proteins was reduced in plants treated with tetcyclacis, a novel inhibitor of jasmonate biosynthesis.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
12430020 Nibbe M, Hilpert B, Wasternack C, Miersch O, Apel K: Cell death and salicylate- and jasmonate-dependent stress responses in Arabidopsis are controlled by single cet genes. Planta. 2002 Nov;216(1):120-8. Epub 2002 Nov 12.

The jasmonic acid (JA)-dependent regulation of the Thi2.1 gene had previously been exploited for setting up a genetic screen for the isolation of signal transduction mutants of Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. that constitutively express the thionin gene.
These cet mutants, except for one, also showed spontaneous leaf cell necrosis and were up-regulated in the expression of the PR1 gene, reactions often associated with the systemic acquired resistance (SAR) pathway.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
18944290 Barriuso J, Solano BR, Gutierrez Manero FJ: Protection against pathogen and salt stress by four plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria isolated from Pinus sp. on Arabidopsis thaliana. Phytopathology. 2008 Jun;98(6):666-72.

In order to elucidate the pathway elicited by these two strains to induce systemic resistance, experiments with the transgenic line of Arabidopsis thaliana NahG (defective in salicylic acid [SA]) and with the jar1 mutant (defective in jasmonic acid) were carried out.
Results from quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analysis of the PR1 gene, related to the SA-dependent pathway and the PDF1.2 gene related to the SA-independent pathway, showed an increased expression of PR1 in BB1-treated plants, confirming involvement of the SA-dependent pathway in the defensive response.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
19439570 Alonso-Ramirez A, Rodriguez D, Reyes D, Jimenez JA, Nicolas G, Lopez-Climent M, Gomez-Cadenas A, Nicolas C: Evidence for a role of gibberellins in salicylic acid-modulated early plant responses to abiotic stress in Arabidopsis seeds. Plant Physiol. 2009 Jul;150(3):1335-44. Epub 2009 May 13.


Furthermore, this treatment induced an increase in the expression levels of the isochorismate synthase1 and nonexpressor of PR1 genes, involved in SA biosynthesis and action, respectively.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
17850230 Rayapuram C, Baldwin IT: Increased SA in NPR1-silenced plants antagonizes JA and JA-dependent direct and indirect defenses in herbivore-attacked Nicotiana attenuata in nature. Plant J. 2007 Nov;52(4):700-15. Epub 2007 Sep 10.

The phytohormone jasmonic acid (JA) is known to mediate herbivore resistance, while salicylic acid (SA) and non-expressor of PR-1 (NPR1) mediate pathogen resistance in many plants.
SA treatment of wild-type plants increases Na-NPR1 and Na-PR1 transcripts.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
11722772 Roetschi A, Si-Ammour A, Belbahri L, Mauch F, Mauch-Mani B: Characterization of an Arabidopsis-Phytophthora pathosystem: resistance requires a functional PAD2 gene and is independent of salicylic acid, ethylene and jasmonic acid signalling. Plant J. 2001 Nov;28(3):293-305.

The accumulation of salicylic acid (SA) and PR1 protein was strongly reduced in pad2.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
18944464 Kloepper JW, Ryu CM, Zhang S: Induced Systemic Resistance and Promotion of Plant Growth by Bacillus spp. Phytopathology. 2004 Nov;94(11):1259-66.


For example, ISR elicited by several strains of Bacillus spp. is independent of salicylic acid but dependent on jasmonic acid, ethylene, and the regulatory gene NPR1-results that are in agreement with the model for ISR elicited by Pseudomonas spp.
0(0,0,0,0) Details
17313162 Mazarei M, Elling AA, Maier TR, Puthoff DP, Baum TJ: GmEREBP1 is a transcription factor activating defense genes in soybean and Arabidopsis. Mol Plant Microbe Interact. 2007 Feb;20(2):107-19.


Transgenic soybean plants expressing GmEREBP1 activated the expression of the ethylene (ET)-responsive gene PR2 and the ET- and jasmonic acid (JA)-responsive gene PR3, and the salicylic acid (SA)-responsive gene PR1 but not the SA-responsive PR5.
0(0,0,0,0) Details
11850411 Brodersen P, Petersen M, Pike HM, Olszak B, Skov S, Odum N, Jorgensen LB, Brown RE, Mundy J: Knockout of Arabidopsis accelerated-cell-death11 encoding a sphingosine transfer protein causes activation of programmed cell death and defense. Genes Dev. 2002 Feb 15;16(4):490-502.


