Protein Information

Name ATPase
Synonyms ATP7A; MK; ATPase; Cation transporting ATPase; ATP7A protein; ATPase Cu(2+) transporting alpha polypeptide; Copper pump 1; Copper transporting ATPase 1…

Compound Information

Name strychnine
CAS strychnidin-10-one

Reference List

PubMed Abstract RScore(About this table)
15926343 Menzikov SA, Menzikova OV: [Effect of glycine and strychnine on Cl (-)-activated Mg2+-ATPase from bream brain microsomes (Abamis brama L.)]. Izv Akad Nauk Ser Biol. 2001 Nov-Dec;(6):760-3.
249(3,3,4,4) Details
11952420 Menzikov SA, Menzikova OV: Effect of activators and blockers of ligand-regulated ion channels on the activity of the Cl-stimulated Mg2+-ATPase of the plasma membrane fraction from bream (Abramis brama L.) brain. Biochemistry. 2002 Feb;67(2):233-9.

The activation of "basal" Mg (2+)-ATPase by neuromediators was decreased by blockers of the corresponding receptors (picrotoxin, strychnine, benztropine mesylate, and D-2-amino-5-phosphonovaleric acid).
166(2,2,2,6) Details
12325312 Kurup RK, Kurup PA: Central role of hypothalamic digoxin in conscious perception, neuroimmunoendocrine integration, and coordination of cellular function: relation to hemispheric dominance. Int J Neurosci. 2002 Jun;112(6):705-39.

Digoxin can also preferentially upregulate tryptophan transport over tyrosine, resulting in increased levels of depolarizng tryptophan catabolites, serotonin, quinolinic acid, strychnine, and nicotine, and decreased levels of hyperpolarizing tyrosine catabolites, dopamine, noradrenaline, and morphine, contributing to membrane Na (+)-K+ ATPase inhibition in all the above disorders and the indexed family.
84(1,1,1,4) Details
12606243 Kurup RK, Kurup PA: Hypothalamic digoxin--central role in conscious perception, neuroimmunoendocrine integration and coordination of cellular function--relation to hemispheric dominance. Med Hypotheses. 2003 Feb;60(2):243-57.

Digoxin can also preferentially upregulate tryptophan transport over tyrosine resulting in increased levels of depolarising tryptophan catabolites - serotonin, quinolinic acid, strychnine and nicotine and decreased levels of hyperpolarising tyrosine catabolites dopamine, noradrenaline and morphine contributing to membrane Na (+)-K (+) ATPase inhibition in all the above disorders and the indexed family.
83(1,1,1,3) Details
11116526 Ravikumar A, Arun P, Devi KV, Kurup PA: Endogenous strychnine, nicotine, and morphine--description of hypo and hyper-strychninergic, nicotinergic and morphinergic state in relation to neuropsychiatric diseases. Indian J Exp Biol. 2000 Jun;38(6):559-66.

The role of morphine, strychnine and nicotine in the pathogenesis of these disorders in the setting of membrane Na (+)-K+ ATPase inhibition is discussed.
39(0,1,2,4) Details
12587524 Kurup RK, Kurup PA: Endogenous strychnine: description of hypo- and hyperstrychninergic state in relation to neuropsychiatric diseases. Int J Neurosci. 2002 Oct;112(10):1229-41.

The role of strychnine in the pathogenesis of these disorders, in the setting of membrane Na (+)-K+ ATPase inhibition, is discussed.
39(0,1,2,4) Details
12856480 Kurup RK, Kurup PA: Hypothalamic digoxin-mediated model for Parkinson's disease. Int J Neurosci. 2003 Apr;113(4):515-36.

The isoprenoid pathway produces four key metabolites important in cellular function--digoxin (endogenous membrane Na (+)-K+ ATPase inhibitor), dolichol (important in N-glycosylation of proteins), ubiquinone (free-radical scavenger), and cholesterol (component of cellular membranes).
Serum tryptophan, serotonin, strychnine, nicotine, and quinolinic acid were elevated, while tyrosine, morphine, dopamine, and noradrenaline were decreased.
2(0,0,0,2) Details
11964523 Kurup RK, Kurup PA: Hypothalamic digoxin, hemispheric dominance and the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Neuroimmunomodulation. 2001;9(5):286-94.

OBJECTIVES: Hypothalamic digoxin, an isoprenoidal metabolite, is an endogenous regulator of membrane Na (+)-K (+) ATPase activity, immune activation and synaptic neurotransmission.
The tryptophan catabolites (serotonin, quinolinic acid, nicotine and strychnine) were increased and the tyrosine catabolites (morphine, dopamine and noradrenaline) were reduced.
2(0,0,0,2) Details
12858216 Kurup R, Nair RA, Kurup PA: Isoprenoid pathway related cascade in multiple myeloma. . Pathol Oncol Res. 2003;9(2):107-14. Epub 2003 Jul 14.

There was elevation in plasma HMG CoA reductase activity, serum digoxin and dolichol and a reduction in RBC membrane Na+ - K+ ATPase activity, and serum ubiquinone levels.
Serum tryptophan, serotonin, nicotine, strychnine and quinolinic acid were elevated while tyrosine, dopamine, noradrenaline and morphine were decreased.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
12751436 Kurup RK, Kurup PA: Hypothalamic digoxin, hemispheric chemical dominance, and addictive behavior. Int J Neurosci. 2003 Feb;113(2):279-89.

