Protein Information

Name ceruloplasmin
Synonyms CP; CP protein; Ceruloplasmin; Ceruloplasmin precursor; Ferroxidase; ceruloplasmin (ferroxidase); CP; CP proteins…

Compound Information

Name copper sulfate
CAS sulfuric acid copper(2+) salt (1:1)

Reference List

PubMed Abstract RScore(About this table)
7823395 Banno S, Niita M, Kikuchi M, Wakita A, Takada K, Mitomo Y, Niimi T, Yamamoto T: [Anemia and neutropenia in elderly patients caused by copper deficiency for long-term enteral nutrition]. Rinsho Ketsueki. 1994 Nov;35(11):1276-81.

We present 6 bed-ridden elderly patients who developed anemia and neutropenia after receiving enteral nutrition for a long time (mean: 3.3 years) In all 6 patients, serum copper and ceruloplasmin level were very low, and the mean of their hematological data were as follows: WBC 2,200/microliters, neutrophil 554/microliters, hemoglobin 8.1 g/dl, platelet 260 x 10 (3)/microliters, respectively.
Then, copper sulfate was administrated by enteral tube to 6 patients, and the improvement of anemia and neutropenia was observed within a month.
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19033537 Braiterman L, Nyasae L, Guo Y, Bustos R, Lutsenko S, Hubbard A: Apical targeting and Golgi retention signals reside within a 9-amino acid sequence in the copper-ATPase, ATP7B. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 2009 Feb;296(2):G433-44. Epub 2008 Nov 25.


In basal copper, hepatic ATP7B is in a post-trans-Golgi network (TGN) compartment where it loads cytoplasmic Cu (I) onto newly synthesized ceruloplasmin.
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20190976 Zhou L, Long R, Pu X, Qi J, Zhang W: Studies of a naturally occurring sulfur-induced copper deficiency in Przewalski's gazelles. Can Vet J. 2009 Dec;50(12):1269-72.


Affected Przewalski's gazelles showed a hypochromic microcytic anemia and a low level of ceruloplasmin.
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12741549 Scaletti RW, Trammell DS, Smith BA, Harmon RJ: Role of dietary copper in enhancing resistance to Escherichia coli mastitis. J Dairy Sci. 2003 Apr;86(4):1240-9.

Twenty-three primigravid Holstein heifers were maintained on a basal (6.5 ppm copper; -Cu) diet or a diet supplemented (20 ppm) with copper sulfate (+Cu) beginning 60 d prepartum through 42 d of lactation.
Liver biopsies and blood samples were taken for liver and blood minerals and plasma ceruloplasmin.
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3934352 Uauy R, Castillo-Duran C, Fisberg M, Fernandez N, Valenzuela A: Red cell superoxide dismutase activity as an index of human copper nutrition. J Nutr. 1985 Dec;115(12):1650-5.

Nine served as controls receiving a copper sulfate supplement (80 micrograms/kg daily for 120 d; eight received a placebo and were supplemented only if plasma copper levels dropped below 90 micrograms/dl or on d 90 for at least 30 d.
After copper supplementation there was a significant rise (paired t-test; P less than 0.05) in plasma copper (96 vs. 165 micrograms/dl); ceruloplasmin (33 vs. 50 mg/dl) and SOD (1073 vs. 1371 U/g Hb).
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304669 Zidar BL, Shadduck RK, Zeigler Z, Winkelstein A: Observations on the anemia and neutropenia of human copper deficiency. . Am J Hematol. 1977;3:177-85.

This consisted of hypocupremia, subnormal ceruloplasmin levels, anemia, and severe neutropenia.
Copper sulfate therapy was followed by a marked reticulocytosis, increase in hematocrit, and recovery of neutrophils.
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7831754 Liu ZP, Ma Z, Zhang YJ: Studies on the relationship between sway disease of bactrian camels and copper status in Gansu province. Vet Res Commun. 1994;18(4):251-60.


There was a hypochromic microcytic anaemia and a low level of ceruloplasmin in the blood.
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11673125 Pizarro F, Olivares M, Araya M, Gidi V, Uauy R: Gastrointestinal effects associated with soluble and insoluble copper in drinking water. Environ Health Perspect. 2001 Sep;109(9):949-52.

