Protein Information

Name cytochrome P450 (protein family or complex)
Synonyms cytochrome P450; cytochrome P 450; CYP450; CYP 450

Compound Information

Name DDT
CAS 1,1′-(2,2,2-trichloroethylidene)bis[4-chlorobenzene]

Reference List

PubMed Abstract RScore(About this table)
19399609 Brausch JM, Smith PN: Development of resistance to cyfluthrin and naphthalene among Daphnia magna. Ecotoxicology. 2009 Jul;18(5):600-9. Epub 2009 Apr 28.


When the cytochrome P450 inhibitor piperonyl butoxide was used in conjunction with cyfluthrin and naphthalene the sensitivity of resistant and control D. magna were equal, suggesting P450s were responsible for conveying resistance.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
15795092 Medina-Diaz IM, Elizondo G: Transcriptional induction of CYP3A4 by o,p'-DDT in HepG2 cells. Toxicol Lett. 2005 May 16;157(1):41-7.


It alters the activity of hepatic mixed function oxidase and induces expression of cytochrome P450 such as 3A subfamilies.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
20002224 Morra R, Kuruganti S, Lam V, Lucchesi JC, Ganguly R: Functional analysis of the cis-acting elements responsible for the induction of the Cyp6a8 and Cyp6g1 genes of Drosophila melanogaster by DDT, phenobarbital and caffeine. Insect Mol Biol. 2009 Dec 1.


Abstract Many Drosophila cytochrome P450 or Cyp genes are induced by caffeine and phenobarbital (PB).
1(0,0,0,1) Details
14745026 Schlenke TA, Begun DJ: Strong selective sweep associated with a transposon insertion in Drosophila simulans. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2004 Feb 10;101(6):1626-31. Epub 2004 Jan 26.


The 5' flanking sequence of one gene in this region, Cyp6g1 (a cytochrome P450), is nearly fixed for a Doc transposable element insertion.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
17179088 Chung H, Bogwitz MR, McCart C, Andrianopoulos A, Ffrench-Constant RH, Batterham P, Daborn PJ: Cis-regulatory elements in the Accord retrotransposon result in tissue-specific expression of the Drosophila melanogaster insecticide resistance gene Cyp6g1. Genetics. 2007 Mar;175(3):1071-7. Epub 2006 Dec 18.


Cyp6g1-mediated insecticide resistance in Drosophila melanogaster is due to the upregulation of the cytochrome P450 gene Cyp6g1, leading to the resistance to a variety of insecticide classes.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
17456446 Daborn PJ, Lumb C, Boey A, Wong W, Ffrench-Constant RH, Batterham P: Evaluating the insecticide resistance potential of eight Drosophila melanogaster cytochrome P450 genes by transgenic over-expression. Insect Biochem Mol Biol. 2007 May;37(5):512-9. Epub 2007 Mar 2.

1(0,0,0,1) Details
17692354 Petersen MS, Halling J, Damkier P, Nielsen F, Grandjean P, Weihe P, Brosen K: Polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) induction of CYP3A4 enzyme activity in healthy Faroese adults. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2007 Oct 15;224(2):202-6. Epub 2007 Jul 14.


The CYP3A4 enzyme is, along with other cytochrome P450 enzymes, involved in the metabolism of environmental pollutants and is highly inducible by these substances.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
16467133 Trevaskis NL, Porter CJ, Charman WN: An examination of the interplay between enterocyte-based metabolism and lymphatic drug transport in the rat. Drug Metab Dispos. 2006 May;34(5):729-33. Epub 2006 Feb 7.


In one group of animals, bolus doses of ketoconazole were also administered to inhibit cytochrome P450-based metabolism.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
12826097 Le Goff G, Boundy S, Daborn PJ, Yen JL, Sofer L, Lind R, Sabourault C, Madi-Ravazzi L, ffrench-Constant RH: Microarray analysis of cytochrome P450 mediated insecticide resistance in Drosophila. Insect Biochem Mol Biol. 2003 Jul;33(7):701-8.

