Protein Information

Name cytochrome P450 (protein family or complex)
Synonyms cytochrome P450; cytochrome P 450; CYP450; CYP 450

Compound Information

Name 1-naphthol
CAS 1-naphthalenol

Reference List

PubMed Abstract RScore(About this table)
2825716 Bock KW, Bock-Hennig BS: Differential induction of human liver UDP-glucuronosyltransferase activities by phenobarbital-type inducers. Biochem Pharmacol. 1987 Dec 1;36(23):4137-43.

Cytochrome P-450 dependent 7-ethoxycoumarin O-deethylase was increased 5-fold. (3) A human hepatoma cell line (Hep G2) was studied to obtain information on the inducibility of human UDP-GT activities by 3-methylcholanthrene-type inducers.
UDP-GT activities towards benzo (a) pyrene-3,6-quinol and 1-naphthol were moderately but significantly induced by 3-methylcholanthrene-treatment of the cells (2-fold), whereas 7-ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase and 7-ethoxycoumarin O-deethylase were increased over 100- and 10-fold, respectively. (4) The results suggest the existence of differentially inducible UDP-GT isoenzymes in human liver.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
1676957 Watkins JB 3rd: Effect of microsomal enzyme inducing agents on hepatic biotransformation in cotton rats (Sigmodon hispidus): comparison to that in Sprague-Dawley rats. Comp Biochem Physiol C. 1991;98(2-3):433-9.

Cytochrome P-450 concentration was similar in cotton and Sprague-Dawley rats, and was increased after phenobarbital, pregnenolone-16 alpha-carbonitrile, or 3-methylcholanthrene treatment. 4.
UDP-Glucuronosyltransferase toward estrone, 1-naphthol, diethylstilbestrol and testosterone was 2- to 4-fold higher in cotton rats and was not altered by treatment with the inducing agents. 6.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
1521595 Galinsky RE, Manning BW, Kimura RE, Franklin MR: Changes in conjugative enzyme activity and acetaminophen metabolism in young and senescent male F-344 rats following prolonged exposure to buthionine sulfoximine. Exp Gerontol. 1992;27(2):221-32.


BSO treatment increased the partial clearance to acetaminophen glucuronide by 90% and 41% in young and old rats, respectively, and similarly, induced p-nitrophenol and 1-naphthol UDP-glucuronosyl transferase activities to a greater extent in young versus senescent animals.
0(0,0,0,0) Details
7839362 Diener B, Abdel-Latif H, Arand M, Oesch F: Xenobiotic metabolizing enzyme activities and viability are well preserved in EDTA-isolated rat liver parenchymal cells after cryopreservation. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 1995 Jan;130(1):149-53.


The following phase II enzyme activities were also well maintained after cryopreservation: Phenol sulfotransferase (92%), 1-naphthol UDP-glucuronosyl transferase (95%), soluble epoxide hydrolase (87%), and glutathione S-transferase (88%), determined with broad spectrum substrate 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene.
0(0,0,0,0) Details
4015675 Doherty MA, Makowski R, Gibson GG, Cohen GM: Cytochrome P-450 dependent metabolic activation of 1-naphthol to naphthoquinones and covalent binding species. Biochem Pharmacol. 1985 Jul 1;34(13):2261-7.
226(2,4,4,6) Details
7236790 Metelitsa DI, Popova EM: [Comparative study of 1-naphthol oxidation by cytochrome P-450 and oxyhemoglobin]. Biokhimiia. 1980 Aug;45(8):1379-84.
163(2,2,2,3) Details
11181502 Nelson AC, Huang W, Moody DE: Variables in human liver microsome preparation: impact on the kinetics of l-alpha-acetylmethadol (LAAM) n-demethylation and dextromethorphan O-demethylation. Drug Metab Dispos. 2001 Mar;29(3):319-25.

Each microsomal fraction was also assayed for protein content, cytochrome P450, NADH cytochrome b (5) reductase, cytochrome b (5), absorbance at 420, p-nitrophenol hydroxylation, tolbutamide hydroxylation, dextromethorphan N- and O-demethylation, glucuronidation of morphine and 1-naphthol, and ester cleavage of p-nitrophenolacetate.
31(0,1,1,1) Details
8442765 Ghersi-Egea JF, Perrin R, Leininger-Muller B, Grassiot MC, Jeandel C, Floquet J, Cuny G, Siest G, Minn A: Subcellular localization of cytochrome P450, and activities of several enzymes responsible for drug metabolism in the human brain. Biochem Pharmacol. 1993 Feb 9;45(3):647-58.

The other drug-metabolizing enzymes catalysing functionalization and conjugation reactions, presented the following characteristics in human brain: (i) a low activity of NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase, which also catalyses the reduction of some xenobiotics; (ii) a high specific activity of the membrane-bound epoxide hydrolase; (iii) among the enzymes catalysing conjugation reactions, 1-naphthol-UDP-glucuronosyltransferase activity was barely or not detectable, whereas the mean glutathione-S-transferase activity was 15 times higher than the activity measured in rat brain.
4(0,0,0,4) Details
11311212 Schaaf GJ, de Groene EM, Maas RF, Commandeur JN, Fink-Gremmels J: Characterization of biotransformation enzyme activities in primary rat proximal tubular cells. Chem Biol Interact. 2001 Apr 16;134(2):167-90.

Specific marker substrates for determining cytochrome P450 (CYP450) activity of primary cultured PT cells include 7-ethoxyresorufin (CYP1A1), caffeine (CYP1A), testosterone (CY2B/C, CYP3A), tolbutamide (CYP2C) and dextromethorphan (CYP2D1).
Activity of the phase II biotransformation enzymes GST, GGT, beta-lyase and UGT was determined with 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene, L-glutamic acid gamma-(7-amido-4-methyl-coumarin), S-(1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethyl)-L-cysteine and 1-naphthol, respectively, as marker substrates.
4(0,0,0,4) Details
1676661 Manning BW, Franklin MR, Galinsky RE: Drug metabolizing enzyme changes after chronic buthionine sulfoximine exposure modify acetaminophen disposition in rats. Drug Metab Dispos. 1991 Mar-Apr;19(2):498-502.

