Protein Information

Name C18
Synonyms B1; D1; BBS 9; BBS9; BBS9 GENE; Bardet Biedl syndrome 9 protein; C18; PTH responsive osteosarcoma B1 protein…

Compound Information

Name silica gel
CAS silica gel

Reference List

PubMed Abstract RScore(About this table)
17702398 Xiang Y, Li YB, Zhang J, Li P, Yao YZ: A new alkaloid from Salsola collina. Yao Xue Xue Bao. 2007 Jun;42(6):618-20.

The chloroform and n-butanol fractions were treated by various chromatographic techniques, such as silica gel, C18 reversed-phase silica gel and macroporous resin column chromatography.
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17203257 Llorent-Martinez EJ, Satinsky D, Solich P: Fluorescence optosensing implemented with sequential injection analysis: a novel strategy for the determination of labetalol. Anal Bioanal Chem. 2007 Mar;387(6):2065-9. Epub 2007 Jan 4.

The solid support used was the nonionic silica gel C18, using 20% methanol-water (v:v) as a carrier.
6(0,0,1,1) Details
16158935 Shirataki Y, Kawase M, Sakagami H, Nakashima H, Tani S, Tanaka T, Sohara Y, Schelz Z, Molnar J, Motohashi N: Bioactivities of anastasia black (Russian sweet pepper). Anticancer Res. 2005 May-Jun;25(3B):1991-9.

Anastasia Black (Russian sweet pepper) of Capsicum annuum L. var. angulosum Mill. (Solanaceae) was successively extracted with hexane, acetone, methanol and 70% methanol, and the extracts were further separated into a total of twenty-three fractions by silica gel or octadecylsilane (ODS; C18) column chromatography.
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19568313 Bari PD, Rote AR: RP-LC and HPTLC Methods for the Determination of Olmesartan Medoxomil and Hydrochlorothiazide in Combined Tablet Dosage Forms. Chromatographia. 2009 Jun;69(11-12):1469-1472. Epub 2009 May 5.

The first method was based on reversed phase liquid chromatography using an Eurosphere 100 RP C18 column (250 x 4.6 mm ID, 5 mum).
The second method involved silica gel 60 F (254) high performance thin layer chromatography and densitometric detection at 254 nm using acetonitrile-ethyl acetate-glacial acid (7:3:0.4 v/v/v) as the mobile phase.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
20003983 Chang H, Wan Y, Naile J, Zhang X, Wiseman S, Hecker M, Lam MH, Giesy JP, Jones PD: Simultaneous quantification of multiple classes of phenolic compounds in blood plasma by liquid chromatography-electrospray tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A. 2010 Jan 22;1217(4):506-13. Epub 2009 Dec 3.

In the present method, derivatization with dansyl chloride was employed, and all the derivertized target compounds were well resolved on a 100mm Xbridge C18 column with acetonitrile and 0.1% formic acid as the mobile phases.
Purification procedures, such as liquid-liquid extraction and silica-gel chromatography, were applied to reduce matrix effects in the sample extract and remove excess derivatizing reagents, thus permitting selective and sensitive detection of the target phenolic compounds.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
20082394 Gassensmith JJ, Matthys S, Lee JJ, Wojcik A, Kamat PV, Smith BD: Squaraine rotaxane as a reversible optical chloride sensor. Chemistry. 2010 Mar 1;16(9):2916-21.

Prototype dipsticks were prepared by adsorbing the lipophilic rotaxane onto the ends of narrow, C18-coated, reverse-phase silica gel plates.
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16804990 Capitan-Vallvey LF, Valencia MC, Arana Nicolas E, Garcia-Jimenez JF: Resolution of an intense sweetener mixture by use of a flow injection sensor with on-line solid-phase extraction. Anal Bioanal Chem. 2006 May;385(2):385-91.

The procedure is based on on-line preconcentration of AS on a C18 silica gel minicolumn and separation from SA, followed by measurement, at lambda = 210 nm, of the absorbance of SA which is transiently retained on the adsorbent Sephadex G-25 placed in the flow-through cell of a monochannel FIA setup using pH 3.0 orthophosphoric acid-dihydrogen phosphate buffer, 3.75x10 (-3) mol L (-1), as carrier.
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19277954 Colombo R, de L Batista AN, Teles HL, Silva GH, Bomfim GC, Burgos RC, Cavalheiro AJ, da Silva Bolzani V, Silva DH, Pelicia CR, Guimaraes FM, Heimberg MC: Validated HPLC method for the standardization of Phyllanthus niruri (herb and commercial extracts) using corilagin as a phytochemical marker. Biomed Chromatogr. 2009 Jun;23(6):573-80.

In the present study, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC-/PAD) profiles of leaves and commercial extracts of P. niruri were examined and three compounds, found to be present in all of the samples studied, were isolated by open column chromatography over C18) silica gel followed by preparative HPLC.
6(0,0,1,1) Details
16830492 Hayrapetyan SS, Khachatryan HG, Neue UD: A detailed discussion of the influence of the amount of deposited polymer on the retention properties of polymer-coated silicas. J Sep Sci. 2006 Apr;29(6):801-9.

Problems of the modification of the surface of micro-spherical silica gel with layers of polymer and the influence of the quantity of the coated polymer on the chromatographic properties of the resulting sorbents have been considered.
The indicated phenomenon depends on the increase of the number of C18 groups in the packing.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
16366668 Garcia-Reyes JF, Ortega-Barrales P, Molina-Diaz A: Rapid determination of diphenylamine residues in apples and pears with a single multicommuted fluorometric optosensor. J Agric Food Chem. 2005 Dec 28;53(26):9874-8.

