Protein Information

Name hemoglobin (protein family or complex)
Synonyms Hemoglobin; Hemoglobins

Compound Information

Name copper sulfate
CAS sulfuric acid copper(2+) salt (1:1)

Reference List

PubMed Abstract RScore(About this table)
12209195 Hebert C: NTP technical report on the toxicity studies of Cupric Sulfate (CAS No. 7758-99-8) Administered in Drinking Water and Feed to F344/N Rats and B6C3F1 Mice. Toxic Rep Ser. 1993 Jul;29:1-D3.

Decreases in mean cell volume, hematocrit, and hemoglobin indicated the development of a microcytic anemia, while increases in reticulocyte numbers at the same time points suggested a compensatory response to the anemia by the bone marrow.
Synonyms: Chalcanthite; Copper sulfate; cupric sulfate pentahydrate; bluestone; blue vitriol; Roman vitriol; Salzburg vitriol. (NOTE: These studies were supported in part by funds from the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act trust fund (Superfund) by an interagency agreement with the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, U.S.
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15587250 Yang CC, Wu ML, Deng JF: Prolonged hemolysis and methemoglobinemia following organic copper fungicide ingestion. Vet Hum Toxicol. 2004 Dec;46(6):321-3.

Acute ingestion of copper sulfate has been reported to cause gastrointestinal injury, hemolysis, methemoglobinemia, hepatorenal failure, shock; or even death.
BAL therapy and plasma exchange were instituted, which decreased his plasma hemoglobin from 1,300 mg/dL to 29.1 mg/dL, and lowered his methemoglobin level from 20.9% to 1.1%.
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20213433 Sampaio FG, de Lima Boijink C, Dos Santos LR, Oba ET, Kalinin AL, Rantin FT: The combined effect of copper and low pH on antioxidant defenses and biochemical parameters in neotropical fish pacu, Piaractus mesopotamicus (Holmberg, 1887). Ecotoxicology. 2010 Mar 6.

Copper sulfate is widely used in aquaculture.
Conversely, the exposure to 0.4CupH caused an increase in the plasmatic lactate, number of red blood cells (RBC) and hemoglobin (Hb).
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3673601 Dimitrova D, Radonova N, Ivancheva E, Russanov E: The hemolytic effect of copper complexes with different ligands. . Acta Physiol Pharmacol Bulg. 1987;13(2):48-53.


Time- and dose-dependence of the Cu (II) complexes-induced hemolysis, oxidation of hemoglobin and formation of precipitates of denaturated hemoglobin were established.
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13508056 CAMARA-BESA SF, MACAPINLAC MP: Studies with the copper sulfate specific gravity method of blood analysis. Acta Med Philipp. 1956 Jul-1957 Jun;13(1-4):71-83.

Hemoglobin, hematocrit and plasma protein values of normal Filipino students.
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10750174 Tokarnia CH, Dobereiner J, Peixoto PV, Moraes SS: Outbreak of copper poisoning in cattle fed poultry litter. Vet Hum Toxicol. 2000 Apr;42(2):92-5.

Copper poisoning was diagnosed, most probably caused by feeding litter from poultry that had been fed a ration treated with copper sulfate to avoid aspergillosis.
Changes in the kidneys included nephrosis and the presence of bile and precipitates, and cylinders of albumin and of hemoglobin in the uriniferous tubules.
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3629488 Mandel'baum AIa: [Are any drug admixtures except iron preparations required in the treatment of iron deficiency anemia?]. Ter Arkh. 1987;59(6):119-24.

Subsequent therapy after hemoglobin normalization was shown to make therapeutic results more stable.
The rate of increment of hemoglobin, erythrocytes and serum iron did not differ in the groups of patients receiving in addition to iron vitamins B12 and B6, copper sulfate, the combination of iron with the vitamin B group and copper sulfate.
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17491690 de Castro SH, Castro-Faria-Neto HC, Gomes MB: Association of postprandial hyperglycemia with in vitro LDL oxidation in non-smoking patients with type 1 diabetes--a cross-sectional study. Rev Diabet Stud. 2005 Fall;2(3):157-64. Epub 2005 Nov 10.