BSO treatment increased microsomal UDP-glucuronosyltransferase activity toward three xenobiotic aglycones, p-nitrophenol, 1-naphthol, and morphine by 308, 61, and 66%, respectively (p less than 0.05), but not toward testosterone or estrone.
Cytochrome P-450 concentration and monooxygenase activity were unchanged by BSO exposure.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
2890479 Watkins JB 3rd, Mangels LA: Hepatic biotransformation in lean and obese Wistar Kyoto rats: comparison to that in streptozotocin-pretreated Sprague-Dawley rats. Comp Biochem Physiol C. 1987;88(1):159-64.

Total cytochrome P-450 concentrations were reduced in both STZ and WKY, whereas styrene oxide hydrolase and benzphetamine N-demethylase activities were normal in STZ and reduced in WKY. 3.
UDP-glucuronosyltransferase activity was decreased toward testosterone and 1-naphthol in STZ and WKY, and was increased toward estrone in the obese female WKY. 4.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
2714162 Kane RE, Lamott J, Franklin MR, Galinsky RE: Perinatal cimetidine exposure has no apparent effect on hepatic drug oxidative or conjugative activity in adult male rat offspring. Dev Pharmacol Ther. 1989;12(2):96-105.


Early cimetidine exposure did not alter hepatic oxidative (cytochrome P-450 content or monooxygenase activity) or conjugative (UDP-glucuronosyltransferase activity towards testosterone, morphine, 1-naphthol, estrone, or sulfotransferase activity towards acetaminophen or glycolithocholate) capacities in mature males.
0(0,0,0,0) Details
8225130 Kore AM, Jeffery EH, Wallig MA: Effects of 1-isothiocyanato-3-(methylsulfinyl)-propane on xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes in rats. Food Chem Toxicol. 1993 Oct;31(10):723-9.


The administration of IMSP at 1, 10 or 100 mumol/kg had no significant effect on hepatic Phase I enzymes activities (cytochrome P-450 concentrations, ethoxycoumarin O-deethylase [ECD] and aminopyrine N-demethylase [AND] activities) or Phase II enzyme activities (GST, QR and UDP-glucuronosyltransferase [UDP-GT] activities towards 1-naphthol or 4-hydroxybiphenyl), at any of the doses tested and no effect on intestinal enzyme activities at doses below 100 mumol IMSP/kg.
0(0,0,0,0) Details
6210092 Wefers H, Komai T, Sies H: Generation of low-level chemiluminescence during the metabolism of 1-naphthol by rat liver microsomes. Biochem Pharmacol. 1984 Dec 15;33(24):4081-5.

The involvement of cytochrome P-450 in the microsomal metabolism of 1-naphthol was indicated by an inhibition of chemiluminescence by aminopyrine or metyrapone.
82(1,1,1,2) Details
3227707 Mesnil M, Testa B, Jenner P: In vitro inhibition by stiripentol of rat brain cytochrome P-450-mediated naphthalene hydroxylation. Xenobiotica. 1988 Sep;18(9):1097-106.

The formation of 1-naphthol from naphthalene was investigated in rat brain 105,000 g particulate fraction.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
19142739 Thibaut R, Schnell S, Porte C: Assessment of metabolic capabilities of PLHC-1 and RTL-W1 fish liver cell lines. Cell Biol Toxicol. 2009 Dec;25(6):611-22. Epub 2009 Jan 15.

Metabolic capabilities of PLHC-1 and RTL-W1 cell lines were investigated since to date, cytochrome P450 (CYP) 1A and glutathione-S-transferase have been almost the unique biotransformation enzymes reported in these cells.
Functionality of CYP3A-, CYP2M- and CYP2K-like enzymes was assessed by studying the hydroxylation of testosterone (T) and lauric acid (LA), and glucuronidation and sulfation capacity was assessed by looking at 1-naphthol (1-N) and T conjugation.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
3125837 Yokota H, Hashimoto H, Motoya M, Yuasa A: Enhancement of UDP-glucuronyltransferase, UDP-glucose dehydrogenase, and glutathione S-transferase activities in rat liver by dietary administration of eugenol. Biochem Pharmacol. 1988 Mar 1;37(5):799-802.


The activities of GT of liver microsomes toward various xenobiotic substances such as 4-nitrophenol, 1-naphthol, 4-hydroxybiphenyl and 4-methylumbelliferone were enhanced by dietary administration of eugenol, but the activity of GT toward its endogenous substrate, bilirubin, was not changed.
0(0,0,0,0) Details
3116724 Rozman K, Gorski JR, Dutton D, Parkinson A: Effects of vitamin A and/or thyroidectomy on liver microsomal enzymes and their induction in 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin-treated rats. Toxicology. 1987 Oct 12;46(1):107-17.


Vitamin A excess markedly suppressed the activity of liver microsomal UDP-glucuronosyl transferase toward 1-naphthol.
0(0,0,0,0) Details
5067380 von Bahr C, Hietanen E, Glaumann H: Oxidation and glucuronidation of certain drugs in various subcellular fractions of rat liver: binding of desmethylimipramine and hexobarbital to cytochrome P-450 and oxidation and glucuronidation of desmethylimipramine, aminopyrine, p-nitrophenol and 1-naphthol. Acta Pharmacol Toxicol. 1972;31(1):107-20.
81(1,1,1,1) Details
2125759 Manning BW, Franklin MR: Induction of rat UDP-glucuronosyltransferase and glutathione S-transferase activities by L-buthionine-S,R-sulfoximine without induction of cytochrome P-450. Toxicology. 1990 Dec 17;65(1-2):149-59.