The PCD and defense pathways activated in acd11 are salicylic acid (SA) dependent, but do not require intact jasmonic acid or ethylene signaling pathways.
0(0,0,0,0) Details
17545220 Kusnierczyk A, Winge P, Midelfart H, Armbruster WS, Rossiter JT, Bones AM: Transcriptional responses of Arabidopsis thaliana ecotypes with different glucosinolate profiles after attack by polyphagous Myzus persicae and oligophagous Brevicoryne brassicae. J Exp Bot. 2007;58(10):2537-52. Epub 2007 Jun 1.

Among these were jasmonic acid and tryptophan synthesis pathway enzymes, and pathogenesis related protein (PR1).
81(1,1,1,1) Details
19625635 Mang HG, Laluk KA, Parsons EP, Kosma DK, Cooper BR, Park HC, AbuQamar S, Boccongelli C, Miyazaki S, Consiglio F, Chilosi G, Bohnert HJ, Bressan RA, Mengiste T, Jenks MA: The Arabidopsis RESURRECTION1 gene regulates a novel antagonistic interaction in plant defense to biotrophs and necrotrophs. Plant Physiol. 2009 Sep;151(1):290-305. Epub 2009 Jul 22.

Disease responses in rst1 correlate with higher levels of jasmonic acid (JA) and increased basal and B. cinerea-induced expression of the plant defensin PDF1.2 gene but reduced E. cichoracearum-inducible salicylic acid levels and expression of pathogenesis-related genes PR1 and PR2.
81(1,1,1,1) Details
18974997 Jacquard C, Mazeyrat-Gourbeyre F, Devaux P, Boutilier K, Baillieul F, Clement C: Microspore embryogenesis in barley: anther pre-treatment stimulates plant defence gene expression. Planta. 2009 Jan;229(2):393-402. Epub 2008 Oct 31.

Genes encoding enzymes involved in oxidative stress (glutathione-S-transferase, GST; oxalate oxidase, OxO), in the synthesis of jasmonic acid (13-lipoxygenase, Lox; allene oxide cyclase, AOC; allene oxide synthase, AOS) and in the phenylpropanoid pathway (phenylalanine ammonia lyase, PAL), as well as those encoding PR proteins (Barwin, chitinase 2b, Chit 2b; glucanase, Gluc; basic pathogenesis-related protein 1, PR1; pathogenesis-related protein 10, PR10) were up-regulated in whole anthers upon stress treatment, indicating that anther perceives stress and reacts by triggering general plant defence mechanisms.
31(0,1,1,1) Details
18676663 Lee SC, Hwang IS, Choi HW, Hwang BK: Involvement of the pepper antimicrobial protein CaAMP1 gene in broad spectrum disease resistance. Plant Physiol. 2008 Oct;148(2):1004-20. Epub 2008 Aug 1.


CaAMP1 overexpression induced the salicylic acid pathway-dependent genes PR1 and PR5 but not the jasmonic acid-dependent defense gene PDF1.2 during P. syringae pv tomato infection.
0(0,0,0,0) Details
15828688 Nandi A, Moeder W, Kachroo P, Klessig DF, Shah J: Arabidopsis ssi2-conferred susceptibility to Botrytis cinerea is dependent on EDS5 and PAD4. Mol Plant Microbe Interact. 2005 Apr;18(4):363-70.

The altered basal resistance to these pathogens in the ssi2 mutant plant is accompanied by the constitutive accumulation of elevated salicylic acid (SA) level and expression of the pathogenesis-related 1 (PR1) gene, the inability of jasmonic acid (JA) to activate expression of the defensin gene, PDF1.2, and the spontaneous death of cells.
31(0,1,1,1) Details
11097833 Agrawal GK, Rakwal R, Jwa NS: Rice (Oryza sativa L.) OsPR1b gene is phytohormonally regulated in close interaction with light signals. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2000 Nov 19;278(2):290-8.