Forty-five healthy adult women (18-55 years of age), living in Santiago, Chile, ingested tap water with 5 mg/L of copper containing different ratios of soluble copper (copper sulfate) and insoluble copper (copper oxide) over a 9-week period.
Serum copper levels, ceruloplasmin, and activities of liver enzymes were within normal limits.
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8492415 Takeuchi M, Tada A, Yoshimoto S, Takahashi K: [Anemia and neutropenia due to copper deficiency during long-term total parenteral nutrition]. Rinsho Ketsueki. 1993 Feb;34(2):171-6.

Both serum copper and ceruloplasmin were very low (12 micrograms/dl and 7mg/dl, respectively).
Thus, oral administration of copper sulfate resulted in marked increase of reticulocytes and subsequent improvement of anemia and neutropenia within two months.
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12512603 Yost GP, Arthington JD, McDowell LR, Martin FG, Wilkinson NS, Swenson CK: Effect of copper source and level on the rate and extent of copper repletion in Holstein heifers. J Dairy Sci. 2002 Dec;85(12):3297-303.


Plasma ceruloplasmin concentration was higher (P < 0.001) in IB-treated heifers vs. other treatments.
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12477272 Chirico G, Motta M, Villani P, Cavazza A, Cardone ML: Late-onset neutropenia in very low birthweight infants. Acta Paediatr Suppl. 2002;91(438):104-8.

Oral copper sulfate was administered to infants with plasma copper concentration <50 microg dl (-1), and did not seem to affect ANC, hemoglobin, hematocrit or reticulocyte counts.
In neutropenic infants plasma copper and ceruloplasmin levels were also measured.
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16847394 Kawada E, Moridaira K, Itoh K, Hoshino A, Tamura J, Morita T: In long-term bedridden elderly patients with dietary copper deficiency, biochemical markers of bone resorption are increased with copper supplementation during 12 weeks. Ann Nutr Metab. 2006;50(5):420-4. Epub 2006 Jul 17.

They had their diets supplemented with copper sulfate (3 mg/day) over 12 weeks in addition to their diet of only one kind of enteral food with a low concentration of copper.
Serum copper and ceruloplasmin, urinary deoxypyridinoline (DPD) and collagen-type 1 N-telopeptide (NTX) (biomarkers of bone resorption), serum osteocalcin (OC) and bone-specific alkaline phosphatase (Bone ALP) (biomarkers of bone formation) were analyzed at baseline, 4 and 12 weeks after copper supplementation.
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19685012 Arredondo M, Nunez H, Lopez G, Pizarro F, Ayala M, Araya M: Influence of Estrogens on Copper Indicators: In Vivo and In Vitro Studies. Biol Trace Elem Res. 2009 Aug 14.

Serum copper and ceruloplasmin (Cp) are the most commonly used indicators to assess nutritional status of copper.
Participants received 8 mg Cu/day (as copper sulfate) during 6 months.
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10629812 Rabiansky PA, McDowell LR, Velasquez-Pereira J, Wilkinson NS, Percival SS, Martin FG, Bates DB, Johnson AB, Batra TR, Salgado-Madriz E: Evaluating copper lysine and copper sulfate sources for heifers. J Dairy Sci. 1999 Dec;82(12):2642-50.

In addition to performance, concentrations of Cu, Fe, and Zn in the plasma and liver, plasma ceruloplasmin, hemoglobin, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity of neutrophils and lymphocytes, and a cell mediated immune response (phytohemagglutinin-P, PHA) were measured.
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4026887 Staite ND, Messner RP, Zoschke DC: In vitro production and scavenging of hydrogen peroxide by D-penicillamine. Arthritis Rheum. 1985 Aug;28(8):914-21.

Greater production was observed with copper sulfate than with copper bound to ceruloplasmin.
81(1,1,1,1) Details
7990697 Buchman AL, Keen CL, Vinters HV, Harris E, Chugani HT, Bateman B, Rodgerson D, Vargas J, Verity A, Ament M: Copper deficiency secondary to a copper transport defect: a new copper metabolic disturbance. Metabolism. 1994 Dec;43(12):1462-9.

His serum copper was low and did not increase despite administration of large doses of intravenous copper sulfate.
The ceruloplasmin level as measured by an antibody technique was normal, yet ceruloplasmin (Cp) oxidase activity was very low.
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11849228 Peled T, Landau E, Prus E, Treves AJ, Nagler A, Fibach E: Cellular copper content modulates differentiation and self-renewal in cultures of cord blood-derived CD34+ cells. Br J Haematol. 2002 Mar;116(3):655-61.