Exposure to 30 mM BSO in drinking water for 7 days induced hepatic microsomal UDP-glucuronosyltransferase activity (detergent-activated) toward p-nitrophenol (250%), 1-naphthol (210%), morphine (130%) and testosterone (140%), but not estrone.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
6425105 Hoensch HP, Steinhardt HJ, Weiss G, Haug D, Maier A, Malchow H: Effects of semisynthetic diets on xenobiotic metabolizing enzyme activity and morphology of small intestinal mucosa in humans. Gastroenterology. 1984 Jun;86(6):1519-30.


Moreover, 25-50 mg of the biopsy material was homogenized and the following enzyme activities were determined in 20,000 g supernatant: for cytochrome P450-dependent monooxygenase activity with 7-ethoxycoumarin O-deethylase (EOD) and with nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH)-cytochrome c reductase and for conjugation activity with 1-naphthol glucuronyltransferase (NGT).
1(0,0,0,1) Details
2105094 Fong AT, Swanson HI, Dashwood RH, Williams DE, Hendricks JD, Bailey GS: Mechanisms of anti-carcinogenesis by indole-3-carbinol. Biochem Pharmacol. 1990 Jan 1;39(1):19-26.


Dietary I3C had no significant effect on liver microsomal uridine diphosphate-glucuronyl-transferase activity, measured using the substrates 1-naphthol and testosterone, or on cytosolic glutathione S-transferase activity, measured using the substrate styrene oxide.
0(0,0,0,0) Details
3131610 Ghersi-Egea JF, Minn A, Siest G: A new aspect of the protective functions of the blood-brain barrier: activities of four drug-metabolizing enzymes in isolated rat brain microvessels. Life Sci. 1988;42(24):2515-23.

We measured the activities of some enzymes involved in the metabolism of lipophilic xenobiotics, i.e. cytochrome P-450-linked monooxygenases, epoxide hydrolase, NADPH:cytochrome P-450 reductase and 1-naphthol UDP-glucuronosyl transferase in isolated rat brain microvessels.
81(1,1,1,1) Details
6487366 Doherty MD, Cohen GM: Metabolic activation of 1-naphthol by rat liver microsomes to 1,4-naphthoquinone and covalent binding species. Biochem Pharmacol. 1984 Oct 15;33(20):3201-8.

Metyrapone, SKF 525-A and carbon monoxide all inhibited the metabolism of 1-naphthol to 1,4-naphthoquinone and to covalently bound products suggesting the involvement of cytochrome P-450 in at least one step in the metabolic activation of 1-naphthol to reactive products.
81(1,1,1,1) Details
1322573 Eltom SE, Babish JG, Ferguson DC: The interaction of L-triiodothyronine and 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin on Ah-receptor-mediated hepatic Phase I and Phase II enzymes and iodothyronine 5'-deiodinase in thyroidectomized rats. Toxicol Lett. 1992 Jul;61(2-3):125-39.


Across all levels of L-triiodothyronine (L-T3) treatment, 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) resulted in increased hepatic cytochrome P-450-associated activities of 7-ethoxycoumarin O-deethylase (ECOD), 7-ethoxyresorufin O-dealkylase (EROD) and aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase (AHH).
1(0,0,0,1) Details
16061409 Al Katheeri NA, Wasfi IA, Lambert M, Giuliano Albo A, Nebbia C: In vivo and in vitro metabolism of dexamethasone in the camel. Vet J. 2006 Nov;172(3):532-43. Epub 2005 Aug 2.

Liver samples were collected at the abattoir from camels of either sex, and microsomes were isolated and characterized as to their protein and haemoprotein content as well as for their ability to metabolise several cytochrome P450 model substrates.
The expression of different P450 enzymes was evaluated by means of immunoblotting, and the glucuronidating capacity was assessed with 1-naphthol as the substrate.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
2067545 McMillan JM, Shaddock JG, Casciano DA, Arlotto MP, Leakey JE: Differential stability of drug-metabolizing enzyme activities in primary rat hepatocytes, cultured in the absence or presence of dexamethasone. Mutat Res. 1991 Jul;249(1):81-92.

Activated UDP-glucuronyltransferase activities towards 1-naphthol and testosterone declined more slowly over the 72 h than cytochrome P450 and remained at 50-60% of initial values at 72 h.
34(0,1,1,4) Details
4063406 Pliugacheva EI, Metelitsa DI: [Oxidation of ethanol by cumene hydroperoxide in the presence of cytochrome P-450 LM2 and hemoglobin]. Biokhimiia. 1985 Nov;50(11):1884-93.

Ethanol oxidation catalyzed by cytochrome P-450 LM-2 and hemoglobin occurs only through a radical formation and is competitively inhibited by the radical scavenging agents, e.g., 1-naphthol, thiourea, mannitol and dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO).
33(0,1,1,3) Details
3717918 Sotnichenko AI, Serdiuk OA, Sukhanov VA, Saprin AN: [Determination of phenathrene-9,10-epoxidase in the liver microsomes of rats. Antibiot Med Biotekhnol. 1986 Mar;31(3):196-9.

The rate of the substrate epoxidation is measured with the help of HPLC reverse phase in accordance with the method of the internal standard (1-naphthol) by 9,10-dihydroxy-9,10-dihydrophenanthrene, a product of the intermediate epoxide hydrolysis.
Phenobarbital is a more strong and selective inductor of this form of cytochrome P-450 than 3-methylcholanthrene.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
8825184 Singh Y, Cooke JB, Hinton DE, Miller MG: Trout liver slices for metabolism and toxicity studies. Drug Metab Dispos. 1996 Jan;24(1):7-14.

The cytochrome P450-dependent rate of formation of biphenyl metabolites was 0.48 +/- 0.04 nmol/min/mg protein in slices and 0.43 +/- 0.06 nmol/min/mg protein in isolated cells. 7-Ethoxycoumarin metabolism was also comparable between preparations (1.36 vs. 1.22 nmol/min/mg protein).
For conjugative metabolism, glucuronidation of 7-hydroxycoumarin or 1-naphthol did not differ in the two in vitro systems.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
8806731 Grayson DA, Tewari YB, Mayhew MP, Vilker VL, Goldberg RN: Tetralin as a substrate for camphor (cytochrome P450) 5-monooxygenase. Arch Biochem Biophys. 1996 Aug 15;332(2):239-47.

