Protein Information

Name cyclin
Synonyms Cyclin; DNA polymerase delta auxillary protein; PCNA; Proliferating cell nuclear antigen; DNA polymerase delta auxillary proteins; Proliferating cell nuclear antigens

Compound Information

Name kinetin
CAS

Reference List

PubMed Abstract RScore(About this table)
17243097 Zhu Z, Zhang Q, Yu Z, Zhang L, Tian D, Zhu S, Bu B, Xie M, Wang W: Inhibiting cell cycle progression reduces reactive astrogliosis initiated by scratch injury in vitro and by cerebral ischemia in vivo. Glia. 2007 Apr 1;55(5):546-58.


In the cultured astrocytes, hypoxia induced a cell cycle activation that was associated with upregulation of the proliferating cell nuclear marker (PCNA).
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16759516 Tian DS, Wang W, Xu YL, Yu ZY, Xie MJ, Wang P, Zhang GB: [Effects of cyclin dependent protein kinase inhibitor olomoucine on the microenvironment of axonal regeneration after spinal cord injury: an experiment with rats]. Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi. 2006 Apr 4;86(13):901-5.


Western blotting was used to detect the expression of the cell cycle related proteins, cyclin A, cyclin B, cyclin E, and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA).
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9030780 De Azevedo WF, Leclerc S, Meijer L, Havlicek L, Strnad M, Kim SH: Inhibition of cyclin-dependent kinases by purine analogues: crystal structure of human cdk2 complexed with roscovitine. Eur J Biochem. 1997 Jan 15;243(1-2):518-26.


A potent inhibitor of cdks, roscovitine [2-(1-ethyl-2-hydroxyethylamino)-6-benzylamino-9-isopropylpurin e], was identified by screening a series of C2,N6,N9-substituted adenines on purified cdc2/cyclin B.
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11434907 Harmse L, van Zyl R, Gray N, Schultz P, Leclerc S, Meijer L, Doerig C, Havlik I: Structure-activity relationships and inhibitory effects of various purine derivatives on the in vitro growth of Plasmodium falciparum. Biochem Pharmacol. 2001 Aug 1;62(3):341-8.


Our results show considerable variation in the sensitivity of P. falciparum to the different purines, as well as a general independence from their effect on purified starfish CDK1/cyclin B activity, which has been the standard assay used to identify CDK-specific inhibitors.
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9514874 Nuckolls FJ, Khan AS, Butler R, Katula KS: Differential response of the human cyclin B1 promoter to inhibitors of the cell cycle in NIH3T3 cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1998 Mar 6;244(1):280-4.


In this study, NIH3T3 cells stably transfected with a cyclin B1-luciferase reporter vector were utilized to investigate if cyclin B1 promoter activity is linked to either DNA replication or the activities of various cyclin-cyclin dependent kinases (cdks).
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9030781 Meijer L, Borgne A, Mulner O, Chong JP, Blow JJ, Inagaki N, Inagaki M, Delcros JG, Moulinoux JP: Biochemical and cellular effects of roscovitine, a potent and selective inhibitor of the cyclin-dependent kinases cdc2, cdk2 and cdk5. Eur J Biochem. 1997 Jan 15;243(1-2):527-36.


Among a series of C2, N6, N9-substituted adenines tested on purified cdc2/cyclin B, 2-(1-ethyl-2-hydroxyethylamino)-6-benzylamino-9-isopropylpurine (roscovitine) displays high efficiency and high selectivity towards some cyclin-dependent kinases.
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10840869 Flament S, Bodart JF, Bertout M, Browaeys E, Rousseau A, Vilain JP: Differential effects of 6-DMAP, olomoucine and roscovitine on Xenopus oocytes and eggs. Zygote. 2000 Feb;8(1):3-14.


The inhibitory properties of 6-DMAP, olomoucine and roscovitine towards p34cdc2-cyclin B isolated from Xenopus eggs revealed K-IC50 values of 300, 40 and 10 microM respectively.
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11516150 Teo WL, Kumar P, Goh CJ, Swarup S: The expression of Brostm, a KNOTTED1-like gene, marks the cell type and timing of in vitro shoot induction in Brassica oleracea. Plant Mol Biol. 2001 Jul;46(5):567-80.