Modulation of intracellular Cu was achieved by supplementing the cultures with the Cu chelator tetraethylenepentamine, which reduced cellular Cu (4 ng/10 (7) cells), or ceruloplasmin or Cu sulphate that elevated cellular Cu (18 and 14 ng/10 (7) cells respectively).
1(0,0,0,1) Details
3514679 Starkebaum G, Harlan JM: Endothelial cell injury due to copper-catalyzed hydrogen peroxide generation from homocysteine. J Clin Invest. 1986 Apr;77(4):1370-6.

Ceruloplasmin was also found to catalyze oxidation of homocysteine and generation of H2O2 in molar amounts equivalent to copper sulfate.
32(0,1,1,2) Details
7883634 Kegley EB, Spears JW: Bioavailability of feed-grade copper sources (oxide, sulfate, or lysine) in growing cattle. J Anim Sci. 1994 Oct;72(10):2728-34.


Plasma Cu concentrations and ceruloplasmin (a Cu metalloenzyme) activity were used to assess relative Cu bioavailability from different Cu sources for growing cattle.
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10801931 Fascetti AJ, Rogers QR, Morris JG: Dietary copper influences reproduction in cats. J Nutr. 2000 May;130(5):1287-90.

Specific pathogen-free queens (n = 28) were adapted to a purified diet; after consuming a copper-depletion diet (0.8 mg Cu/kg diet) for 4 mo, they were randomly allocated to three dietary treatment groups receiving copper sulfate at 4.0, 5.8 or 10.8 mg Cu/kg diet.
Plasma samples were analyzed for copper concentrations, extracellular superoxide dismutase, ceruloplasmin and diamine oxidase activities.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
17701079 Sharma MC, Joshi C, Das G: Therapeutic management of copper deficiency in buffalo heifers: impact on immune function. Vet Res Commun. 2008 Jan;32(1):49-63. Epub 2007 Aug 14.


Significant (p <0.01) improvement in serum ceruloplasmin level was observed within 30 days of treatment, while significant (p <0.01) improvement in monoamine oxidase and liver cytochrome oxidase was observed at the 60th day of treatment in group A animals.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
17911232 Hansen SL, Schlegel P, Legleiter LR, Lloyd KE, Spears JW: Bioavailability of copper from copper glycinate in steers fed high dietary sulfur and molybdenum. J Anim Sci. 2008 Jan;86(1):173-9. Epub 2007 Oct 2.

Sixty Angus (n = 29) and Angus-Sim-mental cross (n = 31) steers, averaging 9 mo of age and 277 kg of initial BW, were used in a 148-d study to determine the bioavailability of copper glycinate (CuGly) relative to feed-grade copper sulfate (CuSO (4)) when supplemented to diets high in S and Mo.
Final ceruloplasmin, plasma Cu, and liver Cu values were greater (P < 0.05) in steers fed supplemental Cu compared with controls.
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8805205 Koh TS, Peng RK, Klasing KC: Dietary copper level affects copper metabolism during lipopolysaccharide-induced immunological stress in chicks. Poult Sci. 1996 Jul;75(7):867-72.


Ceruloplasmin levels were higher in chicks challenged with LPS than in control chicks (P = 0.03), and this difference tended to be greater in chickens fed CuO than in chickens fed CuSO4 (P = 0.07).
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17017658 Shen XY, Du GZ, Chen YM, Fan BL: Copper deficiency in yaks on pasture in western China. Can Vet J. 2006 Sep;47(9):902-6.


Affected yaks showed a hypochromic microcytic anemia and a low level of ceruloplasmin.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
15924928 Sharma MC, Joshi C, Pathak NN, Kaur H: Copper status and enzyme, hormone, vitamin and immune function in heifers. Res Vet Sci. 2005 Oct;79(2):113-23. Epub 2005 Mar 4.


Ceruloplasmin (Cp) level was observed within 30 days of treatment, while significant (P <0.01) improvement in monoamine oxidase and liver cytochrome oxidase was observed at the 60th day of treatment in group A animals.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
18185996 Ayala M, Pizarro F, Mendez MA, Arredondo M, Araya M: Copper and liver function indicators vary depending on the female hormonal cycle and serum hormone binding globulin (SHBG) concentration in healthy women. Biol Trace Elem Res. 2008 Jan;121(1):9-15. Epub 2007 Oct 9.