1(0,0,0,1) Details
15539261 Oda H, Suzuki Y, Shibata T, Yoshida A: Glucocorticoid-dependent induction of HMG-CoA reductase and malic enzyme gene expression by polychlorinated biphenyls in rat hepatocytes. J Nutr Biochem. 1999 Nov;10(11):644-53.


To investigate the mechanism of the induction of the enzymes by xenobiotics, the effects of xenobiotics on gene expressions for HMG-CoA reductase, malic enzyme, and cytochrome P-450 in rat liver and in cultured hepatocyte were investigated.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
17189629 Meeker JD, Altshul L, Hauser R: Serum PCBs, p,p'-DDE and HCB predict thyroid hormone levels in men. Environ Res. 2007 Jun;104(2):296-304. Epub 2006 Dec 26.


Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; CYP, cytochrome P450; DDT, 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis (p-chlorophenyl) ethane; HCB, hexachlorobenzene; MDL, method detection limit; NHANES, national health and nutrition examination survey: p,p (')-DDE, 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis (p-chlorophenyl) ethylene; PCB, polychlorinated biphenyl; T (3), triiodothyronine; T (4), thryoxine; TSH, thyroid stimulating hormone (thyrotrophin); US, United States.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
12948891 Hauser R, Chen Z, Pothier L, Ryan L, Altshul L: The relationship between human semen parameters and environmental exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls and p,p'-DDE. Environ Health Perspect. 2003 Sep;111(12):1505-11.


There was limited evidence of an inverse relationship between sum of PCBs, as well as those PCBs classified as cytochrome P450 enzyme inducers, with sperm motility and sperm morphology, as well as limited evidence of an inverse association between p,p -DDE and sperm motility.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
17035600 Medina-Diaz IM, Arteaga-Illan G, de Leon MB, Cisneros B, Sierra-Santoyo A, Vega L, Gonzalez FJ, Elizondo G: Pregnane X receptor-dependent induction of the CYP3A4 gene by o,p'-1,1,1,-trichloro-2,2-bis (p-chlorophenyl) ethane. Drug Metab Dispos. 2007 Jan;35(1):95-102. Epub 2006 Oct 11.


CYP3A4, the predominant cytochrome P450 (P450) expressed in human liver and intestine, contributes to the metabolism of approximately half the drugs in clinical use today.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
15245421 Catania F, Kauer MO, Daborn PJ, Yen JL, Ffrench-Constant RH, Schlotterer C: World-wide survey of an Accord insertion and its association with DDT resistance in Drosophila melanogaster. Mol Ecol. 2004 Aug;13(8):2491-504.


Previous work showed that insecticide resistance in Drosophila melanogaster is correlated with the insertion of an Accord-like element into the 5' region of the cytochrome P450 gene, Cyp6g1.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
19900470 Asp V, Ulleras E, Lindstrom V, Bergstrom U, Oskarsson A, Brandt I: Biphasic hormonal responses to the adrenocorticolytic DDT metabolite 3-methylsulfonyl-DDE in human cells. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2010 Feb 1;242(3):281-289. Epub 2009 Nov 6.


ACC is a rare malignant disorder with poor prognosis, and the current pharmacological therapy o,p'-DDD (mitotane) has limited efficacy and causes severe adverse effects. 3-MeSO (2)-DDE is bioactivated by cytochrome P450 (CYP) 11B1 in mice and causes formation of irreversibly bound protein adducts, reduced glucocorticoid secretion, and cell death in the adrenal cortex of several animal species.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
15030474 Amichot M, Tares S, Brun-Barale A, Arthaud L, Bride JM, Berge JB: Point mutations associated with insecticide resistance in the Drosophila cytochrome P450 Cyp6a2 enable DDT metabolism. Eur J Biochem. 2004 Apr;271(7):1250-7.