Here, we report characterization of a rice basic PR1 (OsPR1b) gene, identified from screening a cDNA library prepared from jasmonic acid (JA)-treated rice seedling leaf, providing detailed and valuable insights into rice PR1 gene expression.
10(0,0,1,5) Details
18247056 Mitsuhara I, Iwai T, Seo S, Yanagawa Y, Kawahigasi H, Hirose S, Ohkawa Y, Ohashi Y: Characteristic expression of twelve rice PR1 family genes in response to pathogen infection, wounding, and defense-related signal compounds (121/180). Mol Genet Genomics. 2008 Apr;279(4):415-27. Epub 2008 Feb 5.

The responses of individual genes to salicylic acid, jasmonic acid, and ethylene induced defense signaling pathways in rice are likely to be different from those in dicot plants.
4(0,0,0,4) Details
10903912 Agrawal GK, Jwa NS, Rakwal R: A novel rice (Oryza sativa L.) acidic PR1 gene highly responsive to cut, phytohormones, and protein phosphatase inhibitors. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2000 Jul 21;274(1):157-65.

A novel rice acidic pathogenesis-related (PR) class 1 cDNA (OsPR1a) was isolated from jasmonic acid (JA)-treated rice seedling leaf.
3(0,0,0,3) Details
14507997 Nandi A, Krothapalli K, Buseman CM, Li M, Welti R, Enyedi A, Shah J: Arabidopsis sfd mutants affect plastidic lipid composition and suppress dwarfing, cell death, and the enhanced disease resistance phenotypes resulting from the deficiency of a fatty acid desaturase. Plant Cell. 2003 Oct;15(10):2383-98. Epub 2003 Sep 24.

In parallel, jasmonic acid-regulated signaling is compromised in the ssi2 mutant.
The sfd1, sfd2, and sfd4 mutant alleles suppress the ssi2-conferred dwarfing and lesion development, the NPR1-independent expression of the PATHOGENESIS-RELATED1 (PR1) gene, and resistance to Pseudomonas syringae pv maculicola.
3(0,0,0,3) Details
14675428 Bohman S, Staal J, Thomma BP, Wang M, Dixelius C: Characterisation of an Arabidopsis-Leptosphaeria maculans pathosystem: resistance partially requires camalexin biosynthesis and is independent of salicylic acid, ethylene and jasmonic acid signalling. Plant J. 2004 Jan;37(1):9-20.

To assess the contribution of different defence pathways, genotypes implicated in salicylic acid (SA) signalling plants expressing the bacterial salicylate hydroxylase (nahG) gene, non-expressor of PR1 (npr1)-1 and phytoalexin-deficient (pad4-1), jasmonic acid (JA) signalling (coronatine insensitive (coi) 1-16, enhanced disease susceptibility (eds) 8-1 and jasmonic acid resistant (jar) 1-1) and ET signalling (eds4-1, ethylene insensitive (ein) 2, ein3-1 and ethylene resistant (etr) 1-1) were screened.
6(0,0,1,1) Details
11971137 Gu YQ, Wildermuth MC, Chakravarthy S, Loh YT, Yang C, He X, Han Y, Martin GB: Tomato transcription factors pti4, pti5, and pti6 activate defense responses when expressed in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell. 2002 Apr;14(4):817-31.

Expression of Pti4, Pti5, or Pti6 in Arabidopsis activated the expression of the salicylic acid-regulated genes PR1 and PR2.
Expression of jasmonic acid- and ethylene-regulated genes, such as PR3, PR4, PDF1.2, and Thi2.1, was affected differently by each of the three tomato ERFs, with Arabidopsis-Pti4 plants having very high levels of PDF1.2 transcripts.
2(0,0,0,2) Details
17965588 Alvarez-Venegas R, Abdallat AA, Guo M, Alfano JR, Avramova Z: Epigenetic control of a transcription factor at the cross section of two antagonistic pathways. Epigenetics. 2007 Apr-Jun;2(2):106-13. Epub 2007 May 8.