Camphor (cytochrome P450) 5-monooxygenase, originally isolated from the bacterium Pseudomonas putida PgG 786, catalyzes the essentially stereospecific conversion of tetralin (1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene) to (R)-1-tetralol ((R).(-)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-1-naphthol): tetralin (aq) + NADH (aq) + O2 (aq) = (R)-1-tetralol (aq) + NAD (aq) + H2O (l).
33(0,1,1,3) Details
2113070 Pham MA, Magdalou J, Siest G, Lenoir MC, Bernard BA, Jamoulle JC, Shroot B: Reconstituted epidermis: a novel model for the study of drug metabolism in human epidermis. J Invest Dermatol. 1990 Jun;94(6):749-52.

The homogenate fraction contained membrane-bound mixed-function oxydases (cytochrome P-450 dependent) involved in the O-dealkylation of 7-ethoxy-, 7-pentoxy-, and 7-benzoxyresorufin, NADPH cytochrome c (P-450) reductase, testosterone 5 alpha-reductase, and UDP-glucuronosyltransferases, which conjugate 1-naphthol and bilirubin.
31(0,1,1,1) Details
2749733 Wells PG, Wilson B, Lubek BM: In vivo murine studies on the biochemical mechanism of naphthalene cataractogenesis. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 1989 Jul;99(3):466-73.

Naphthalene cataractogenicity was enhanced by pretreatment with the cytochrome P450 inducer phenobarbital and the GSH depletor diethyl maleate (DEM) (p less than 0.05), and was unaffected by pretreatment with the prostaglandin synthetase inhibitors aspirin or naproxen, or the epoxide hydrolase inhibitor trichloropropene oxide.
NQ cataractogenicity was enhanced by pretreatment with DEM (p less than 0.05). 1-Naphthol (56 to 562 mg/kg ip) demonstrated a cataractogenic potency intermediary to that for naphthalene and NQ.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
14738905 Nebbia C, Dacasto M, Carletti M: Postnatal development of hepatic oxidative, hydrolytic and conjugative drug-metabolizing enzymes in female horses. Life Sci. 2004 Feb 13;74(13):1605-19.

A wide array of cytochrome P450 (CYP)-dependent monooxygenases, carboxylesterases and transferases were assayed in liver microsomes from 50 female horses in an age range between less than 1 year to over 12 years.
Also the carboxylesterases and uridindiphosphoglucuronyl-transferase (UGT) activity toward 1-naphthol displayed a similar trend, glutathione S-transferase accepting 3,4-dichloronitrobenzene as a substrate being the only enzyme activity showing an age-related decline.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
3358267 Watkins JB 3rd, Sanders RA, Beck LV: The effect of long-term streptozotocin-induced diabetes on the hepatotoxicity of bromobenzene and carbon tetrachloride and hepatic biotransformation in rats. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 1988 Apr;93(2):329-38.

To exclude the possibility that changes in hepatotoxicity and biotransformation were induced by diabetogen administration, the influence of long-lasting experimental insulin-dependent diabetes on the activities of benzphetamine demethylase, styrene oxide hydrolase, and UDP-glucuronosyl-transferases toward 1-naphthol, diethylstilbestrol, estrone and testosterone, and glutathione S-transferases toward 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene, ethacrynic acid, and sulfobromophthalein was studied.
Total cytochrome P450 concentrations were reduced by both induction of diabetes and hepatotoxicant challenge.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
1949033 Franklin MR: Drug metabolizing enzyme induction by simple diaryl pyridines; 2-substituted isomers selectively increase only conjugation enzyme activities, 4-substituted isomers also induce cytochrome P450. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 1991 Oct;111(1):24-32.

All five 2-substituted pyridines investigated increased rat hepatic UDP-glucuronosyltransferase activities toward three aglycones (morphine, p-nitrophenol, and 1-naphthol) without inducing cytochrome P450.
10(0,0,1,5) Details
7157840 Pacifici GM, Davies DS, Whyte C, Boobis AR: Tissue differences in the ontogeny of inducibility of drug-metabolizing enzymes by 3-methylcholanthrene in the rabbit. Xenobiotica. 1982 Sep;12(9):591-8.

The effects of treatment of rabbits of different ages with 3-methylcholanthrene on cytochrome P-450 content, and benzo [a] pyrene hydroxylase, epoxide hydrolase, glutathione S-epoxide transferase, 1-naphthol glucuronyl transferase and morphine glucuronyl transferase activities of liver, kidney and lung have been investigated. 2.
7(0,0,1,2) Details
8498089 Franklin MR, Slawson MH, Moody DE: Selective induction of rat liver phase II enzymes by N-heterocycle analogues of phenanthrene: a response exhibiting high correlation between UDP-glucuronosyltransferase and microsomal epoxide hydrolase activities. Xenobiotica. 1993 Mar;23(3):267-77.

Among nitrogen heterocycles based on the planar phenanthrene structure are three (1,7- and 4,7-phenanthroline and phenanthridine) which selectively increase rat hepatic phase II drug metabolizing enzyme activities without increasing cytochrome P450 concentration.
The detergent-activated UDP-glucuronosyltransferase activities towards morphine, 4-nitrophenol, and 1-naphthol were increased up to five-, three- and two-fold of control respectively.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
9498235 Villard PH, Herber R, Seree EM, Attolini L, Magdalou J, Lacarelle B: Effect of cigarette smoke on UDP-glucuronosyltransferase activity and cytochrome P450 content in liver, lung and kidney microsomes in mice. Pharmacol Toxicol. 1998 Feb;82(2):74-9.

In contrast, this activity was enhanced in liver and particularly in lung, in which the glucuronidation of 1-naphthol and 2-hydroxybiphenyl was increased by 122 and 180%, respectively.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
2930577 Koster AS, Nieuwenhuis L, Frankhuijzen-Sierevogel AC: Comparison of microsomal drug-metabolizing enzymes in 14 rat inbred strains. Biochem Pharmacol. 1989 Mar 1;38(5):759-65.