Healthy females on day 7 (follicular phase, Group 1, n = 39), on day 21 (secretory phase, Group 2, n = 34) and males (comparison group, Group 3, n = 34) received 8 mg Cu/day (as copper sulfate), orally, for 6 months.
On days 0, 30, 60, 120, and 180, the serum concentration of copper, ceruloplasmin, liver aminotransferases, and SHBG were measured.
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12597403 Mullis LA, Spears JW, McCraw BL: Effects of breed (Angus vs Simmental) and copper and zinc source on mineral status of steers fed high dietary iron. J Anim Sci. 2003 Jan;81(1):318-22.


Serum samples were collected initially and at 28-d intervals for determination of ceruloplasmin activity and Zn and Cu concentrations.
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7279467 Naveh Y, Hazani A, Berant M: Copper deficiency with cow's milk diet. Pediatrics. 1981 Sep;68(3):397-400.

Thorough investigation revealed low serum iron concentration, severe hypocupremia, low ceruloplasmin, retardation of bone age, and metaphysial irregularities and spurring.
Administration of copper sulfate resulted in brisk increase in neutrophils and reticulocytes.
2(0,0,0,2) Details
9924006 Pizarro F, Olivares M, Uauy R, Contreras P, Rebelo A, Gidi V: Acute gastrointestinal effects of graded levels of copper in drinking water. Environ Health Perspect. 1999 Feb;107(2):117-21.


Each group (n = 15) received tap water with no added copper, 1, 3, and 5 mg Cu/l of added copper sulfate for a 2-week study period, followed by 1 week of standard tap water.
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17060415 Arthington JD, Spears JW: Effects of tribasic copper chloride versus copper sulfate provided in corn-and molasses-based supplements on forage intake and copper status of beef heifers. J Anim Sci. 2007 Mar;85(3):871-6. Epub 2006 Oct 23.

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6131953 Hill GM, Ku PK, Miller ER, Ullrey DE, Losty TA, O'Dell BL: A copper deficiency in neonatal pigs induced by a high zinc maternal diet. J Nutr. 1983 Apr;113(4):867-72.


The dietary treatments were 0, 5 and 10 ppm added copper from copper sulfate.
0(0,0,0,0) Details
8923258 Du Z, Hemken RW, Harmon RJ: Copper metabolism of holstein and jersey cows and heifers fed diets high in cupric sulfate or copper proteinate. J Dairy Sci. 1996 Oct;79(10):1873-80.


Overall, serum ceruloplasmin oxidase activity was greater for Jerseys than for Holsteins.
2(0,0,0,2) Details
17916969 Feng J, Ma WQ, Gu ZL, Wang YZ, Liu JX: Effects of dietary copper (II) sulfate and copper proteinate on performance and blood indexes of copper status in growing pigs. Biol Trace Elem Res. 2007 Winter;120(1-3):171-8.


160 crossbred (Duroc x Landrace x Yorkshire) gilts averaged 21.25 kg body weight were used to study the effects of dietary copper (II) sulfate (CuSO4) and copper proteinate (Cu-Pr) on growth performance, plasma Cu concentration, ceruloplasmin activity, and erythrocyte Cu/Zn-superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity.
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17575443 Kawada E, Moridaira K, Sato H, Ukita T, Itoh K, Tatsumi T, Kogure T, Tamura J, Sakamoto H: [Effects of copper supplementation on lipid profiles in elderly patients with copper deficiency]. Nippon Ronen Igakkai Zasshi. 2007 May;44(3):375-9.

METHODS: Nine long-term bed-ridden, patients (5 men and 4 women, mean age 83.3+/-8.7 years old) with severe copper deficiency, who had a serum copper of 15 microg/dL or less (normal range 70-140 microg/dL), had their diets supplemented with copper sulfate (3 mg/day) over 12 weeks in addition to their diet of only one kind of enteral food with a low concentration of copper.
Copper, ceruloplasmin, total cholesterol (TC), triacylglycerides (TG), HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C), c-reactive protein (CRP), creatinine (Cr), zinc (Zn) and albumin (Alb) in the serum were measured before, 4 weeks and 12 weeks after copper supplementation.
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17575375 Chen CC, Takeshima F, Miyazaki T, Murase K, Ohtani H, Isomoto H, Shikuwa S, Omagari K, Mizuta Y, Ozono Y, Kohno S: Clinicopathological analysis of hematological disorders in tube-fed patients with copper deficiency. Intern Med. 2007;46(12):839-44. Epub 2007 Jun 15.