The expression of the Arabidopsis gene WRKY70 is known to be antagonistically regulated by the salicylic acid (SA) and jasmonic acid (JA) signaling pathways.
Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) analyses with antiATX1 specific antibodies demonstrated that WRKY70 is a primary target for the ATX1 histone methylase activity, while the SA-responsive gene, PR1, and the JA-responsive gene, THI2.1, are secondary targets.
2(0,0,0,2) Details
12650449 Kariola T, Palomaki TA, Brader G, Palva ET: Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora and Erwinia-derived elicitors HrpN and PehA trigger distinct but interacting defense responses and cell death in Arabidopsis. Mol Plant Microbe Interact. 2003 Mar;16(3):179-87.


Establishment of resistance is accompanied by the expression of salicylic acid (SA)-dependent, but also jasmonate/ethylene (JA/ET)-dependent, marker genes PR1 and PDF1.2, respectively, suggesting that both SA-dependent and JA/ET-dependent defense pathways are activated.
2(0,0,0,2) Details
18713432 Ren CM, Zhu Q, Gao BD, Ke SY, Yu WC, Xie DX, Peng W: Transcription factor WRKY70 displays important but no indispensable roles in jasmonate and salicylic acid signaling. J Integr Plant Biol. 2008 May;50(5):630-7.


However, overexpression of WRKY70 reduces JA responses such as expression of JA-induced genes and JA-inhibitory root growth, and activates expression of SA-inducible PR1.
2(0,0,0,2) Details
10677553 Vogel J, Somerville S: Isolation and characterization of powdery mildew-resistant Arabidopsis mutants. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2000 Feb 15;97(4):1897-902.

These mutants do not constitutively accumulate elevated levels of PR1 or PDF1.2 mRNA, indicating that resistance is not simply due to constitutive activation of the salicylic acid- or ethylene- and jasmonic acid-dependent defense pathways.
Further Northern blot analyses revealed that some mutants accumulate higher levels of PR1 mRNA than wild type in response to infection by powdery mildew.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
17977150 Guo X, Stotz HU: Defense against Sclerotinia sclerotiorum in Arabidopsis is dependent on jasmonic acid, salicylic acid, and ethylene signaling. Mol Plant Microbe Interact. 2007 Nov;20(11):1384-95.

Induction of PDF1.2 and the pathogenesis-related gene PR1 was reduced in ein2 and npr1 mutants, respectively.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
17158583 Ahn IP, Kim S, Lee YH, Suh SC: Vitamin B1-induced priming is dependent on hydrogen peroxide and the NPR1 gene in Arabidopsis. Plant Physiol. 2007 Feb;143(2):838-48. Epub 2006 Dec 8.

To investigate the effects of priming by thiamine on defense-related responses, Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) was treated with thiamine and effects of pathogen challenge on the production of active oxygen species, callose deposition, hypersensitive cell death, and pathogenesis-related 1 (PR1)/Phe ammonia-lyase 1 (PAL1) gene expression was analyzed.
Thiamine treatment and subsequent pathogen invasion triggered hydrogen peroxide accumulation, callose induction, and PR1/PAL1 transcription activation in Arabidopsis mutants insensitive to jasmonic acid (jar1), ethylene (etr1), or abscisic acid (abi3-3), but not in plants expressing bacterial NahG and lacking regulation of SAR (npr1 [nonexpressor of PR genes 1]).
1(0,0,0,1) Details
16377744 Mur LA, Kenton P, Atzorn R, Miersch O, Wasternack C: The outcomes of concentration-specific interactions between salicylate and jasmonate signaling include synergy, antagonism, and oxidative stress leading to cell death. Plant Physiol. 2006 Jan;140(1):249-62. Epub 2005 Dec 23.

Salicylic acid (SA) has been proposed to antagonize jasmonic acid (JA) biosynthesis and signaling.
These suggested that there was a transient synergistic enhancement in the expression of genes associated with either JA (PDF1.2 [defensin] and Thi1.2 [thionin]) or SA (PR1 [PR1a-beta-glucuronidase in tobacco]) signaling when both signals were applied at low (typically 10-100 microm) concentrations.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
10077677 Falk A, Feys BJ, Frost LN, Jones JD, Daniels MJ, Parker JE: EDS1, an essential component of R gene-mediated disease resistance in Arabidopsis has homology to eukaryotic lipases. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1999 Mar 16;96(6):3292-7.