The native fluorescence signal of diphenylamine retained on the solid support (C18 silica gel) was used for its determination (lambda (exc)/lambda (em) 291/372 nm).
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18789449 Kim MS, Kang TW, Pyo H, Yoon J, Choi K, Hong J: Determination of organochlorine pesticides in sediment using graphitized carbon black solid-phase extraction and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A. 2008 Oct 24;1208(1-2):25-33. Epub 2008 Aug 22.

Several SPE sorbents [Florisil, silica gel, C18, Oasis HLB, and graphitized carbon black (GCB)] were evaluated as means of preliminary purification.
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18376605 Zou QH, Wang J, Wang XF, Liu Y, Han J, Hou F, Xie MX: Application of matrix solid-phase dispersion and high-performance liquid chromatography for determination of sulfonamides in honey. J AOAC Int. 2008 Jan-Feb;91(1):252-7.

Sulfonamide residues in honey samples were extracted and purified by matrix solid-phase dispersion with C18 as the solid support.
The residues were derivatized by FMOC-CI, and the FMOC-sulfonamide derivatives were further purified by solid-phase extraction with silica gel as the solid support prior to HPLC analysis.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
17386793 Lu B, Zhang Y, Wu X, Shi J: Separation and determination of diversiform phytosterols in food materials using supercritical carbon dioxide extraction and ultraperformance liquid chromatography-atmospheric pressure chemical ionization-mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta. 2007 Apr 4;588(1):50-63. Epub 2007 Feb 4.

This fraction was subjected to solid phase extraction (SPE) on silica gel cartridge and then the sterols were eluted with hexane-ethyl acetate.
Sterols were separated on an Acquity UPLC BEH C18 column (100 mm x 1.0 mm, 1.7 microm particle size) with a gradient of methanol/water (1% acetonitrile) at a flow of 0.1 mL min (-1).
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18071224 Zarzycki PK, Ohta H, Harasimiuk FB, Jinno K: Fast separation and quantification of C60 and C70 fullerenes using thermostated micro thin-layer chromatography. Anal Sci. 2007 Dec;23(12):1391-6.

Thermostated micro planar chromatography was applied for systematic separation studies of C60 and C70 fullerenes using n-alkanes as mobile phases on TLC and HPTLC plates coated with polyamide, silica gel, aluminum oxide as well as two types of octadecylsilica (C18) sorbents.
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15856476 Welerowicz T, Buszewski B: The effect of stationary phase on lipophilicity determination of beta-blockers using reverse-phase chromatographic systems. Biomed Chromatogr. 2005 Dec;19(10):725-36.

The stationary phases used for the study were monolithic rod-structure C18 and silica gel octadecyl phase SG-C18 as reference material.
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16158999 Kaul N, Agrawal H, Maske P, Rao JR, Mahadik KR, Kadam SS: Chromatographic determination of itopride hydrochloride in the presence of its degradation products. J Sep Sci. 2005 Aug;28(13):1566-76.

The first method is based on HPLC separation on a reversed phase Kromasil column [C18 (5-microm, 25 cm x 4.6 mm, ID)] at ambient temperature using a mobile phase consisting of methanol and water (70:30, v/v) adjusted to pH 4.0 with orthophosphoric acid with UV detection at 258 nm.
The second method is based on HPTLC separation on silica gel 60 F254 using toluene:methanol:chloroform:10% ammonia (5.0:3.0:6.0:0.1, v/v/v/v) as mobile phase at 270 nm.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
20349920 Povolo M, Pelizzola V, Ravera D, Contarini G: Significance of the nonvolatile minor compounds of the neutral lipid fraction as markers of the origin of dairy products. J Agric Food Chem. 2009 Aug 26;57(16):7387-94.

Hydrocarbons were separated by silica gel column chromatography from the whole lipid matrix and analyzed by GC/MS.
Among all the compounds detected, 1-phytene, 2-phytene, neophytadiene, and to a lesser extent the esters of phytol with C16 and C18 fatty acids seem to be promising tools for the recognition of the feeding system.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
17512825 Liu W, Zhang Z, Liu Z: Determination of beta-lactam antibiotics in milk using micro-flow chemiluminescence system with on-line solid phase extraction. Anal Chim Acta. 2007 Jun 5;592(2):187-92. Epub 2007 Apr 21.

C18-modified silica gel was packed into the microchannel (length: 10 mm; width: 1 mm; depth: 500 microm) to serve as SPE device.
81(1,1,1,1) Details
18343391 Sundstrom I, Andren PE, Westerlund D: Method development for identification of ketobemidone metabolites in microdialysate samples by coupled-column capillary liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A. 2008 May 2;1189(1-2):503-13. Epub 2008 Feb 16.

Norketobemidone and ketobemidone N-oxide were trapped on a C18 column and then eluted by back-flush followed by isocratic separation on a fluorinated reversed-phase type silica gel column (Fluofix).
6(0,0,1,1) Details
17929897 Lin SY, Huang MZ, Chang HC, Shiea J: Using electrospray-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry to characterize organic compounds separated on thin-layer chromatography plates. Anal Chem. 2007 Nov 15;79(22):8789-95. Epub 2007 Oct 12.

Electrospray-assisted laser desorption/ionization (ELDI), an ionization method that combines laser desorption and electrospray ionization (ESI), can be used under ambient conditions to characterize organic compounds (including FD&C; dyes, amines, extracts of a drug tablet) separated in the central track on a thin-layer chromatography (TLC) plate coated with either reversed-phase C18 particles or normal-phase silica gel.
6(0,0,1,1) Details
17655150 Zhu B, Bai GC, Jiang SJ, Wei F, Lin RC: [Studies on chemical constituent and quantitative determination of Mallotus apelta]. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi. 2007 May;32(10):932-4.

