Protein Information

Name Ah receptor
Synonyms AHR; Ah receptor; AhR; Aryl hydrocarbon receptor; Aryl hydrocarbon receptor precursor; Dioxin receptor; Ah receptors; AhRs…

Compound Information

Name hexachlorobenzene
CAS 1,2,3,4,5,6-hexachlorobenzene

Reference List

PubMed Abstract RScore(About this table)
9407059 Miller CA 3rd: Expression of the human aryl hydrocarbon receptor complex in yeast. J Biol Chem. 1997 Dec 26;272(52):32824-9.

Hexachlorobenzene, benzo (a) pyrene, and beta-naphthoflavone were effective AHR agonists in the yeast system, and had EC50 values of 200, 40, and 20 nM, respectively, for beta-galactosidase activity induction.
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9799183 van Birgelen AP: Hexachlorobenzene as a possible major contributor to the dioxin activity of human milk. Environ Health Perspect. 1998 Nov;106(11):683-8.

A dioxinlike compound is a compound that binds to the aryl hydrocarbon (Ah) receptor, results in dioxinlike effects, and bioaccumulates.
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19182854 Balaam JL, Chan-Man Y, Roberts PH, Thomas KV: Identification of nonregulated pollutants in North Sea-produced water discharges. Environ Toxicol Chem. 2009 Jun;28(6):1159-67.

Produced water samples were characterized for the presence of aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) and estrogen receptor (ER) agonists using the dioxin-responsive, chemical-activated luciferase gene expression assay (DR-CALUX) and yeast estrogen screen (YES) bioassays.
These include persistent organic contaminants, such as hexachlorobenzene, decachlorobiphenyl, and octachlorodibenzofuran.
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2856071 Linko P, Yeowell HN, Gasiewicz TA, Goldstein JA: Induction of cytochrome P-450 isozymes by hexachlorobenzene in rats and aromatic hydrocarbon (Ah)-responsive mice. J Biochem Toxicol. 1986 Jun;1(2):95-107.

Evidence that HCB interacted with the putative Ah receptor for 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) was equivocal.
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2845946 Hahn ME, Gasiewicz TA, Linko P, Goldstein JA: The role of the Ah locus in hexachlorobenzene-induced porphyria. Biochem J. 1988 Aug 15;254(1):245-54.

Female B6-Ahb mice (Ah receptor: approximately 30-70 fmol/mg of cytosolic protein) and B6-Ahd mice (Ah receptor: undetectable) were pretreated with iron (500 mg/kg) and then fed a diet containing 0 or 200 p.p.m. of HCB for up to 17 weeks.
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8984768 Langer P, Tajtakova M: [Organic chlorinated pollutants and the thyroid gland] . Vnitr Lek. 1996 Sep;42(9):615-9.

This review presents the definition of main groups of organic chlorinated pollutants (polychlorinated biphenyls, dibenzodioxines, dibenzofurans, hexachlorobenzene, hexachlorocyclohexane, DDT etc.).
Moreover, the similarity of their effects with those of steroid and thyroid hormones either via steroid/thyroid receptor or via specific Ah-receptor is described.
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3596751 Goldstein JA, Linko P, Hahn ME, Gasiewicz TA, Yeowell HN: Structure-activity relationships of chlorinated benzenes as inducers of hepatic cytochrome P-450 isozymes in the rat. IARC Sci Publ. 1986;(77):519-26.

However, as an inducer of two 3-MC-inducible isozymes of P-450, HCB was clearly more effective in aromatic-hydrocarbon-responsive mice (C57Bl/6J) than in non-responsive mice (DBA/2J), suggesting that HCB may act through the Ah receptor.
This study compared the ability of hexachlorobenzene (HCB) and of other chlorinated benzenes to induce cytochrome P-450 isozymes in rat liver.
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3036697 Sweeney GD, Basford D, Krestynski F: The role of contaminants in hexachlorobenzene toxicity. IARC Sci Publ. 1986;(77):363-70.

These results show that undefined impurities can be important determinants of the biological effects of HCB samples and suggest that these effects are partly mediated via the Ah receptor.
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15717780 Ma M, Wang C, Wang Z: Assessing toxicities of hydrophobic organic pollutants in Huaihe River by using two types of sampling. J Environ Sci Health A Tox Hazard Subst Environ Eng. 2005;40(2):331-42.