The two groups underwent determination of lipid profile, fasting and postprandial glucose control and measurement of glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c).
Spectrophotometric analysis of the LDL oxidation index was performed before and 1, 3, 6 and 24 h after the addition of copper sulfate to purified LDL fractions.
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12108610 Igic PG, Lee E, Harper W, Roach KW: Toxic effects associated with consumption of zinc. Mayo Clin Proc. 2002 Jul;77(7):713-6.

The patient had profound anemia (hemoglobin concentration, 5.0 g/dL) and neutropenia (neutrophil count, 0.06 x 10 (9)/L); he was admitted for further evaluation.
The patient was treated with intravenous copper sulfate, followed by 3 months of oral therapy.
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12477272 Chirico G, Motta M, Villani P, Cavazza A, Cardone ML: Late-onset neutropenia in very low birthweight infants. Acta Paediatr Suppl. 2002;91(438):104-8.

Oral copper sulfate was administered to infants with plasma copper concentration <50 microg dl (-1), and did not seem to affect ANC, hemoglobin, hematocrit or reticulocyte counts.
In neutropenic infants ANCs were significantly correlated with hemoglobin and hematocrit.
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663999 Buckle GC, Webb GL: Computer simulation as a method for evaluating the copper sulfate test for hemoglobin in diverse populations. Transfusion. 1978 May-Jun;18(3):323-8.
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17556020 Gomez-Simon A, Navarro-Nunez L, Perez-Ceballos E, Lozano ML, Candela MJ, Cascales A, Martinez C, Corral J, Vicente V, Rivera J: Evaluation of four rapid methods for hemoglobin screening of whole blood donors in mobile collection settings. Transfus Apher Sci. 2007 Jun;36(3):235-42. Epub 2007 Jun 6.

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3047920 Cable RG, Morse EE, Keltonic J, Kakaiya R, Kiraly T: Iron supplementation in female blood donors deferred by copper sulfate screening. Transfusion. 1988 Sep-Oct;28(5):422-6.

Their ferritin, serum iron, total iron-binding capacity, zinc protoporphyrin, and hemoglobin values, as well as their suitability to donate blood, were determined initially (Visit 1) and at four follow-up visits (Visits 2-5).
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10629812 Rabiansky PA, McDowell LR, Velasquez-Pereira J, Wilkinson NS, Percival SS, Martin FG, Bates DB, Johnson AB, Batra TR, Salgado-Madriz E: Evaluating copper lysine and copper sulfate sources for heifers. J Dairy Sci. 1999 Dec;82(12):2642-50.

In addition to performance, concentrations of Cu, Fe, and Zn in the plasma and liver, plasma ceruloplasmin, hemoglobin, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity of neutrophils and lymphocytes, and a cell mediated immune response (phytohemagglutinin-P, PHA) were measured.
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17728190 Garcia Sampaio F, de Lima Boijink C, Tie Oba E, Romagueira Bichara dos Santos L, Lucia Kalinin A, Tadeu Rantin F: Antioxidant defenses and biochemical changes in pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus) in response to single and combined copper and hypoxia exposure. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol. 2008 Jan;147(1):43-51. Epub 2007 Aug 1.


RBC increased in all groups, but only under combined-factors was there an increase in hemoglobin.
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867469 Coburn TJ, Miller WV, Parrill WD: Unacceptable variability of hemoglobin estimation on samples obtained from ear punctures. Transfusion. 1977 May-Jun;17(3):265-8.

Thirdly, microhematocrits were done on the postdonation EDTA samples of 500 donors who had been screened using ear puncture copper sulfate hemoglobin estimations.
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6829064 Ross DG, Ross WB, Schreiner DE, Heaton WA: Rejection of prospective blood donors due to systematic errors in hematocrit measurement. Transfusion. 1983 Jan-Feb;23(1):75-7.