METHOD: Compound was isolated by silica gel, Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography and Pre-HPLC chromatography.
Chromatographic conditions included Inertsil ODS-3 C18 column (4.6 mm x 150 mm, 5 microm) and the mobile phase consisting of a mixture of methanol-water (24:76).
1(0,0,0,1) Details
15631080 Liu WY, Chen WG, Zhang WD, Chen HS, Gu ZB, Li TZ: [Studies on chemical constituents in bulbs of Bolbostemma paniculatum] . Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi. 2004 Oct;29(10):953-6.

METHOD: The compounds were isolated by column chromatography on silica gel, C18, Sephadex LH-20 separately and their structures were elucidated by chemical and spectroscopic technologies.
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19066055 Li L, Xu LJ, He ZD, Yang QQ, Peng Y, Xiao PG: [Chemical study on ethyl acetate portion of Ehretia thyrsiflora, boraginaceae species of Kudingcha]. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi. 2008 Sep;33(17):2121-3.

METHOD: Compounds were isolated by using silica gel, Sephadex LH-20 and RP-C18 chromatography; their structures were elucidated by means of spectral data analysis.
6(0,0,1,1) Details
17439140 Watanabe E, Baba K, Eun H: Simultaneous determination of neonicotinoid insecticides in agricultural samples by solid-phase extraction cleanup and liquid chromatography equipped with diode-array detection. J Agric Food Chem. 2007 May 16;55(10):3798-804. Epub 2007 Apr 17.

Finally, the eluate from the cartridge was cleaned up with a SPE cartridge packed with graphitized carbon black and aminopropyl silica gel, which showed a higher cleanup efficiency than the classical silica gel SPE cartridge.
Seven insecticides were separated on a reversed-phase C18 column and a gradient system of methanol and phosphate solution based on high-performance liquid chromatography.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
19156633 Boddi K, Takatsy A, Szabo S, Marko L, Mark L, Wittmann I, Ohmacht R, Montsko G, Vallant RM, Ringer T, Bakry R, Huck CW, Bonn GK, Szabo Z: Use of fullerene-, octadecyl-, and triaconthyl silica for solid phase extraction of tryptic peptides obtained from unmodified and in vitro glycated human serum albumin and fibrinogen. J Sep Sci. 2009 Jan;32(2):295-308.

In the present work a novel fullerene (C60)-derivatised silica material is compared with octadecyl (C18) - and triaconthyl (C30)-silicas regarding recoveries of peptides and sequence coverage of HSA and fibrinogen digests.
At low peptide concentrations C60-material prepared from a silica gel with a pore size of 30 nm has proven to be the best material with regards to recoveries.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
20169553 Okusa K, Suita Y, Otsuka Y, Tahara M, Ikegami T, Tanaka N, Ohira M, Takahashi M: Test compounds for detecting the silanol effect on the elution of ionized amines in reversed-phase LC. J Sep Sci. 2010 Feb;33(3):348-58.

Most octadecylsilylated (C18) stationary phases, prepared as a base-deactivated material from high-purity silica gel with endcapping, provided excellent peak shape and column efficiency for the bases including benzylamine and amitriptyline that once caused problems and were subsequently employed for testing silanol activities.
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18218193 Yang Z, Luo H, Wang H, Hou H: Preparative isolation of bufalin and cinobufagin from Chinese traditional medicine ChanSu. J Chromatogr Sci. 2008 Jan;46(1):81-5.

A new chromatographic approach for separating bufadienolides utilizes silica gel column chromatography with isocratic elution using cyclohexane-acetone (5:1) as the mobile phase to separate resibufogenin, followed by reversed-phase C18 preparative HPLC column using isocratic elution of methanol-water (72:28) to separate bufalin and cinobufagin.
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20077192 Islam Z, Shinozuka J, Harkema JR, Pestka JJ: Purification and comparative neurotoxicity of the trichothecenes satratoxin G and roridin L2 from Stachybotrys chartarum. J Toxicol Environ Health A. 2009;72(20):1242-51.

Following extraction with acetonitrile, the extract was dried, dissolved in dichloromethane, and subjected to Michel-Miller silica-gel chromatography using a stepwise acetonitrile-dichloromethane gradient with SG and RL2 eluting in the 30 and 40% acetonitrile fractions, respectively.
Purification of the two compounds was completed by C18 semipreparative reverse-phase liquid chromatography using an acetonitrile-water gradient, and purity was confirmed by electrospray ionization/collision-induced dissociation (ESI-CID) tandem mass spectroscopy.
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17542482 Mandadi KK, Jayaprakasha GK, Bhat NG, Patil BS: Red Mexican grapefruit: a novel source for bioactive limonoids and their antioxidant activity. Z Naturforsch C. 2007 Mar-Apr;62(3-4):179-88.

The purity of the isolated five compounds was analyzed by HPLC using a C18 column and UV detection at 210 nm.
Furthermore, the EtOAC and acetone extracts were loaded onto silica gel columns to obtain four limonoid aglycons.
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17290864 Li X, Dobretsov S, Xu Y, Xiao X, Hung OS, Qian PY: Antifouling diketopiperazines produced by a deep-sea bacterium, Streptomyces fungicidicus. Biofouling. 2006;22(3-4):201-8.