Combined with chemical analysis, Lumistox test and ethoxyresorfin O-deethylase (EROD) assay were carried out for assessing the acute toxicities and the Ah-receptor-related toxic effects of the trace hydrophobic organic pollutants in this aquatic environment.
The acute toxicants in water and sediment of the Huaihe River included substituted benzenes and pesticides, mainly 2,4,6-trichlorophenol, atrazine, hexachlorobenzene, and nitrobenzenes as well as persistent EROD inducers or Ah-agonists, including PAHs and PCBs, were determined.
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8937451 Constantin D, Francis JE, Akhtar RA, Clothier B, Smith AG: Uroporphyria induced by 5-aminolaevulinic acid alone in Ahrd SWR mice. Biochem Pharmacol. 1996 Nov 8;52(9):1407-13.

Despite SWR mice being AH nonresponsive, uroporphyria and decarboxylase depression after an initial iron overload and ALA for 3 weeks were greatly potentiated by a single dose (100 mg/kg) of hexachlorobenzene (a weak AH ligand).
In mice, depression of hepatic uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase (UROD) leading to porphyrin accumulation (uroporphyria) occurs with chlorinated ligands of the aryl hydrocarbon (AH) receptor especially after iron overload.
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17526421 Niimi S, Kim EY, Iwata H, Watanabe MX, Yasunaga G, Fujise Y, Tanabe S: Identification and hepatic expression profiles of cytochrome P450 1-4 isozymes in common minke whales (Balaenoptera acutorostrata). Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol. 2007 Aug;147(4):667-81. Epub 2007 Apr 14.

CYP1A1 levels showed a positive correlation with CYP1A2 levels (r=0.64, p <0.01) indicating that both CYP isozymes were regulated by aryl hydrocarbon receptor activated by endogenous ligands.
To investigate whether or not these CYP expression levels are altered by contamination of organochlorine contaminants (OCs), mRNA levels of these CYPs in the liver of common minke whale were measured using a quantitative real-time RT-PCR method, and the quantified mRNA levels were employed for the statistical analysis with the residue levels of OCs including PCBs, DDTs (p,p'-DDT, p,p'-DDD and p,p'-DDE), chlordanes (cis-chlordane, trans-chlordane, cis-nonachlor, trans-nonachlor and oxychlordane), HCHs (alpha-, beta- and gamma-isomers) and hexachlorobenzene that have already been reported elsewhere.
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18767702 Lam JC, Murphy MB, Wang Y, Tanabe S, Giesy JP, Lam PK: Risk assessment of organohalogenated compounds in water bird eggs from South China. Environ Sci Technol. 2008 Aug 15;42(16):6296-302.

Organohalogen compounds, the pesticides aldrin, dieldrin, endrin, hexachlorobenzene, mirex, Sigmachlordanes, SigmaDDTs, Sigmaheptachlors, Sigmatoxaphenes, and the industrial chemicals SigmaPCBs and SigmaPBDEs, as well as total dioxin-like equivalents (TEQH4IIE-luc), were measured in eggs of two Ardeid species, the little egret (Egretta garzetta) and black-crowned night heron (Nycticorax nycticorax) from three port cities along the South China coast: Hong Kong, Xiamen, and Quanzhou.
Total concentrations of dioxin-like PCBtoxic equivalents (TEQs), measured as the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR)-mediated responses of the H4IIE-luc bioassay (TEQH4IIE-luc), were greatest in Hong Kong samples.
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16705413 Noguerol TN, Boronat S, Casado M, Raldua D, Barcelo D, Pina B: Evaluating the interactions of vertebrate receptors with persistent pollutants and antifouling pesticides using recombinant yeast assays. Anal Bioanal Chem. 2006 Jul;385(6):1012-9. Epub 2006 May 17.

In this work we use two yeast systems to test the ability of different chemicals to bind and activate two vertebrate receptors which are intimately related to adverse biological effects of pollution in exposed fauna: the estrogen receptor (ER) and the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR).
The panel of compounds analysed here includes well-known pollutants, like PCBs, pp'-DDT and hexachlorobenzene, together with the less-known, emerging putative pollutants, such as Sea-Nine, Irgarol and diuron.
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19879930 Garcia MA, Pena D, Alvarez L, Cocca C, Pontillo C, Bergoc R, de Pisarev DK, Randi A: Hexachlorobenzene induces cell proliferation and IGF-I signaling pathway in an estrogen receptor alpha-dependent manner in MCF-7 breast cancer cell line. Toxicol Lett. 2010 Feb 1;192(2):195-205. Epub 2009 Oct 30.