Following a change from earstick to fingerstick hemoglobin estimations, donor deferrals increased from 8.8% to 13.6%.
Coincident with the change to fingersticks, hematocrit measurement with miniature centrifuges was begun as the reference method to verify donor rejection by the copper sulfate test.
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19524693 Labieniec M, Milowska K, Balcerczyk A, Rucinska A, Sadowska M, Jokiel M, Brichon G, Gabryelak T: Interactions of free copper (II) ions alone or in complex with iron (III) ions with erythrocytes of marine fish Dicentrarchus labrax. Cell Biol Int. 2009 Sep;33(9):941-8. Epub 2009 Jun 12.


The results show that inside the cells cupric ion interacts with hemoglobin, causing methemoglobin formation by direct electron transfer from heme Fe2+ to Cu2+.
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8273134 Pi DW, Krikler SH, Sparling TG, Carter CJ, Wadsworth LD: Reappraisal of optimal hemoglobin standards for female blood donors in Canada. Transfusion. 1994 Jan;34(1):7-10.

BACKGROUND: A hemoglobin (Hb) standard of 115 g per L on the copper sulfate test has been in use by the Canadian Red Cross Society Blood Services for female blood donor predonation screening since 1989.
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9440242 Schlenk D, Wolford L, Chelius M, Steevens J, Chan KM: Effect of arsenite, arsenate, and the herbicide monosodium methyl arsonate (MSMA) on hepatic metallothionein expression and lipid peroxidation in channel catfish. Comp Biochem Physiol C Pharmacol Toxicol Endocrinol. 1997 Oct;118(2):177-83.


Hepatic MT was measured by the cadmium/hemoglobin (Cd/Hb) saturation assay, ELISA using antibodies raised against the first 10 amino acids of piscine MT, and Northern blot analysis using a cDNA encoding winter flounder hepatic MT.
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2774578 DiSilvestro RA: Copper activation of superoxide dismutase in rat erythrocytes. . Arch Biochem Biophys. 1989 Oct;274(1):298-303.


In contrast, copper injection increased the amount of copper associated with the SOD activity peak region resulting from gel filtration of hemoglobin-free erythrocyte proteins on Sephadex G-75.
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2783107 Zanella A, Milani S, Silvani C, Gridelli L, Berzuini A, Rossi F, Colombo MB, Cortinovis I, Centenaro G, Montanari M, et al.: Monitoring hemoglobin and iron status in blood donors to prevent iron deficiency. Bibl Nutr Dieta. 1989;(44):131-43.

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3962283 Ross DG, Gilfillan AC, Houston DE, Heaton WA: Evaluation of hemoglobin screening methods in prospective blood donors. Vox Sang. 1986;50(2):78-80.

This study evaluates the performance characteristics of the copper sulfate screening test in routine bloodmobile operations and compares the performance of the copper sulfate test with that of a miniphotometer method of hemoglobin measurement.
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14077075 MANNARINO AD, MACPHERSON CR: COPPER SULFATE SCREENING OF BLOOD DONORS: REPORT OF A DONOR PASSING THE TEST WITH LESS THAN EIGHT GRAMS OF HEMOGLOBIN. Transfusion. 1963 Sep-Oct;3:398-400.
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6131953 Hill GM, Ku PK, Miller ER, Ullrey DE, Losty TA, O'Dell BL: A copper deficiency in neonatal pigs induced by a high zinc maternal diet. J Nutr. 1983 Apr;113(4):867-72.


The dietary treatments were 0, 5 and 10 ppm added copper from copper sulfate.
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19880173 Fedeli D, Carloni M, Falcioni G: Oxidative damage in trout erythrocyte in response to "in vitro" copper exposure. Mar Environ Res. 2010 Apr;69(3):172-7. Epub 2009 Oct 9.