Shoot meristem cells and dividing cells were marked from very early stages using in situ hybridization studies with Brostm, a Brassica homologue of the Arabidopsis SHOOTMERISTEMLESS (STM) gene, and a cyclin box-derived probe, Brocyc, respectively.
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19368812 Fei XF, Qin ZH, Xiang B, Li LY, Han F, Fukunaga K, Liang ZQ: Olomoucine inhibits cathepsin L nuclear translocation, activates autophagy and attenuates toxicity of 6-hydroxydopamine. Brain Res. 2009 Apr 6;1264:85-97. Epub 2009 Feb 6.


Using immunocytochemistry and real-time PCR we demonstrated that cyclin D1, cyclin B1 and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) were aberrantly expressed in some dopaminergic neurons after 6-OHDA infusion.
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10066178 Riou-Khamlichi C, Huntley R, Jacqmard A, Murray JA: Cytokinin activation of Arabidopsis cell division through a D-type cyclin. . Science. 1999 Mar 5;283(5407):1541-4.

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11052627 Lu K, Shih C, Teicher BA: Expression of pRB, cyclin/cyclin-dependent kinases and E2F1/DP-1 in human tumor lines in cell culture and in xenograft tissues and response to cell cycle agents. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 2000;46(4):293-304.

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10717301 Waters NC, Woodard CL, Prigge ST: Cyclin H activation and drug susceptibility of the Pfmrk cyclin dependent protein kinase from Plasmodium falciparum. Mol Biochem Parasitol. 2000 Mar 15;107(1):45-55.


This is the first indication that Plasmodial CDKs are partially regulated by cyclin subunits, as are human CDKs.
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10336073 Bossenmeyer-Pourie C, Chihab R, Schroeder H, Daval JL: Transient hypoxia may lead to neuronal proliferation in the developing mammalian brain: from apoptosis to cell cycle completion. Neuroscience. 1999;91(1):221-31.


Morphological features of apoptosis, necrosis and mitosis were scored under fluorescence microscopy after nuclear staining with 4,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole, and the expression profile of proliferating cell nuclear antigen, a cofactor for DNA polymerase, was analysed by immunohistochemistry.
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10980711 Smits VA, Klompmaker R, Arnaud L, Rijksen G, Nigg EA, Medema RH: Polo-like kinase-1 is a target of the DNA damage checkpoint. Nat Cell Biol. 2000 Sep;2(9):672-6.


They contribute to the activation of cyclin B/Cdc2 and are involved in centrosome maturation and bipolar spindle formation at the onset of mitosis.
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16000586 Raynaud FI, Whittaker SR, Fischer PM, McClue S, Walton MI, Barrie SE, Garrett MD, Rogers P, Clarke SJ, Kelland LR, Valenti M, Brunton L, Eccles S, Lane DP, Workman P: In vitro and in vivo pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic relationships for the trisubstituted aminopurine cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors olomoucine, bohemine and CYC202. Clin Cancer Res. 2005 Jul 1;11(13):4875-87.


Molecular biomarkers, including RB phosphorylation and cyclin expression, were assessed by Western blotting.
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19944738 Choi HS, Chung SH: Roscovitine increases intracellular calcium release and capacitative calcium entry in PC12 cells. Neurosci Lett. 2010 Jan 18;469(1):141-4. Epub 2009 Nov 26.


Cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (Cdk5), which is activated by the non-cyclin regulator p35 or p39, is a proline-directed serine/threonine kinase that is implicated in many physiological and pathological processes.
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16029936 Sirotkin AV, Grossmann R: The role of protein kinase A and cyclin-dependent (CDC2) kinase in the control of basal and IGF-II-induced proliferation and secretory activity of chicken ovarian cells. Anim Reprod Sci. 2006 Mar;92(1-2):169-81. Epub 2005 Jul 18.

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9046330 Havlicek L, Hanus J, Vesely J, Leclerc S, Meijer L, Shaw G, Strnad M: Cytokinin-derived cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors: synthesis and cdc2 inhibitory activity of olomoucine and related compounds. J Med Chem. 1997 Feb 14;40(4):408-12.