Two plant defense pathways have been defined previously that depend on salicylic acid, a phenolic compound, or jasmonic acid, a lipid-derived molecule.
We examined the expression of EDS1 mRNA and marker mRNAs (PR1 and PDF1.2, respectively) for these two pathways in wild-type and eds1 mutant plants after different challenges.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
16790029 Ochsenbein C, Przybyla D, Danon A, Landgraf F, Gobel C, Imboden A, Feussner I, Apel K: The role of EDS1 (enhanced disease susceptibility) during singlet oxygen-mediated stress responses of Arabidopsis. Plant J. 2006 Aug;47(3):445-56. Epub 2006 Jun 21.

The release of singlet oxygen in the flu mutant triggers a drastic increase in the concentration of free SA and activates the expression of PR1 and PR5 genes.
Soon after the beginning of singlet oxygen production, the synthesis of oxylipins such as jasmonic acid (JA) and 12-oxophytodienoic acid (OPDA) also start and plants stop growing and induce a cell-death response.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
19095329 Turra D, Bellin D, Lorito M, Gebhardt C: Genotype-dependent expression of specific members of potato protease inhibitor gene families in different tissues and in response to wounding and nematode infection. J Plant Physiol. 2009 May 1;166(7):762-74. Epub 2008 Dec 17.

Potato plants reacted to G. rostochiensis infection by modulating PKPI, PI-1 and Pin2, but not PR1 gene expression, suggesting that the jasmonic acid but not the salicylic acid defense signaling pathway is activated.
Their expression profiles were studied by semi-quantitative RT-PCR in comparison with transcripts of the PI-1, Pin2 and PR1 gene families in various tissues, after wounding and Globodera rostochiensis infection of nematode-resistant genotypes P40 and LB7/4/c-I-7, and susceptible cv.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
16549362 Lee Y, Park J, Im K, Kim K, Lee J, Lee K, Park JA, Lee TK, Park DS, Yang JS, Kim D, Lee S: Arabidopsis leaf necrosis caused by simulated acid rain is related to the salicylic acid signaling pathway. Plant Physiol Biochem. 2006 Jan;44(1):38-42. Epub 2006 Feb 6.

The expression of enhanced disease susceptibility (EDS), nonexpressor of PR (NPR) and pathogen-related 1 (PR1), all of which are involved in the salicylic acid signaling pathway, were increased after SiAR exposure.
However, vegetative storage protein (VSP), a member of the jasmonic acid pathway did not show a significant change in transcript level.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
17189328 Zarate SI, Kempema LA, Walling LL: Silverleaf whitefly induces salicylic acid defenses and suppresses effectual jasmonic acid defenses. Plant Physiol. 2007 Feb;143(2):866-75. Epub 2006 Dec 22.

Salicylic acid (SA)-responsive gene transcripts accumulated locally (PR1, BGL2, PR5, SID2, EDS5, PAD4) and systemically (PR1, BGL2, PR5) during SLWF nymph feeding.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
12223792 Schweizer P, Buchala A, Metraux JP: Gene-Expression Patterns and Levels of Jasmonic Acid in Rice Treated with the Resistance Inducer 2,6-Dichloroisonicotinic Acid. Plant Physiol. 1997 Sep;115(1):61-70.

A comparison of gene-expression patterns in plants treated with INA versus plants inoculated with the compatible pathogen M. grisea or the incompatible pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv syringae revealed only a marginal overlap: 6 gene products, including pathogenesis-related proteins (PR1-PR9), accumulated in both INA-treated and pathogen-attacked leaves, whereas 26 other gene products accumulated only in INA-treated or only in pathogen-attacked leaves.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
17214894 Zheng Z, Mosher SL, Fan B, Klessig DF, Chen Z: Functional analysis of Arabidopsis WRKY25 transcription factor in plant defense against Pseudomonas syringae. BMC Plant Biol. 2007 Jan 10;7:2.

These WRKY25-overexpressing plants also displayed reduced expression of the SA-regulated PR1 gene after the pathogen infection, despite normal levels of free SA.
Analysis of stress-induced WRKY25 in the defense signaling mutants npr1, sid2, ein2 and coi1 further indicated that this gene is positively regulated by the salicylic acid (SA) signaling pathway and negatively regulated by the jasmonic acid signaling pathway.
1(0,0,0,1) Details