The results indicate that: --cupric ions differently influence the oxidative status of two trout hemoglobin components I and IV (HbI and HbIV) having different structural and functional properties; --reactive oxygen species (ROS) production associated with hemoglobins autoxidation is not influenced by the presence of copper sulfate; --the susceptibility to hemolysis increases in the presence of copper only when the erythrocyte suspension is incubated in air; the effect of copper is almost absent for carbon monoxide-saturated erythrocyte suspensions; --DNA damage due to copper was not observed in our experimental conditions.
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867468 Avoy DR, Canuel ML, Otton BM, Mileski EB: Hemoglobin screening in prospective blood donors: a comparison of methods. Transfusion. 1977 May-Jun;17(3):261-4.

Using copper sulfate solution to estimate hemoglobin concentration of ELP blood will lead to accepting prospective blood donors that would be rejected by fingerstick obtained samples.
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15432542 FERGUSON JH: Pregnancy hemoglobin levels in the rural south; an evaluation of the use of the copper sulfate screening test in clinics. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1950 Aug;60(2):411-5.
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2646909 Chambers LA, McGuff JM: Evaluation of methods and protocols for hemoglobin screening of prospective whole blood donors. Am J Clin Pathol. 1989 Mar;91(3):309-12.

Fifty-nine volunteers were screened, as if for blood donation, with the use of simultaneous fingerstick (FS), earlobe (EL), and venipuncture (VP) samples tested by copper sulfate density and two instruments for rapid assay, Statcrit and HemoCue.
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2360241 Bravo J, Hsueh Y, Gordeuk V, Querin J, Brittenham G, Keating L: Second fingerstick: a simple method to increase the blood supply. Transfusion. 1990 Jun;30(5):474-6.

Before blood donors are deferred because of a low hemoglobin determination by the copper sulfate procedure, they are routinely retested with a microhematocrit.
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14489680 RACHINSKAIA NA: [Copper sulfate method of determination of hemoglobin in donors.] Probl Gematol Pereliv Krovi. 1962 May;7:54-5.
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3571619 Ingraham RH, Kappel LC, Morgan EB, Srikandakumar A: Correction of subnormal fertility with copper and magnesium supplementation. J Dairy Sci. 1987 Jan;70(1):167-80.


Hemoglobin and packed cell volume were determined and plasma was assayed for Cu and Mg.
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8620986 Pistorius LR, Funk M, Pattinson RC, Howarth GR: Screening for anemia in pregnancy with copper sulfate densitometry. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 1996 Jan;52(1):33-6.

METHODS: In an antenatal clinic in a tertiary referral center, which also serves a local urban black community, 100 antenatal patients were prospectively tested for anemia by Coulter hemoglobin analysis in comparison with the copper sulfate test.
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3420676 Lloyd H, Collins A, Walker W, Fail B, Hamilton PJ: Volunteer blood donors who fail the copper sulfate screening test. Transfusion. 1988 Sep-Oct;28(5):467-9.

Normal blood counts were found in some donors, while others had severe degrees of anemia, and such discrepancies could be clarified only by hemoglobin determinations.
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10175331 Russell BL, Martin SM: Blood donor rejection rate: HemoCue hemoglobin analyzer vs. microhematocrit. Clin Lab Sci. 1997 Nov-Dec;10(6):321-4.

The copper sulfate method, although the method of choice for measuring prospective donor hemoglobin levels for many years, was not a part of the study.
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17382593 Sawant RB, Bharucha ZS, Rajadhyaksha SB: Evaluation of hemoglobin of blood donors deferred by the copper sulphate method for hemoglobin estimation. Transfus Apher Sci. 2007 Apr;36(2):143-8. Epub 2007 Mar 26.

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18806096 Pyatskowit JW, Prohaska JR: Iron injection restores brain iron and hemoglobin deficits in perinatal copper-deficient rats. J Nutr. 2008 Oct;138(10):1880-6.

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8310452 Ahmed HM, Shoka AA: Toxic interactions between copper sulphate and some organic agrochemicals. Toxicol Lett. 1994 Jan;70(1):109-19.