3(0,0,0,3) Details
15118106 Pedra JH, McIntyre LM, Scharf ME, Pittendrigh BR: Genome-wide transcription profile of field- and laboratory-selected dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT)-resistant Drosophila. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2004 May 4;101(18):7034-9. Epub 2004 Apr 26.


Genome-wide microarray analysis (Affymetrix array) was used (i) to determine whether only one gene, the cytochrome P450 enzyme Cyp6g1, is differentially transcribed in dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT)-resistant vs. -susceptible Drosophila; and (ii) to profile common genes differentially transcribed across a DDT-resistant field isolate [Rst (2) DDT (Wisconsin)] and a laboratory DDT-selected population [Rst (2) DDT (91-R)].
2(0,0,0,2) Details
12869653 Wyde ME, Bartolucci E, Ueda A, Zhang H, Yan B, Negishi M, You L: The environmental pollutant 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis (p-chlorophenyl) ethylene induces rat hepatic cytochrome P450 2B and 3A expression through the constitutive androstane receptor and pregnane X receptor. Mol Pharmacol. 2003 Aug;64(2):474-81.

2(0,0,0,2) Details
18338338 McCart C, Ffrench-Constant RH: Dissecting the insecticide-resistance- associated cytochrome P450 gene Cyp6g1. Pest Manag Sci. 2008 Jun;64(6):639-45.

2(0,0,0,2) Details
17710279 Dzul FA, Patricia Penilla R, Rodriguez AD: [Susceptibility and insecticide resistance mechanisms in Anopheles albimanus from the southern Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico]. Salud Publica Mex. 2007 Jul-Aug;49(4):302-11.


Biochemical assays showed high levels of glutathione S-transferase (GST), cytochrome P450 and esterases (with pNPA substrate) in all villages.
2(0,0,0,2) Details
17526421 Niimi S, Kim EY, Iwata H, Watanabe MX, Yasunaga G, Fujise Y, Tanabe S: Identification and hepatic expression profiles of cytochrome P450 1-4 isozymes in common minke whales (Balaenoptera acutorostrata). Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol. 2007 Aug;147(4):667-81. Epub 2007 Apr 14.

2(0,0,0,2) Details
16698327 De Francia S, Pirro E, Zappia F, De Martino F, Sprio AE, Daffara F, Terzolo M, Berruti A, Di Carlo F, Ghezzo F: A new simple HPLC method for measuring mitotane and its two principal metabolites Tests in animals and mitotane-treated patients. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci. 2006 Jun 6;837(1-2):69-75. Epub 2006 May 12.

A new C18 reversed-phase column and UV HPLC method for the detection of mitotane, its principal metabolites, dichlorodiphenylacetate and dichlrodiphenylethene, and its precursor DDT is described.
In this article mitotane, dichlorodiphenylacetate, and dichlrodiphenylethene concentrations in organs of rats fed on a mitotane diet, and the effects of erythromycin and grapefruit juice as cytochrome P450 common inhibitors are presented.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
15885732 Kushida M, Sukata T, Uwagawa S, Ozaki K, Kinoshita A, Wanibuchi H, Morimura K, Okuno Y, Fukushima S: Low dose DDT inhibition of hepatocarcinogenesis initiated by diethylnitrosamine in male rats: possible mechanisms. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2005 Nov 1;208(3):285-94.


Previously we reported a tendency for reduction of the development of glutathione-S-transferase placental form (GST-P) positive foci, recognized as preneoplastic changes in rat liver, by a low dose of 1,1-bis (p-chlorophenyl)-2,2,2-trichloroethane (DDT), which belongs to the same group of hepatic cytochrome P-450 inducers as phenobarbital and is itself a non-genotoxic hepatocarcinogen.
2(0,0,0,2) Details
15663776 Festucci-Buselli RA, Carvalho-Dias AS, de Oliveira-Andrade M, Caixeta-Nunes C, Li HM, Stuart JJ, Muir W, Scharf ME, Pittendrigh BR: Expression of Cyp6g1 and Cyp12d1 in DDT resistant and susceptible strains of Drosophila melanogaster. Insect Mol Biol. 2005 Jan;14(1):69-77.