The ethyl acetate extract was fractionated by using an open silica gel column.
Active fractions were further purified on a HPLC C18 column.
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17154125 Miyabe K, Kobayashi H, Tokuda D, Tanaka N: A kinetic parameter concerning mass transfer in silica monolithic and particulate stationary phases measured by the peak-parking and slow-elution methods. J Sep Sci. 2006 Nov;29(16):2452-62.

Mass transfer in monolithic C18-silica stationary phases and C18-silica gel particles was studied.
81(1,1,1,1) Details
15930023 Tsopelas C, Smyth D: Characterization and quality control analysis of 99mTc-bicisate. J Nucl Med Technol. 2005 Jun;33(2):89-93.

The lipophilic complex moved with ethyl acetate on Whatman 17, was separated from origin impurities on ITLC silica gel/saline, and remained on the column with C18/saline.
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18959405 Kobori M, Ohnishi-Kameyama M, Akimoto Y, Yukizaki C, Yoshida M: Alpha-eleostearic acid and its dihydroxy derivative are major apoptosis-inducing components of bitter gourd. J Agric Food Chem. 2008 Nov 26;56(22):10515-20.

A component that induced apoptosis in HL60 cells was then isolated from fraction 7 by another silica gel column chromatography and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) using a C18 column and was identified as (9Z,11E,13E)-15,16-dihydroxy-9,11,13-octadecatrienoic acid (15,16-dihydroxy alpha-eleostearic acid). 15,16-Dihydroxy alpha-eleostearic acid induced apoptosis in HL60 cells within 5 h at a concentration of 160 microM (50 microg/mL). (9Z,11E,13E)-9,11,13-Octadecatrienoic acid (alpha-eleostearic acid) is known to be the major conjugated linolenic acid in bitter gourd seeds.
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19551946 Moreda-Pineiro A, Pena-Vazquez E, Hermelo-Herbello P, Bermejo-Barrera P, Moreda-Pineiro J, Alonso-Rodriguez E, Muniategui-Lorenzo S, Lopez-Mahia P, Prada-Rodriguez D: Matrix solid-phase dispersion as a sample pretreatment for the speciation of arsenic in seafood products. Anal Chem. 2008 Dec 1;80(23):9272-8.

Quantitative recoveries for inorganic and organic arsenic species have been obtained when using diatomaceous earth or octadecyl-functionalized silica gel (C18) as a solid support material, with a solid support mass/sample mass ratio of 7.0.
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15828761 Zhong Z, Lowry M, Wang G, Geng L: Probing strong adsorption of solute onto C18-silica gel by fluorescence correlation imaging and single-molecule spectroscopy under RPLC conditions. Anal Chem. 2005 Apr 15;77(8):2303-10.
6(0,0,1,1) Details
17520828 Hu YM, Ye WC, Yin ZQ, Zhao SX: [Chemical constituents from flos Sesamum indicum L] . Yao Xue Xue Bao. 2007 Mar;42(3):286-91.

Column chromatography including silica gel, C18 and Sephadex LH-20 were used to separate the chemical constituents and the structures were determined by chemical and spectroscopic methods.
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16451803 Oleszek W, Bialy Z: Chromatographic determination of plant saponins--an update (2002-2005). J Chromatogr A. 2006 Apr 21;1112(1-2):78-91. Epub 2006 Jan 31.

Thus, to isolate single compound for structure elucidation or biological activity testing, a combination of different chromatographic techniques has to be used, e.g. first separation of the mixture to simpler sub-fractions on reversed phase C18 has to be followed by further purification on normal phase Silica gel column.
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16223647 Youssef NF: Stability-indicating methods for the determination of piretanide in presence of the alkaline induced degradates. J Pharm Biomed Anal. 2005 Oct 4;39(5):871-6. Epub 2005 Apr 22.

HPLC method depends on separation of piretanide from its degradates on mu-Bondapak C18 column using methanol:water:acetic acid (70:30:1, v/v/v) as a mobile phase at flow rate 1.0 ml/min and UV detector at 275 nm.
TLC densitometic method is based on the difference in Rf-values between the intact drug and its degradates on thin-layer silica gel.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
19916375 Osman AO: Spectrofluorometry, thin layer chromatography, and column high-performance liquid chromatography determination of rabeprazole sodium in the presence of its acidic and oxidized degradation products. J AOAC Int. 2009 Sep-Oct;92(5):1373-81.

The separation was carried out on Fluka TLC sheets of silica gel 60 F254 using isopropyl alcohol--30% ammonia (80 + 2, v/v) mobile phase.
The third method was based on HPLC separation of rabeprazole sodium from its acidic and oxidized degradation products on a reversed-phase Waters Nova-Pak C18 column using 0.05 M potassium dihydrogen phosphate-methanol-acetonitrile (5 + 3 + 2, v/v/v) pH 7 +/- 0.2 mobile phase.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
15950425 Anbazhagan S, Indumathy N, Shanmugapandiyan P, Sridhar SK: Simultaneous quantification of stavudine, lamivudine and nevirapine by UV spectroscopy, reverse phase HPLC and HPTLC in tablets. J Pharm Biomed Anal. 2005 Sep 15;39(3-4):801-4.