Various degrees of reduction in hemoglobin concentration, red blood cells and platelet counts occurred after treatment with the above-mentioned agrochemical regimen.
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3590285 Morse EE, Cable R, Pisciotto P, Kakaiya R, Kiraly T: Evaluation of iron status in women identified by copper sulfate screening as ineligible to donate blood. Transfusion. 1987 May-Jun;27(3):238-41.

Assessment of venous hemoglobin (Hb), serum ferritin, and zinc protoporphyrin (ZPP) levels was carried out in women identified by CuSO4 screening as ineligible to donate blood.
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11421292 Kumar A, Jazieh AR: Case report of sideroblastic anemia caused by ingestion of coins. Am J Hematol. 2001 Feb;66(2):126-9.

He presented with severe anemia (hemoglobin of 3 g/dl and hematocrit of 8.3%) and leukopenia (white blood count of 1,300/mm3).
He was initially treated with -acetylcysteine and sodium bicarbonate followed by intravenous copper sulfate.
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7279467 Naveh Y, Hazani A, Berant M: Copper deficiency with cow's milk diet. Pediatrics. 1981 Sep;68(3):397-400.

Administration of copper sulfate resulted in brisk increase in neutrophils and reticulocytes.
The child maintained normal levels of hemoglobin, neutrophils, serum copper and ceruloplasmin, and serum iron one year after copper therapy was discontinued.
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10375726 Aaseth J, Korkina LG, Afanas'ev IB: Hemolytic activity of copper sulfate as influenced by epinephrine and chelating thiols. Zhongguo Yao Li Xue Bao. 1998 May;19(3):203-6.

METHODS: In vitro suspensions of human red cells incubated with cupric sulfate were used, and hemolysis was determined by extracellular hemoglobin.
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13508057 CAMARA-BESA SF, MACAPINLAC MP, GONZALES V, ALEJO LG: Studies with the copper sulfate specific gravity method of blood analysis. Acta Med Philipp. 1956 Jul-1957 Jun;13(1-4):85-90.

Comparison with a standard method and a micro method of hemoglobin determination.
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10064051 Eckert GE, Greene LW, Carstens GE, Ramsey WS: Copper status of ewes fed increasing amounts of copper from copper sulfate or copper proteinate. J Anim Sci. 1999 Jan;77(1):244-9.

Packed cell volume (PCV), red blood cell count (RBC), white blood cell count, whole blood hemoglobin (wHb), plasma hemoglobin, and plasma Cu were similar between sources of Cu.
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9731637 Butler AR, Al-Sa'doni HH, Megson IL, Flitney FW: Synthesis, decomposition, and vasodilator action of some new S-nitrosated dipeptides. Nitric Oxide. 1998;2(3):193-202.


On the other hand, the vasodilator action of these compounds and the inhibiting effect of hemoglobin do vary quite considerably within the family.
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7823395 Banno S, Niita M, Kikuchi M, Wakita A, Takada K, Mitomo Y, Niimi T, Yamamoto T: [Anemia and neutropenia in elderly patients caused by copper deficiency for long-term enteral nutrition]. Rinsho Ketsueki. 1994 Nov;35(11):1276-81.

We present 6 bed-ridden elderly patients who developed anemia and neutropenia after receiving enteral nutrition for a long time (mean: 3.3 years) In all 6 patients, serum copper and ceruloplasmin level were very low, and the mean of their hematological data were as follows: WBC 2,200/microliters, neutrophil 554/microliters, hemoglobin 8.1 g/dl, platelet 260 x 10 (3)/microliters, respectively.
Then, copper sulfate was administrated by enteral tube to 6 patients, and the improvement of anemia and neutropenia was observed within a month.
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3660431 Kumar A, Sharma CB: Hematological indices in copper-poisoned rats. Toxicol Lett. 1987 Oct;38(3):275-8.

The effects of 30 days oral administration of a sublethal daily dose (0.1 g/kg body weight) of copper sulfate on the blood constituents of albino rats were studied.
Percent hemoglobin, number of red blood corpuscles, plasma corpuscular volume and mean corpuscular volume were decreased significantly.
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