Cytochrome P-450 content as well as the following enzyme activities were measured: NADPH cyt. c (P-450) reductase (Red.), aminopyrine N-demethylase (APDM), ethoxycoumarin O-deethylase (ECOD), 1-naphthol: UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (NGT) and hydrolysis of acetylsalicylic acid (ASA; measured at pH 5.5 and pH 7.4).
7(0,0,1,2) Details
8836814 Oesch F, Arand M, Benedetti MS, Castelli MG, Dostert P: Inducing properties of rifampicin and rifabutin for selected enzyme activities of the cytochrome P-450 and UDP-glucuronosyltransferase superfamilies in female rat liver. J Antimicrob Chemother. 1996 Jun;37(6):1111-9.

Rifampicin and rifabutin enhanced the glucuronidation of 1-naphthol, 4-hydroxybiphenyl and beta-estradiol by a factor of two to three.
5(0,0,0,5) Details
19800097 Mori T, Nakamura K, Kondo R: Fungal hydroxylation of polychlorinated naphthalenes with chlorine migration by wood rotting fungi. Chemosphere. 2009 Nov;77(9):1230-5. Epub 2009 Oct 1.

One of the hydroxylated products was identified as 2,4-dichloro-1-naphthol by GC-MS analysis using an authentic standard.
Significant inhibition of the degradation of DCNs and formation of their metabolic products was observed in incubation with the cytochrome P-450 monooxygenase inhibitor piperonyl butoxide.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
19053852 Saruwatari A, Okamura S, Nakajima Y, Narukawa Y, Takeda T, Tamura H: Pomegranate juice inhibits sulfoconjugation in Caco-2 human colon carcinoma cells. J Med Food. 2008 Dec;11(4):623-8.

Several fruit juices have been reported to cause food-drug interactions, mainly affecting cytochrome P450 activity; however, little is known about the effects of fruit juices on conjugation reactions.
Among several fruit juices tested (apple, peach, orange, pineapple, grapefruit, and pomegranate), pomegranate juice potently inhibited the sulfoconjugation of 1-naphthol in Caco-2 cells.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
11055267 Sohlenius-Sternbeck AK, Floby E, Svedling M, Orzechowski A: High conservation of both phase I and II drug-metabolizing activities in cryopreserved rat liver slices. Xenobiotica. 2000 Sep;30(9):891-903.

Xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes, including both cytochrome P450 and phase II-conjugating systems, have been characterized in rat liver slices cryopreserved in 12 or 18% dimethylsulphoxide (DMSO). 2.
The rates of conjugation of 7-hydroxycoumarin and 1-naphthol by rat liver slices were significantly decreased after cryopreservation in 12% DMSO, but they were maintained when the concentration of this cryopreservant was increased to 18% 5.
4(0,0,0,4) Details
1834210 Yokota H, Ohgiya N, Yuasa A: Decrease of cytochrome P-450 having arylhydrocarbon hydroxylase and increase of UDP-glucuronyltransferase glucuronizing phenolic xenobiotics in rat liver nodule. J Vet Med Sci. 1991 Aug;53(4):683-90.

Microsomal UDP-glucuronyltransferase activity toward phenolic xenobiotics such as 1-naphthol and 4-nitrophenol was increased by 4.5-5.0-fold in the nodular tissues.
3(0,0,0,3) Details
7948817 Desmond PV, Smyth FE, Mashford ML: Release of latent glucuronosyltransferase activity contributes to the sparing of glucuronidation in experimental liver injuries. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 1994 Jul-Aug;9(4):350-4.

This study explores the effects of liver injuries induced in rats by the administration of acute carbon tetrachloride, chronic bile duct ligation and chronic choline deficiency for 30 weeks on the glucuronidation of p-nitrophenol and 1-naphthol, both before and after solubilization of the microsomes and compares this to three measures of oxidation.
Cytochrome P450 content was reduced to 17% of control values after acute carbon tetrachloride and to 35% of control values after bile duct ligation.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
2243343 Galinsky RE, Johnson DH, Kane RE, Franklin MR: Effect of aging on hepatic biotransformation in female Fischer 344 rats: changes in sulfotransferase activities are consistent with known gender-related changes in pituitary growth hormone secretion in aging animals. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1990 Nov;255(2):577-83.

UDP glucuronosyltransferase activity toward 1-naphthol, morphine and testosterone was unaffected by advanced age, whereas there was a significant correlation between increased age and increased UDP glucuronosyltransferase activity toward estrone.
Cytochrome P-450 concentration and glutathione-S-transferase activity toward 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene were unchanged by aging.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
1936901 Roques M, Bagrel D, Magdalou J, Siest G: Expression of arylhydrocarbon hydroxylase, epoxide hydrolases, glutathione S-transferase and UDP-glucuronosyltransferases in H5-6 hepatoma cells. Gen Pharmacol. 1991;22(4):677-84.

The presence of arylhydrocarbon hydroxylase (cytochrome P-450 IA1 dependent), glutathione S-transferase, two distinct forms of epoxide hydrolases and UDP-glucuronosyltransferases was detected in H5-6 hepatoma cell homogenates using model substrates, selective inhibitors and specific antibodies. 2.
These cells also glucuronidated 1-naphthol efficiently (6 nmol/min per mg) and, at a lower extent, bilirubin (12 pmol/min per mg). 5.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
3929791 Andersson T, Pesonen M, Johansson C: Differential induction of cytochrome P-450-dependent monooxygenase, epoxide hydrolase, glutathione transferase and UDP glucuronosyl transferase activities in the liver of the rainbow trout by beta-naphthoflavone or Clophen A50. Biochem Pharmacol. 1985 Sep 15;34(18):3309-14.