In the RP-HPLC method, the drugs were resolved using a mobile phase of 20 mM sodium phosphate buffer (containing 8 mM 1-octanesulphonicacid sodium salt):acetonitrile (4:1, v/v) with pH adjusted to 3.5 using phosphoric acid on a C18-ODS-Hypersil (5 microm, 250 mm x 4.6 mm) column in isocratic mode.
In the HPTLC method, the chromatograms were developed using a mobile phase of chloroform:methanol (9:1, v/v) on precoated plate of silica gel 60 F254 and quantified by densitometric absorbance mode at 265 nm.
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18193734 Shah CR, Shah NJ, Suhagia BN, Patel NM: Simultaneous assay of olanzapine and fluoxetine in tablets by column high-performance liquid chromatography and high-performance thin-layer chromatography. J AOAC Int. 2007 Nov-Dec;90(6):1573-8.

The LC separation was achieved on a Lichrospher 100 RP-180, C18 column (250 mm, 4.0 mm id, 5 microm) using 0.05 M potassium dihydrogen phosphate buffer (pH 5.6 adjusted with o-phosphoric acid)-acetonitrile (50 + 50, v/v) as the mobile phase at a flow rate of 1 mL/min and ambient temperature.
The TLC separation was achieved on aluminum sheets coated with silica gel 60F254 using methanol-toluene (40 + 20, v/v) as the mobile phase.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
18967528 Kanicky V, Otruba V, Mermet JM: Comparison of some analytical performance characteristics in inductively coupled plasma spectrometry of platinum group metals and gold. Talanta. 1999 Apr;48(4):859-66.

The sample matrix was a cationic surfactant used for the PGMs and gold preconcentration on a modified silica gel (C18).
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16158992 Kowalska S, Krupczynska K, Buszewski B: The influence of the mobile phase pH and the stationary phase type on the selectivity tuning in high performance liquid chromatography nucleosides separation. J Sep Sci. 2005 Aug;28(13):1502-11.

All of them contain various interaction sites such as: cholesterol (SG-CHOL); n-acylamide (SG-CHOL, SG-AP); aminopropyl (SG-CHOL, SG-AP, SG-NH2, SG-MIX); cyanopropyl, phenyl, octyl (SG-MIX), octadecyl (SG-MIX, SG-C18) and silanols localized on the silica gel surface of all packings.
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17146959 Ahn EM, Bang MH, Song MC, Park MH, Kim HY, Kwon BM, Baek NI: Cytotoxic and ACAT-inhibitory sesquiterpene lactones from the root of Ixeris dentata forma albiflora. Arch Pharm Res. 2006 Nov;29(11):937-41.

Eight sesquiterpenes were isolated through repeated silica gel and octadecyl silica gel (C18, ODS) column chromatography of the EtOAc and n-BuOH fractions.
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19239031 Tan YX, Liu C, Chen RY: [2-Arylbenzofuran derivatives from Morus wittiorum] . Yao Xue Xue Bao. 2008 Nov;43(11):1119-22.

The isolation and purification were performed by various chromatographies such as silica gel, Sephadex LH-20, RP-C18 column chromatography and so on.
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15807124 Yan X, Sin Y, Yu X, Zhang W, Jin M: [Analysis of low-polarity constituents of Reniochalina sp. by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry]. Se Pu. 2004 Nov;22(6):652-4.

The combined crude extract was then evaporated in vacuo, and the dark red residue (5 g) was subjected to a silica gel column for chromatographic separation using gradient mixtures of ethyl acetate and cyclohexane as eluents.
The fraction eluted with ethyl acetate-cyclohexane (1:9, v/v) was repeatedly separated by preparative liquid chromatography (HiQ sil C18-10 column, 250 mm x 21.2 mm i.d. ) to afford sample B and sample C as dark red oil.
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17373444 Patel BH, Suhagia BN, Patel MM, Patel JR: Simultaneous estimation of pantoprazole and domperidone in pure powder and a pharmaceutical formulation by high-perfomance liquid chromatography and high-performance thin-layer chromatography methods. J AOAC Int. 2007 Jan-Feb;90(1):142-6.

The HPLC separation was achieved on a Phenomenex C18 column (250 mm id, 4.6 mm, 5 pm) using 0.01 M, 6.5 pH ammonium acetate buffer-methanol-acetonitrile (30 + 40 + 30, v/v/v, pH 7.20) as the mobile phase at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min at ambient temperature.
The HPTLC separation was achieved on an aluminum-backed layer of silica gel 60F254 using ethyl acetate-methanol (60 + 40, v/v) as the mobile phase.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
18569713 Pan W, Jiang S, Luo P, Wu J, Gao P: Isolation, purification and structure identification of antioxidant compound from the roots of Incarvillea younghusbandii Sprague and its life span prolonging effect in Drosophila melanogaster. Nat Prod Res. 2008 May 20;22(8):719-25.

For the purpose of preventative treatment for oxidative stress-mediated diseases and anti-aging, a high-antioxidant compound was isolated from the roots of Incarvillea younghusbandii Sprague for the first time through silica gel column chromatography, reverse-phase C18 column chromatography and reverse-phase semi-preparative HPLC using a bioassay-guided fractionation technique, and was identified as acteoside by ESI-MS, GC-MS, 1D- and 2D-NMR.
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19695573 Martelanc M, Vovk I, Simonovska B: Separation and identification of some common isomeric plant triterpenoids by thin-layer chromatography and high-performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A. 2009 Sep 18;1216(38):6662-70. Epub 2009 Jul 29.

The chromatographic techniques included silica gel and reversed-phase (C18 RP) thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and C18 RP high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) using UV and mass spectrometric (MS) detection with atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI).
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16419026 Hasegawa C, Kumazawa T, Lee XP, Fujishiro M, Kuriki A, Marumo A, Seno H, Sato K: Simultaneous determination of ten antihistamine drugs in human plasma using pipette tip solid-phase extraction and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom. 2006;20(4):537-43.