At these doses, HCB induced the expression of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR)-regulated gene cytochrome P4501A1.
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11934533 Jarrell JF, Gocmen A, Akyol D, Brant R: Hexachlorobenzene exposure and the proportion of male births in Turkey 1935-1990. Reprod Toxicol. 2002 Jan-Feb;16(1):65-70.

HCB binds to the Ah receptor, albeit with lower affinity than dioxin.
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16263378 Binelli A, Ricciardi F, Riva C, Provini A: Screening of POP pollution by AChE and EROD activities in Zebra mussels from the Italian Great Lakes. Chemosphere. 2005 Dec;61(8):1074-82. Epub 2005 Apr 25.


On the contrary, the enzyme activity in Lake Maggiore showed an interesting opposite effect of AhR-binding compounds and trace metals.
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3271868 Smith AG, Francis JE, Bird I: Distinction between octachlorostyrene and hexachlorobenzene in their potentials to induce ethoxyphenoxazone deethylase and cause porphyria in rats and mice. J Biochem Toxicol. 1986 Mar;1(1):105-17.

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6284402 Ivanovic V, Weinstein IB: Benzo [a] pyrene and other inducers of cytochrome P1-450 inhibit binding of epidermal growth factor to cell surface receptors. Carcinogenesis. 1982;3(5):505-10.


Progesterone, 17 beta-estradiol, benzo [e] pyrene, cholesterol, phenobarbital, 1,1-bis-(p-chlorophenyl)-2,2,2-trichloroethane, hexachlorobenzene or pregnenolone-16 alpha-carbonitrile, did not inhibit EGF binding.
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18295415 Randi AS, Sanchez MS, Alvarez L, Cardozo J, Pontillo C, Kleiman de Pisarev DL: Hexachlorobenzene triggers AhR translocation to the nucleus, c-Src activation and EGFR transactivation in rat liver. Toxicol Lett. 2008 Mar 15;177(2):116-22. Epub 2008 Jan 12.
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17466352 Gorman N, Trask HS, Robinson SW, Sinclair JF, Gerhard GS, Smith AG, Sinclair PR: Hexachlorobenzene stimulates uroporphyria in low affinity AHR mice without increasing CYP1A2. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2007 Jun 1;221(2):235-42. Epub 2007 Mar 23.

Hexachlorobenzene (HCB), a weak ligand of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR), causes hepatic uroporphyrin (URO) accumulation (uroporphyria) in humans and animals.
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2539049 Hahn ME, Goldstein JA, Linko P, Gasiewicz TA: Interaction of hexachlorobenzene with the receptor for 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin in vitro and in vivo. Arch Biochem Biophys. 1989 Apr;270(1):344-55.

Evidence that hexachlorobenzene is a weak Ah receptor agonist..
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15515957 Wang W, Hu JY, Gu WM, Liu YH: [Modification and application of recombinant yeast bioassay for measuring the AhR ligand activity]. Huan Jing Ke Xue. 2004 Jul;25(4):155-8.

Finally, the AhR acitivity of hexachlorobenzene and pentachlorobenzene were assessed, and their toxicity equivalent factors were found to be 0.018629 and 0.000294, respectively.
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10465287 Loaiza-Perez AI, Seisdedos MT, Kleiman de Pisarev DL, Sancovich HA, Randi AS, Ferramola de Sancovich AM, Santisteban P: Hexachlorobenzene, a dioxin-type compound, increases malic enzyme gene transcription through a mechanism involving the thyroid hormone response element. Endocrinology. 1999 Sep;140(9):4142-51.

Hexachlorobenzene (HCB) is a dioxin-type chemical that acts mainly through the aryl hydrocarbon receptor.
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10544064 Miller CA 3rd: A human aryl hydrocarbon receptor signaling pathway constructed in yeast displays additive responses to ligand mixtures. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 1999 Nov 1;160(3):297-303.

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10048132 Bestervelt LL, Pitt JA, Piper WN: Evidence for Ah receptor mediation of increased ACTH concentrations in primary cultures of rat anterior pituitary cells exposed to TCDD. Toxicol Sci. 1998 Dec;46(2):294-9.

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10630570 Smeets JM, van Holsteijn I, Giesy JP, van den Berg M: The anti-estrogenicity of Ah receptor agonists in carp (Cyprinus carpio) hepatocytes. Toxicol Sci. 1999 Dec;52(2):178-88.

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2160139 Landers JP, Birse LM, Nakai JS, Winhall MJ, Bunce NJ: Chemically induced hepatic cytosol from the Sprague-Dawley rat: evidence for specific binding of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin to components kinetically distinct from the Ah receptor. Toxicol Lett. 1990 May;51(3):295-302.

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