The Rst (2) DDT locus (loci) in Drosophila is associated with the over-expression of two cytochrome P450 genes, Cyp6g1 and Cyp12d1.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
18508027 Daaboub J, Ben Cheikh R, Lamari A, Ben Jha I, Feriani M, Boubaker C, Ben Cheikh H: Resistance to pyrethroid insecticides in Culex pipiens pipiens (Diptera: Culicidae) from Tunisia. Acta Trop. 2008 Jul;107(1):30-6. Epub 2008 Apr 22.


The use of synergists showed that the cytochrome P450-dependent monooxygenases had a major contribution to the permethrin and deltamethrin resistance and that the esterases (and/or glutathione-S-transferases) had only a minor contribution.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
20027173 Blahova J, Havelkova M, Kruzikova K, Kovarova J, Harustiakova D, Kasikova B, Hypr D, Jurcikova J, Ocelka T, Svobodova Z: Fish biochemical markers as a tool for pollution assessment on the Svitava and Svratka rivers, Czech Republic. Neuro Endocrinol Lett. 2009 Dec 21;30(Suppl):211-218.


Significant positive correlations were observed in cytochrome P450 content and DDT concentration in the semi-permeable membrane device (p = 0.019, rs = 0.886), and between ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase activity and content of DDT (p = 0.041, rs = 0.352) and polychlorinated biphenyls (p = 0.034, rs = 0.365) in muscle tissues of indicator fish.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
15649640 Dehn PF, Allen-Mocherie S, Karek J, Thenappan A: Organochlorine insecticides: impacts on human HepG2 cytochrome P4501A, 2B activities and glutathione levels. Toxicol In Vitro. 2005 Mar;19(2):261-73.


This study examined the effects of the organochlorine (OC) insecticides chlordane, o,p'-DDT, dieldrin, endosulfan, kepone, methoxychlor, and toxaphene on human HepG2 cytochrome P450 (1A-EROD and 2B-PROD) activities and glutathione (GSH) levels.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
17098168 Willoughby L, Chung H, Lumb C, Robin C, Batterham P, Daborn PJ: A comparison of Drosophila melanogaster detoxification gene induction responses for six insecticides, caffeine and phenobarbital. Insect Biochem Mol Biol. 2006 Dec;36(12):934-42. Epub 2006 Sep 23.


Mutations leading to changes in expression levels or substrate specificities of cytochrome P450 (P450), glutathione-S-transferase (GST) and esterase genes have been linked to many cases of resistance with the responsible enzyme shown to utilize the insecticide as a substrate.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
19653030 Herring G, Ackerman JT, Eagles-Smith CA, Adelsbach TL, Melancon MJ, Stebbins KR, Hoffman DJ: Organochlorine and PBDE Concentrations in Relation to Cytochrome P450 Activity in Livers of Forster's Terns (Sterna forsteri) and Caspian Terns (Hydroprogne caspia), in San Francisco Bay, California. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol. 2009 Aug 4.

1(0,0,0,1) Details
19995666 Ricciardi F, Matozzo V, Binelli A, Marin MG: Biomarker responses and contamination levels in crabs (Carcinus aestuarii) from the Lagoon of Venice: An integrated approach in biomonitoring estuarine environments. Water Res. 2009 Nov 26.


The shore crab Carcinus aestuarii, sampled in the Lagoon of Venice (NE Italy), was used as a biomonitor species, and the chemical concentrations of 42 organic pollutants (HCHs, PAHs, PCBs, DDTs, PBDEs), biological responses related to neurotoxicity (AChE inhibition), detoxification mechanisms (CYP450 induction) and endocrine alterations (vitellogenin-like protein induction) were measured at the same time.
1(0,0,0,1) Details