Ten antihistamine drugs, diphenhydramine, orphenadrine, chlorpheniramine, diphenylpyraline, triprolidine, promethazine, homochlorcyclizine, cyproheptadine, cloperastine and clemastine, have been found to be extractable from human plasma samples using MonoTip C18 tips, inside which C18- bonded monolithic silica gel was fixed.
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18619264 Zhou DN, Ruan JL, Cai YL, Zhang SA, Wu XH, Feng C: [Phenols from the rhizomes of Arachniodes exilis] . Zhong Yao Cai. 2008 Feb;31(2):219-21.

METHODS: The methanolic extract was isolated and purified by silica gel, C18 reverse phase silica gel and Sepadex LH-20 gel column chromatography.
6(0,0,1,1) Details
19260316 Li C, Wang XY, Hu XW, Fang HT, Qiao SY: [Determination of eleutheroside B in antifatigue fraction of Acanthopanax senticosus by HPLC]. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi. 2008 Dec;33(23):2800-2.

One compound was isolated by silica gel, Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography and preparative high performance liquid chromatography.
Chromatographic conditions included Diamonsil C18 column (4.6 mm x 250 mm, 5 microm) and the mobile phase consisting of a mixture of acetonitrile-water-ethanoic acid (10: 90: 0.01).
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17825832 Miyabe K: Surface diffusion in reversed-phase liquid chromatography using silica gel stationary phases of different C1 and C18 ligand densities. J Chromatogr A. 2007 Oct 12;1167(2):161-70. Epub 2007 Sep 7.
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17147452 Miyamoto E, Tanioka Y, Nakao T, Barla F, Inui H, Fujita T, Watanabe F, Nakano Y: Purification and characterization of a corrinoid-compound in an edible cyanobacterium Aphanizomenon flos-aquae as a nutritional supplementary food. J Agric Food Chem. 2006 Dec 13;54(25):9604-7.

The purified corrinoid-compound was identified as pseudovitamin B12 (an inactive corrinoid-compound for humans) by silica gel 60 TLC, C18 reversed-phase HPLC, ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, and 1H NMR spectroscopy.
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15664740 Kaul N, Dhaneshwar SR, Agrawal H, Kakad A, Patil B: Application of HPLC and HPTLC for the simultaneous determination of tizanidine and rofecoxib in pharmaceutical dosage form. J Pharm Biomed Anal. 2005 Feb 7;37(1):27-38.

The separation was carried out on Merck HPTLC aluminium sheets of silica gel 60 F254 using toluene:methanol:acetone (7.5:2.5:1.0, v/v/v) as mobile phase.
The second method was based on HPLC separation of the two drugs on the reversed phase kromasil column [C18 (5 microm, 25 cm x 4.6 mm, i.d.)] at ambient temperature using a mobile phase consisting of phosphate buffer pH 5.5 and methanol (45:55, v/v).
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18193731 Khedr A: Stability-indicating high-performance liquid chromatographic assay of atorvastatin with fluorescence detection. J AOAC Int. 2007 Nov-Dec;90(6):1547-53.

ATV and its degradation products were analyzed on an Agilent Zorbax XDB C18 column using isocratic elution with acetonitrile-0.02 M sodium acetate, pH 4.2 (45 + 55, v/v) for 25 min.
The photodegradation products were separated by silica gel thin-layer chromatography using double development with ethyl acetate-n-hexane-glacial acetic acid-methanol (40 + 55 + 0.5 + 4.5, v/v/v/v) followed by (39 + 55 + 0.5 + 5.5, v/v/v/v), and confirmed by LC-FL analysis.
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17267160 Kumazawa T, Hasegawa C, Lee XP, Hara K, Seno H, Suzuki O, Sato K: Simultaneous determination of methamphetamine and amphetamine in human urine using pipette tip solid-phase extraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Pharm Biomed Anal. 2007 Jun 28;44(2):602-7. Epub 2007 Jan 8.

Methamphetamine and amphetamine were extracted from human urine samples using pipette tip solid-phase extraction (SPE) with MonoTip C18 tips (pipette tip volume, 200 microl), in which C18-bonded monolithic silica gel was fixed.
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16363488 Okumura M, Honda S, Fujinaga K, Seike Y: A simple and rapid in situ preconcentration method for trace ammonia nitrogen in environmental water samples using a solid-phase extraction followed by spectrophotometric determination. Anal Sci. 2005 Sep;21(9):1137-40.

A simple and rapid in situ preconcentration method for the spectrophotometric determination of trace ammonia nitrogen in environmental water samples has been developed based on solid-phase extraction using a small column packed with octadecyl group-bonded silica gel (Sep-Pak C18 cartridge).
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18309667 Gao JC, Zhang JC, Chen Y, Yang MS, Xiao PG: [Study on chemical constituents from rhizomes of Actaea asiatica] . Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi. 2007 Nov;32(21):2256-8.

METHOD: Compounds were separated by silica gel chromatography, RP-C18 chromatography and semi-preparative high performance liquid chromatography, and their structures were established by spectral analysis and chemical evidence.
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16001863 Llorent-Martinez EJ, Garcia-Reyes JF, Ortega-Barrales P, Molina-Diaz A: Flow-through fluorescence-based optosensor with on-line solid-phase separation for the simultaneous determination of a ternary pesticide mixture. J AOAC Int. 2005 May-Jun;88(3):860-5.