Glutathione transferase activity towards 1-chloro 2,4 dinitrobenzene and UDP glucuronosyltransferase activities towards p-nitrophenol, 1-naphthol and testosterone were increased 1.4 to 3.0-fold by beta-naphthoflavone or Clophen A50.
3(0,0,0,3) Details
8905573 Monshouwer M, Witkamp RF, Nijmeijer SM, Van Leengoed LA, Vernooy HC, Verheijden JH, Van Miert AS: A lipopolysaccharide-induced acute phase response in the pig is associated with a decrease in hepatic cytochrome P450-mediated drug metabolism. J Vet Pharmacol Ther. 1996 Oct;19(5):382-88.

The microsomal glucuronidation rate of 1-naphthol was not affected in LPS-treated pigs.
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12519693 Takemoto K, Yamazaki H, Tanaka Y, Nakajima M, Yokoi T: Catalytic activities of cytochrome P450 enzymes and UDP-glucuronosyltransferases involved in drug metabolism in rat everted sacs and intestinal microsomes. Xenobiotica. 2003 Jan;33(1):43-55.

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9134007 Le HT, Franklin MR: Selective induction of phase II drug metabolizing enzyme activities by quinolines and isoquinolines. Chem Biol Interact. 1997 Mar 14;103(3):167-78.

Rats treated with quinoline, and to a lesser extent, isoquinoline (75 mg/kg, daily for 3 days) showed induction of phase II drug metabolizing enzyme activities without inducing either cytochrome P450 concentration or CYP1A-, CYP2B-, CYP2E-, and CYP3A-selective activities.
Elevations of UDP-glucuronosyltransferase activities towards 4-nitrophenol, 1-naphthol, and morphine elicited by quinoline (1.9- to 2.7-fold), were greater than those elicited by isoquinoline (1.4- to 1.8-fold).
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6421495 Fujita S, Peisach J, Ohkawa H, Yoshida Y, Adachi S, Uesugi T, Suzuki M, Suzuki T: The effect of Sudan III on drug metabolizing enzymes. Chem Biol Interact. 1984 Feb;48(2):129-43.

Sudan III also induced UDP-glucuronyltransferase activity towards 1-naphthol and estradiol.
Further, induced ECD activity was inhibited 90% by a specific antibody against cytochrome P-448 while the inhibition observed with an antibody against cytochrome P-450 was less than 25%.
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16243959 Cho TM, Rose RL, Hodgson E: In vitro metabolism of naphthalene by human liver microsomal cytochrome P450 enzymes. Drug Metab Dispos. 2006 Jan;34(1):176-83. Epub 2005 Oct 21.

Naphthalene metabolites from pooled human liver microsomes (pHLMs) were trans-1,2-dihydro-1,2-naphthalenediol (dihydrodiol), 1-naphthol, and 2-naphthol.
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1567468 Wortelboer HM, de Kruif CA, van Iersel AA, Falke HE, Noordhoek J, Blaauboer BJ: Acid reaction products of indole-3-carbinol and their effects on cytochrome P450 and phase II enzymes in rat and monkey hepatocytes. Biochem Pharmacol. 1992 Apr 1;43(7):1439-47.

In rat hepatocytes DIM, CTI and BII enhanced DT-diaphorase (DTD) (= NAD (P) H-quinone reductase) activity, and DIM and BII the glucuronidation of 1-naphthol.
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1907143 Niemann C, Gauthier JC, Richert L, Ivanov MA, Melcion C, Cordier A: Rat adult hepatocytes in primary pure and mixed monolayer culture. Biochem Pharmacol. 1991 Jul 5;42(2):373-9.

The cytochrome P450 content in hepatocytes drastically declined within 48 hr in both culture systems.
UPD-glucuronosyl transferase (UDP-GT) activity was measured using 1-naphthol and morphine as substrates.
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2756713 Bach J, Snegaroff J: Effects of the fungicide prochloraz on xenobiotic metabolism in rainbow trout: in vivo induction. Xenobiotica. 1989 Jan;19(1):1-9.

Cytochrome P-450, two P-450-dependent activities, and two conjugase activities were measured in vitro in microsomal or cytosolic fractions. 2.
UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (1-naphthol as substrate) was unchanged or inhibited after prochloraz dosing. 5.
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6517596 Fluck DS, Rappaport SM, Eastmond DA, Smith MT: Conversion of 1-naphthol to naphthoquinone metabolites by rat liver microsomes: demonstration by high-performance liquid chromatography with reductive electrochemical detection. Arch Biochem Biophys. 1984 Dec;235(2):351-8.

At least two metabolic pathways, independent of cytochrome P-450, appear to be involved.
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1957312 De Sandro V, Chevrier M, Boddaert A, Melcion C, Cordier A, Richert L: Comparison of the effects of propylthiouracil, amiodarone, diphenylhydantoin, phenobarbital, and 3-methylcholanthrene on hepatic and renal T4 metabolism and thyroid gland function in rats. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 1991 Nov;111(2):263-78.

PB increased the glucuronidation of morphine, whereas MC increased the glucuronidation of 1-naphthol.
PB, a microsomal enzyme inducer, increased the cytochrome b5 and P450 content as well as the cytochrome P450-dependent O-depentylation of pentoxyresorufin.
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9849642 Carr BA, Franklin MR: Drug-metabolizing enzyme induction by 2,2'-dipyridyl, 1,7-phenanthroline, 7,8-benzoquinoline and oltipraz in mouse. Xenobiotica. 1998 Oct;28(10):949-56.

Changes in the major hepatic drug-metabolizing enzymes by compounds identified as atypical inducers (multienzyme response but devoid of cytochrome P450-inducing ability) in rat were investigated in mouse.
UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) activities showed only limited changes, UGT activity towards 4-nitrophenol and 1-naphthol was induced by the 75 mg/kg dose of 2,2'-dipyridyl and UGT activity towards morphine was induced by 150 mg/kg doses of 7,8-benzoquinoline and oltipraz.
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8395842 Doostdar H, Grant MH, Melvin WT, Wolf CR, Burke MD: The effects of inducing agents on cytochrome P450 and UDP-glucuronyltransferase activities in human HEPG2 hepatoma cells. Biochem Pharmacol. 1993 Aug 17;46(4):629-35.