The isoprenoid pathway produces an endogenous membrane sodium-potassium ATPase inhibitor, digoxin.
There was an increase in tryptophan catabolites--quinolinic acid, serotonin, nicotine, and strychnine--in patients with addiction, and a reduction in tyrosine catabolites--dopamine, noradrenatine, and morphine.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
8770653 Baker RE, Ballantyne D, Bingmann D, Jones D, Widman G: Rhythm generation in organotypic medullary cultures of newborn rats. Int J Dev Neurosci. 1995 Dec;13(8):799-809.

The organic calcium antagonists verapamil and flunarizine (50-100 microM each) and the inorganic calcium antagonists cobalt (2 mM) and magnesium (6 mM) suppressed periodic activity and abolished or weakened the chemosensitivity towards CO2/acidosis. (6) Dantrolene (10 microM). an inhibitor of intracellular calcium release decreased the periodicity, while thapsigargin (2 microM) which blocks endoplasmic Ca (2+)-ATPase, transiently accelerated the occurrence of periodic events. (7) Oscillations of intracellular free calcium concentrations in Fura-2 AM-loaded cells were weakened or abolished by cobalt (2 mM).
Our findings showed that (1) Exposure to tetrodotoxin (0.2 microM) or to high magnesium (6 mM) and low calcium (0.2 mM) concentrations abolished periodic activity. (2) Neither the blockade of GABAergic potentials with bicuculline methiodide (200 microM) and/or hydroxysaclofen (200 microM) nor the blockade of glycinergic potentials with strychnine hydrochloride (100 microM) abolished rhythmicity. (3) While atropine sulphate (5 microM) was ineffective in modulating periodic discharges nicotine (100 microM) - like CO2-shortened the intervals between the periodic events; hexamethonium (50-100 microM) reduced both periodic and aperiodic activity. (4) Exposure to the NMDA antagonist 2-aminophosphonovaleric acid (50 microM) suppressed periodic events only transiently.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
12803139 Kurup RK, Kurup PA: Hypothalamic digoxin, hemispheric chemical dominance, and Alzheimer's disease. Int J Neurosci. 2003 Mar;113(3):361-81.

There was elevation in plasma HMG CoA reductase activity, serum digoxin, and dolichol levels, and a reduction in serum magnesium, RBC membrane Na (+)-K+ ATPase activity, and serum ubiquinone levels.
Serum tryptophan, serotonin, strychnine, nicotine, and quinolinic acid were elevated, while serum tyrosine, morphine, dopamine, and noradrenaline were decreased.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
20331561 Adermark L, Clarke RB, Olsson T, Hansson E, Soderpalm B, Ericson M: Implications for glycine receptors and astrocytes in ethanol-induced elevation of dopamine levels in the nucleus accumbens. Addict Biol. 2010 Mar 10.

ABSTRACT Elevated dopamine levels are believed to contribute to the rewarding sensation of ethanol (EtOH), and previous research has shown that strychnine-sensitive glycine receptors in the nucleus accumbens (nAc) are involved in regulating dopamine release and in mediating the reinforcing effects of EtOH.
The EtOH-induced cell swelling was inhibited in cultures treated with the Na (+)/K (+)/2Cl (-) cotransporter blocker furosemide (1 mM), Na (+)/K (+)-ATPase inhibitor ouabain (0.1 mM), potassium channel inhibitor BaCl (2) (50 microM) and in cultures containing low extracellular sodium concentration (3 mM).
1(0,0,0,1) Details
14602544 Kurup RK, Kurup PA: Hypothalamic digoxin, hemispheric chemical dominance, and oncogenesis: evidence from multiple myeloma. Int J Neurosci. 2003 Dec;113(12):1719-40.

There was elevation in plasma HMG CoA reductase activity, serum digoxin, and dolichol, and a reduction in RBC membrane Na (+)-K+ ATPase activity, serum ubiquinone, and magnesium levels.
Serum tryptophan, serotonin, nicotine, strychnine, and quinolinic acid were elevated, while tyrosine, dopamine, noradrenaline, and morphine were decreased.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
14602545 Kurup RK, Kurup PA: Hypothalamic digoxin, hemispheric chemical dominance, and mesenteric artery occlusion. Int J Neurosci. 2003 Dec;113(12):1741-60.


The RBC membrane Na (+)-K+ ATPase activity and serum magnesium were decreased.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
14692193 Kurup RK, Kurup PA: Hypothalamic digoxin-mediated model for trisomy 21. . Pediatr Pathol Mol Med. 2003 Sep-Oct;22(5):411-22.

Membrane Na+, K (+)-ATPase activity, serum magnesium, and ubiquinone were decreased while hydroxy methyl glutaryl CoA (HMG) coenzyme A (CoA) reductase activity, serum digoxin, and dolichol levels were increased in trisomy 21.
There were increased levels of tryptophan catabolites--nicotine, strychnine, quinolinic acid, and serotonin--and decreased levels of tyrosine catabolites--dopamine, noradrenaline, and morphine in trisomy 21.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
12134182 Kumar AR, Kurup PA: Endogenous sodium-potassium ATPase inhibition related biochemical cascade in trisomy 21 and Huntington's disease: neural regulation of genomic function. Neurol India. 2002 Jun;50(2):174-80.

There were increased levels of tryptophan catabolites (nicotine, strychnine, quinolinic acid and serotonin) and decreased levels of tyrosine catabolites (dopamine, noradrenaline and morphine) in both trisomy 21 and Huntington's disease.
1(0,0,0,1) Details