The method utilized a single continuous-flow, solid surface fluorometric multioptosensor implemented with a previous separation of the analytes on a minicolumn, placed just before the sensor, that was packed with the same solid support (C18 silica gel) as the flow-through cell.
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19260305 Zhang C, Xiao YQ, Li L, Pang Z, Li GL: [Isolation-preparation and determination of chromones from Saposhnikovia divaricata]. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi. 2008 Dec;33(23):2761-4.

METHOD: The separation of six chromones was determined simultaneously by HPLC on a Kromasil C18 column at 35 degrees C with the methanol-0.1% phosphoric acid in gradient elution as the mobile phrase.
Results showed the better preparation procedure is water-decoction and ethanol-precipitation with resin separation and silica gel purification.
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19714988 de Carvalho PH, Prata Vde M, Alves PB, Navickiene S: Determination of six pesticides in the medicinal herb Cordia salicifolia by matrix solid-phase dispersion and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. J AOAC Int. 2009 Jul-Aug;92(4):1184-9.

Different parameters of the method were evaluated, such as type of solid phase (C18, alumina, silica gel, and Florisil) and the amount of solid phase and eluent (dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, chloroform, and cyclohexane).
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15675793 Taylor WG, Fields PG, Sutherland DH: Insecticidal components from field pea extracts: soyasaponins and lysolecithins. J Agric Food Chem. 2004 Dec 15;52(25):7484-90.

Dehydrosoyasaponin I (soyasaponin Be) and soyasaponin VI (soyasaponin betag) coeluted under conditions of silica gel thin-layer chromatography and C18 high-performance liquid chromatography.
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20353004 Zhang D, Ren Y, Dai S, Liu W, Li G: [Isoflavones from vines of Pueraria lobata] . Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi. 2009 Dec;34(24):3217-20.

METHOD: The compounds were isolated by column chromatography over silica gel and RP-C18, and purified by Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography and preparative TLC.
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16927827 Kang LP, Ma BP, Shi TJ, Zhang J, Xiong CQ: [Two new furostanol saponins from the rhizomes of Anemarrhena asphodeloides]. Yao Xue Xue Bao. 2006 Jun;41(6):527-32.

METHODS: The compounds were separated by means of solvent extraction, chromatography on absorbent resin SP825 and silica gel C18 repeatedly, and their structures were elucidated on the basis of chemical methods and spectral analyses (FAB-MS, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, 1H-1H COSY).
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15700463 Tian S, Nakamura K, Cui T, Kayahara H: High-performance liquid chromatographic determination of phenolic compounds in rice. J Chromatogr A. 2005 Jan 21;1063(1-2):121-8.

The defatted aqueous solution was subjected to solid-phase extraction using a C18 silica gel cartridge; no analyte was lost in this procedure.
Phenolic compounds were separated with a C18 reversed-phase column by gradient elution using 0.025% trifluoroacetic acid in purified water (A)--acetonitrile (B) (0 min, 5% B; 5 min, 9% B; 15 min, 9% B; 22 min, 11% B; and 38 min, 18% B) as the mobile phase at a flow rate of 0.8 ml/min.
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18479039 Sun YY, Wang CH, Chen J: [Purification of growth-inhibitor formed by Isochrysis galbana] . Guang Pu Xue Yu Guang Pu Fen Xi. 2008 Feb;28(2):430-5.

And then the extracts were concentrated to the befitting volume under reduced pressure at 40 degrees C, and were separated by preparative thin-layer chromatography on silica gel with chloroform.
The selected optimum chromatographic conditions were ZORBAX Eclipse XDB C18 with aqueous acetonitrile at a flow rate of 0.3 mL x min (-1), and UV detection at 235 nm.
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20079498 Mariussen E, Haukas M, Arp HP, Goss KU, Borgen A, Sandanger TM: Relevance of 1,2,5,6,9,10-hexabromocyclododecane diastereomer structure on partitioning properties, column-retention and clean-up procedures. J Chromatogr A. 2010 Feb 26;1217(9):1441-6. Epub 2010 Jan 4.


To optimize clean-up procedures for the analysis of alpha-, beta-, and gamma-hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCD) in environmental and biological extracts, their retention behavior on silica gel and florisil was investigated using diverse mobile-phase solvents and accounting for matrix effects.
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20336498 Yang PW, Li MG, Zhao JY, Zhu MZ, Shang H, Li JR, Cui XL, Huang R, Wen ML: Oligomycins A and C, major secondary metabolites isolated from the newly isolated strain Streptomyces diastaticus. Folia Microbiol. 2010 Jan;55(1):10-6. Epub 2010 Mar 25.

The active compounds were separated by silica gel column chromatography, Sephadex LH-20 gel filtration and then purified by flash chromatography on C18 (20-45 microm).
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17420546 Garcia-Reyes JF, Ortega-Barrales P, Molina-Diaz A: Multicommuted fluorometric multiparameter sensor for simultaneous determination of naproxen and salicylic acid in biological fluids. Anal Sci. 2007 Apr;23(4):423-8.

The multicommuted flow-through optosensor was based on direct native fluorescence measurements of both analgesics using a non-polar sorbent (C18 silica gel) as a solid sensing zone.
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18954086 Moreda-Pineiro A, Pena-Vazquez E, Hermelo-Herbello P, Bermejo-Barrera P, Moreda-Pineiro J, Alonso-Rodriguez E, Muniategui-Lorenzo S, Lopez-Mahia P, Prada-Rodriguez D: Matrix Solid-Phase Dispersion as a Sample Pretreatment for the Speciation of Arsenic in Seafood Products. Anal Chem. 2008 Oct 28.