Bilirubin GT activity was induced by PB, BA, RIF and dexamethasone, but 1-naphthol, morphine and testosterone GT activities were not induced by any of these treatments.
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8363642 Franklin MR: Induction of rat liver drug-metabolizing enzymes by heterocycle-containing mono-, di-, tri- and tetra-arylmethanes. Biochem Pharmacol. 1993 Aug 17;46(4):683-9.

Induction of UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (morphine) activity was seen with twelve of the eighteen compounds investigated, and for three compounds it occurred independent of any induction of cytochrome P450.
UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (1-naphthol) activity was coinduced by these two compounds.
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2847753 Grant MH, Duthie SJ, Gray AG, Burke MD: Mixed function oxidase and UDP-glucuronyltransferase activities in the human Hep G2 hepatoma cell line. Biochem Pharmacol. 1988 Nov 1;37(21):4111-6.

In cultured human hepatoma cells phenolphthalein glucuronidation was increased 3-fold by 2 mM phenobarbitone (PB) in the culture medium but not by 25 microM benz (a) anthracene (BA), while 1-naphthol glucuronidation was not increased by either PB or BA.
This suggests induction of different cytochrome P-450 isoenzymes.
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9810637 Villar D, Furusawa N, Monshouwer M, Van Miert AS: Novobiocin inhibits both UDP-glucuronosyltransferase and cytochrome P450-mediated enzyme activities in pig liver microsomes. Vet Res Commun. 1998 Sep;22(6):405-14.

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2903001 Watkins JB 3rd, Klueber KM: Hepatic phase II biotransformation in C57Bl/KsJ db/db mice: comparison to that in Swiss Webster and 129 REJ mice. Comp Biochem Physiol C. 1988;90(2):417-21.

Cytochrome P-450 concentrations were similar in male and female carrier (db/+) and diabetic (db/db) mice.
UDP-Glucuronosyltransferase activity toward 1-naphthol, estrone and diethylstilbestrol was not different between db/db and db/+, but was 40% higher in db/db mice toward testosterone. 3.
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6431226 Mackenzie PI, Lang MA, Owens IS: Effect of different detergent systems on the molecular size of UDP glucuronosyltransferase and other microsomal drug-metabolizing enzymes. Membr Biochem. 1984;5(3):193-207.

Mouse liver microsomes were solubilized in various detergent systems, and the resulting aggregate structures associated with cytochrome P-450, cytochrome c reductase, and UDP glucuronosyltransferase were sized by gel filtration chromatography.
CHAPS alone also generated similarly sized particles under conditions in which UDP glucuronosyltransferase activity toward 1-naphthol and morphine was two to about twenty times greater, respectively, than with the combination of detergents.
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1410423 Ghersi-Egea JF, Leininger-Muller B, Minn A, Siest G: Drug metabolizing enzymes in the rat pituitary gland. . Prog Brain Res. 1992;91:373-8.

We report here the presence of cytochrome P-450 in the pituitary gland and its main mitochondrial localization.
Similarly, microsomal epoxide hydrolase, which inactivates reactive epoxides to trans diol molecules, and two conjugating enzymes, 1-naphthol UDP-glucuronosyltransferase and glutathione-S-transferase, display respectively 6, 4 and 7 times higher activities in the pituitary gland. 7-Benzoxyresorufin-O-dealkylase, 1-naphthol UDP-glucuronosyltransferase and membrane-bound epoxide hydrolase activities were significantly increased in the pituitary gland as an adaptive response to an in vivo treatment by an exogenous inducer, 3-methylcholanthrene.
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15980103 Tochigi Y, Yamashiki N, Ohgiya S, Ganaha S, Yokota H: Isoform-specific expression and induction of udp-glucuronosyltransferase in immunoactivated peritoneal macrophages of the rat. Drug Metab Dispos. 2005 Sep;33(9):1391-8. Epub 2005 Jun 24.

Phase I drug-metabolizing enzymes such as cytochrome P450 in immunocytes are known to play a role in metabolic activation of toxic and immunosuppressive compounds such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH).
When macrophage cells cultured in plates were exposed to 1-naphthol and 3-hydroxybenzo-[a] pyrene (3-OH-B [a] P), these glucuronides increased in the medium, indicating that macrophages glucuronidated the chemicals.
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6141920 Bock KW, Lilienblum W, von Bahr C: Studies of UDP-glucuronyltransferase activities in human liver microsomes. . Drug Metab Dispos. 1984 Jan-Feb;12(1):93-7.

Human liver samples from a "liver bank" which have been previously characterized by the ability to catalyze cytochrome P-450 dependent reactions were analyzed for various UDP-glucuronyltransferase activities.
The correlation of UDP-glucuronyltransferase activity (4-methylumbelliferone as substrate) with enzyme activities towards 4-nitrophenol and 1-naphthol was much higher (r greater than 0.8) than that (r less than 0.3) observed with other enzyme activities (4-hydroxybiphenyl, morphine, and chloramphenicol as substrates), suggesting the presence of multiple enzyme forms in human liver.
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1681808 Bayad J, Bagrel D, Sabolovic N, Magdalou J, Siest G: Expression and regulation of drug metabolizing enzymes in an immortalized rat hepatocyte cell line. Biochem Pharmacol. 1991 Sep 12;42(7):1345-51.

IIB and IA subfamilies of cytochrome P450 were increased, respectively, by phenobarbital (170%) and methylcholanthrene (500%).
Glucuronidation of 1-naphthol was increased by phenobarbital (140%) and 3-methylcholanthrene (160%).
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17601809 Anh DH, Ullrich R, Benndorf D, Svatos A, Muck A, Hofrichter M: The coprophilous mushroom Coprinus radians secretes a haloperoxidase that catalyzes aromatic peroxygenation. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2007 Sep;73(17):5477-85. Epub 2007 Jun 29.