PATIENTS AND METHODS: Serum samples were obtained from 15 bed-ridden elderly patients receiving tube feeding (TF) and 10 age-matched bed-ridden patients who took food orally (CO), and the copper ceruloplasmin concentration of each sample was measured.
Copper sulfate was administered to those 7 patients by enteral tube; their copper concentration, anemia and leukopenia improved within 1 month after they were administered copper sulfate.
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6117609 Disilvestro RA, Harris ED: A postabsorption effect of L-ascorbic acid on copper metabolism in chicks. J Nutr. 1981 Nov;111(11):1964-8.


When the L-ascorbate was given to chicks that had received adequate dietary copper, there was a strong rise in ceruloplasmin and a slight, but significant increase in lysyl oxidase.
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10528324 Guitet M, Campistol J, Medina M: [Menkes disease: experience in copper salts therapy] . Rev Neurol. 1999 Jul 16-31;29(2):127-30.


On the basis of copper and ceruloplasmin plasma levels, doses of treatment were controlled until a maintained dose of 1,000 micrograms intramuscular of copper sulphate every 17 days, until the age of 6 years.
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2975107 Lipsky PE: Suggested mode of action of D-penicillamine as an immunosuppressive agent in rheumatoid arthritis. Z Rheumatol. 1988;47 Suppl 1:6-8.


The results indicate that D-Penicillamine in synergism with copper or ceruloplasmin in vitro inhibits the proliferation of T-lymphocytes and the activity of helper T-cells in supporting the generation of antibody-forming cells.
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6405558 Kirchgessner M, Kim JJ, Grassmann E: [Cu and Fe content and ceruloplasmin and catalase activities in the blood of growing rats receiving different amounts of Fe and Cu] Zentralbl Veterinarmed A. 1983 Jan;30(1):15-25.

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12899943 Santamaria A, Flores-Escartin A, Martinez JC, Osorio L, Galvan-Arzate S, Pedraza-Chaverri J, Maldonado PD, Medina-Campos ON, Jimenez-Capdeville ME, Manjarrez J, Rios C: Copper blocks quinolinic acid neurotoxicity in rats: contribution of antioxidant systems. Free Radic Biol Med. 2003 Aug 15;35(4):418-27.


In addition, copper reduced the QUIN-induced decreased striatal activity of Cu,Zn-dependent superoxide dismutase, and increased the ferroxidase activity of ceruloplasmin in cerebrospinal fluid from QUIN-treated rats.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
7293527 Grassmann E, Kirchgessner M, Mader H: [Cu and Fe metabolism of baby pigs with different copper supply following injections of Cu-sulfate, ceruloplasmin and Fe-citrate] Z Tierphysiol Tierernahr Futtermittelkd. 1981;46(3):132-8.

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10375726 Aaseth J, Korkina LG, Afanas'ev IB: Hemolytic activity of copper sulfate as influenced by epinephrine and chelating thiols. Zhongguo Yao Li Xue Bao. 1998 May;19(3):203-6.

The plasma protein ceruloplasmin reduced markedly the copper-epinephrine-induced hemolysis, even upon concentrations < 20% of that of copper.
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10064051 Eckert GE, Greene LW, Carstens GE, Ramsey WS: Copper status of ewes fed increasing amounts of copper from copper sulfate or copper proteinate. J Anim Sci. 1999 Jan;77(1):244-9.

On d 73, plasma ceruloplasmin activity was greater (P <.05) in ewes fed Cu proteinate than in those fed CuSO4 (33.1 vs. 26.8 microM x min (-1) x L (-1)).
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10338225 Spiegel JE, Willenbucher RF: Rapid development of severe copper deficiency in a patient with Crohn's disease receiving parenteral nutrition. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 1999 May-Jun;23(3):169-72.

Although serum ceruloplasmin levels were within normal limits, 8 weeks after copper removal, he developed pancytopenia.
IV replacement with copper sulfate resulted in improvement in the patient's anemia, neutropenia, and thrombocytopenia, but the patient died suddenly from cardiac tamponade.
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