Quantitative recoveries for inorganic and organic arsenic species have been obtained when using diatomaceous earth or octadecyl-functionalized silica gel (C18) as a solid support material, with a solid support mass/sample mass ratio of 7.0.
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18575349 Yin HX, Xue D, Bai N, Chen C, Chen Y, Zhang H: [Isolation and identification of major steroidal saponins of Paris polyphylla Smith var stenophylla Franch]. Sichuan Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban. 2008 May;39(3):485-8.

METHODS: Compounds were isolated by silica gel, macroporous adsorption resin,Sephadex LH-20 and RP-C18 column chromatography and the structures were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic methods.
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15732898 Van Berkel GJ, Ford MJ, Deibel MA: Thin-layer chromatography and mass spectrometry coupled using desorption electrospray ionization. Anal Chem. 2005 Mar 1;77(5):1207-15.


Fundamentals and practical applications of the technique were demonstrated in positive ion mode using selected reaction monitoring detection of rhodamine dyes separated on hydrophobic reversed-phase C8 plates and reversed-phase C2 plates, in negative ion full scan mode using a selection of FD&C; dyes separated on a wettable reversed-phase C18 plate, and in positive ion full scan mode using a mixture of aspirin, acetaminophen, and caffeine from an over-the-counter pain medication separated on a normal-phase silica gel plate.
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17583201 Hu YM, Wang H, Ye WC, Zhao SX: [Flavones from flowers of Sesamum indicum] . Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi. 2007 Apr;32(7):603-5.

METHOD: Column chromatography with silica gel, C18 and Sephadex LH -20 as packing materials was used to separate the chemical constituents, and the structures were determined by chemical and spectroscopic methods.
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17202691 Mohammad MA, Zawilla NH, El-Anwar FM, El-Moghazy Aly SM: Stability indicating methods for the determination of norfloxacin in mixture with tinidazole. Chem Pharm Bull. 2007 Jan;55(1):1-6.

Chromatographic separation was achieved on mu-Bondapack C18 column 5 microm (300 mm x 3.9 mm, I.D.) and precoated silica gel TLC stationary phases for LC and TLC methods, respectively.
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17616007 Watanabe F, Tanioka Y, Miyamoto E, Fujita T, Takenaka H, Nakano Y: Purification and characterization of corrinoid-compounds from the dried powder of an edible cyanobacterium, Nostoc commune (Ishikurage). J Nutr Sci Vitaminol. 2007 Apr;53(2):183-6.

The main and minor purified corrinoid-compounds were identified as pseudovitamin B12 and vitamin B12, respectively, on the basis of silica gel 60 TLC, C18 reversed-phase HPLC, 1H NMR spectroscopy, and UV-visible spectroscopy.
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19572559 Bocian S, Vajda P, Felinger A, Buszewski B: Excess adsorption of commonly used organic solvents from water on nonend-capped C18-bonded phases in reversed-phase liquid chromatography. Anal Chem. 2009 Aug 1;81(15):6334-46.

The adsorbed amount of solvents was calculated per silica gel surface and per modeled surface of bonded phase which seem to give more correct data.
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20355184 Taha EA, Salama NN, Wang S: Enantioseparation of cetirizine by chromatographic methods and discrimination by (1) H-NMR. Drug Test Anal. 2009 Mar;1(3):118-24.

The first method was based on the enantioseparation of cetirizine on silica gel TLC plates using different chiral selectors as mobile phase additives.
The second method was a validated high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), based on stereoselective separation of cetirizine and quantitative determination of its eutomer (R)-levocetirizine on a monolithic C18 column using hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin as a chiral mobile phase additive.
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20127918 Molikova M, Jandera P: Characterization of stationary phases for reversed-phase chromatography. J Sep Sci. 2010 Mar;33(4-5):453-63.

Retention characteristics of seven silica-based chromatographic columns (Bidentate C18, Silica-hydride, Spherisorb ODS-1, Resolve C18, XTerra C18, XBridge Phenyl and Blaze C8 Polydentate) were compared.
The columns differ in the character of the support, including silica type B, hydrosilated silica, and hybrid silica gel with incorporated methyl groups, or ethylene bridges; further in the type of chemically bonded stationary phase, including C (18), C (8) and phenyl ligands, endcapped and non-endcapped with single point, bidentate and polydentate multi-point attachment to the adsorbent surface.
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19673385 Guo J, Zhang P, Zhang Z: [Studies on chemical constituents from bee-collected rape pollen] . Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi. 2009 May;34(10):1235-7.

METHOD: The compounds were isolated by column chromatography on silica gel; Sephadex LH-20 and C18.
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17557152 Lopez-Flores J, Fernandez-de Cordova ML, Molina-Diaz A: Determination of sub-ppb reserpine by an optosensing device based on photochemically induced fluorescence. Anal Bioanal Chem. 2007 Aug;388(8):1771-7. Epub 2007 Jun 8.

An intensively fluorescent photoproduct is in-line generated, retained on C18 silica gel in the detection area and monitored at 394/489 nm (lambdaex/lambdaem).
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17474514 Uematsu Y, Ogimoto M, Kabashima J, Suzuki K, Ito K: Fast cleanup method for the analysis of Sudan I-IV and para red in various foods and paprika color (oleoresin) by high-performance liquid chromatography/diode array detection: focus on removal of fat and oil as fatty acid methyl esters prepared by transesterification of acylglycerols. J AOAC Int. 2007 Mar-Apr;90(2):437-45.

Separation of fat or oil from the dyes with a silica gel solid-phase extraction (SPE) column seemed unfeasible, because elution profiles of oil, fat, and the dyes were similar.
Gradient elution with water and tetrahydrofuran was used for separation on a C18 column by LC.
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