CrP brominated phenol to 2- and 4-bromophenols and selectively hydroxylated naphthalene to 1-naphthol.
The UV-visible spectrum of CrP II was highly similar to that of resting-state cytochrome P450 enzymes, with the Soret band at 422 nm and additional maxima at 359, 542, and 571 nm.
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3130250 Ghersi-Egea JF, Walther B, Perrin R, Minn A, Siest G: Inducibility of rat brain drug-metabolizing enzymes. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet. 1987 Oct-Dec;12(4):263-5.

Cytochrome P450 from rat brain mitochondrial and microsomal fractions was found to be inducible by 3-methylcholanthrene, both in quantity of enzyme and in activity towards 7-ethoxyresorufin, which is a model substrate for the cytochrome P450 isoform specifically induced by 3-methylcholanthrene.
On the other hand, the microsomal 1-naphthol-UDP-glucuronosyl transferase and epoxide hydrolase seemed to be non-inducible by 3-methylcholanthrene or by phenobarbital.
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8345565 Eltom SE, Babish JG, Schwark WS: The postnatal development of drug-metabolizing enzymes in hepatic, pulmonary and renal tissues of the goat. J Vet Pharmacol Ther. 1993 Jun;16(2):152-63.

The microsomal monoxygenase activities were measured utilizing substrates designed to characterize the development of the cytochrome P450 (P450).
For phase II enzymes, the activity of UDP-glucuronyltransferase towards 1-naphthol and p-nitrophenol was measured in addition to the cytosolic glutathione S-transferase activity towards, 1,2-dichloro 3-nitrobenzene.
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3111481 Grant MH, Burke MD, Hawksworth GM, Duthie SJ, Engeset J, Petrie JC: Human adult hepatocytes in primary monolayer culture. Biochem Pharmacol. 1987 Jul 15;36(14):2311-6.

Cytochrome P-450-dependent mixed function oxidase was measured by the O-dealkylations of ethoxyresorufin (EROD), pentoxyresorufin (PROD) and benzyloxyresorufin (BROD), which are probes for different isozymes of cytochrome P-450 in the rat.
UDP-glucuronyltransferase (GT) activity towards phenolphthalein and 1-naphthol also increased (2-3-fold) during the 72 hr of culture, the greater and more rapid increase being observed with phenolphthalein glucuronidation.
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16253244 Ullrich R, Hofrichter M: The haloperoxidase of the agaric fungus Agrocybe aegerita hydroxylates toluene and naphthalene. FEBS Lett. 2005 Nov 7;579(27):6247-50. Epub 2005 Oct 19.

The UV-Vis absorption spectrum of purified AaP showed high similarity to a resting state cytochrome P450 with the Soret band at 420 nm and additional maxima at 278, 358, 541 and 571 nm; the AaP CO-complex had a distinct absorption maximum at 445 nm that is characteristic for heme-thiolate proteins.
AaP regioselectively hydroxylated naphthalene to 1-naphthol and traces of 2-naphthol (ratio 36:1).
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2500129 Pham MA, Magdalou J, Totis M, Fournel-Gigleux S, Siest G, Hammock BD: Characterization of distinct forms of cytochromes P-450, epoxide metabolizing enzymes and UDP-glucuronosyltransferases in rat skin. Biochem Pharmacol. 1989 Jul 1;38(13):2187-94.

Glucuronidation of 1-naphthol, bilirubin but not of testosterone could be followed in the microsomal fraction.
Cytochrome P-450 content was precisely quantified by second derivative spectrophotometry, 23.1 and 16.5 pmol/mg protein in males and females, respectively.
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6179609 Bock KW, Lilienblum W, Pfeil H, Eriksson LC: Increased uridine diphosphate-glucuronyltransferase activity in preneoplastic liver nodules and Morris hepatomas. Cancer Res. 1982 Sep;42(9):3747-52.


Increased activity of UDP-GT1 together with decreased cytochrome P-450-dependent monooxygenase may contribute to the resistance of preneoplastic hepatocytes to the cytotoxic actions of chemical carcinogens.
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8079501 van 't Klooster GA, Woutersen-van Nijnanten FM, Blaauboer BJ, Noordhoek J, van Miert AS: Applicability of cultured hepatocytes derived from goat, sheep and cattle in comparative drug metabolism studies. Xenobiotica. 1994 May;24(5):417-28.


As compared with rat hepatocytes, the total culture cytochrome P450 content was relatively well maintained in ruminant hepatocytes.
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18447001 Cho TM, Rose RL, Hodgson E: The effect of chlorpyrifos-oxon and other xenobiotics on the human cytochrome P450-dependent metabolism of naphthalene and deet. Drug Metabol Drug Interact. 2007;22(4):235-62.

CPO significantly activated the production of 1-naphthol (5-fold), 2-naphthol (10-fold), trans-1,2-dihydro-1,2-naphthalenediol (1.5-fold), and 1,4-naphthoquinone from naphthalene by human liver microsomes (HLM).
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1494890 Utesch D, Arand M, Thomas H, Petzinger E, Oesch F: Xenobiotic-metabolizing enzyme activities in hybrid cell lines established by fusion of primary rat liver parenchymal cells with hepatoma cells. Xenobiotica. 1992 Dec;22(12):1451-7.


These enzyme activities were significantly higher in HPCT and correspond to about 1-10% the activities measured in PC. 4. 1-Naphthol UPD-glucuronosyl transferase activity was about 20% in FAO and about 100% in HPCT compared to PC. 5.
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8240407 Tingle MD, Pirmohamed M, Templeton E, Wilson AS, Madden S, Kitteringham NR, Park BK: An investigation of the formation of cytotoxic, genotoxic, protein-reactive and stable metabolites from naphthalene by human liver microsomes. Biochem Pharmacol. 1993 Nov 2;46(9):1529-38.


The ratio of trans-1,2-dihydrodiol to 1-naphthol was 8.6 and 0.4 with the human and the induced mouse microsomes, respectively.
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10670822 Bostrom M, Becedas L, DePierre JW: Conjugation of 1-naphthol in primary cell cultures of rat ovarian cells. Chem Biol Interact. 2000 Jan 15;124(2):103-18.

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