Olomoucine (6-(benzylamino)-2-[(2-hydroxyethyl) amino]-9-methylpurine, OC), roscovitine (6-(benzylamino)-2 (R)-[[1-(hydroxymethyl) propyl] amino]-9-isopropylpur ine), and other N6,2,9-trisubstituted adenines were found to exert a strong inhibitory effect on the p34cdc2/cyclin B kinase.
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9523556 Maas JW Jr, Horstmann S, Borasio GD, Anneser JM, Shooter EM, Kahle PJ: Apoptosis of central and peripheral neurons can be prevented with cyclin-dependent kinase/mitogen-activated protein kinase inhibitors. J Neurochem. 1998 Apr;70(4):1401-10.


Olomoucine inhibits multiple cyclin-dependent and mitogen-activated protein kinases with similar potency.
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10465404 Legraverend M, Ludwig O, Bisagni E, Leclerc S, Meijer L, Giocanti N, Sadri R, Favaudon V: Synthesis and in vitro evaluation of novel 2,6,9-trisubstituted purines acting as cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem. 1999 Jul;7(7):1281-93.


Novel C-2, C-6, N-9 trisubstituted purines derived from the olomoucine/roscovitine lead structure were synthesized and evaluated for their ability to inhibit starfish oocyte CDK1/cyclin B, neuronal CDK5/p35 and erk1 kinases in purified extracts.
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10542199 Choi KS, Eom YW, Kang Y, Ha MJ, Rhee H, Yoon JW, Kim SJ: Cdc2 and Cdk2 kinase activated by transforming growth factor-beta1 trigger apoptosis through the phosphorylation of retinoblastoma protein in FaO hepatoma cells. J Biol Chem. 1999 Nov 5;274(45):31775-83.


TGF-beta1 induced a transient increase in the expression of Cdc2, cyclin A, cyclin B, and cyclin D1 at an early phase of apoptosis.
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10602500 David-Pfeuty T: Potent inhibitors of cyclin-dependent kinase 2 induce nuclear accumulation of wild-type p53 and nucleolar fragmentation in human untransformed and tumor-derived cells. Oncogene. 1999 Dec 9;18(52):7409-22.


At concentrations equal or superior to respectively 30- and 20-fold their in vitro IC50 values for cyclin B/Cdk1, cyclin A/Cdk2 and cyclin E/Cdk2, the Cdk inhibitors precipitately induce a dramatic nuclear accumulation of wt p53 and a delocalization of nucleolin from the nucleolus in all interphase cells, whatever their cell cycle status, acting in this way like the DNA-damaging drug, mitomycin C (7 microg/ml).
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11254958 Gomez EB, Santori MI, Laria S, Engel JC, Swindle J, Eisen H, Szankasi P, Tellez-Inon MT: Characterization of the Trypanosoma cruzi Cdc2p-related protein kinase 1 and identification of three novel associating cyclins. Mol Biochem Parasitol. 2001 Mar;113(1):97-108.


Lastly, using the yeast two-hybrid system we identified three novel cyclin-like proteins able to associate with TzCRK1, and demonstrate that two of these cyclins also bind the T. cruzi CRK3 protein, indicating that these two CRKs are cyclin-dependent kinases.
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9917063 Walker J, Minshall N, Hake L, Richter J, Standart N: The clam 3' UTR masking element-binding protein p82 is a member of the CPEB family. RNA. 1999 Jan;5(1):14-26.


Activation of the oocyte by fertilization leads to translational activation of the abundant cyclin and ribonucleotide reductase mRNAs at a time when they undergo cytoplasmic polyadenylation.
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12392733 Krystof V, Lenobel R, Havlicek L, Kuzma M, Strnad M: Synthesis and biological activity of olomoucine II. Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 2002 Nov 18;12(22):3283-6.


Based on our previous experiences with synthesis of purines, novel 2,6,9-trisubstituted purine derivatives were prepared and assayed for the ability to inhibit CDK1/cyclin B kinase.
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7549905 Abraham RT, Acquarone M, Andersen A, Asensi A, Belle R, Berger F, Bergounioux C, Brunn G, Buquet-Fagot C, Fagot D, et al.: Cellular effects of olomoucine, an inhibitor of cyclin-dependent kinases. . Biol Cell. 1995;83(2-3):105-20.


Olomoucine (2-(2-hydroxyethylamino)-6-benzylamino-9-methylpurine) has been recently described as a competitive inhibitor (ATP-binding site) of the cell cycle regulating p34cdc2/cyclin B, p33cdk2/cyclin A and p33cdk2/cyclin E kinases, the brain p33cdk5/p35 kinase and the ERK1/MAP-kinase.
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18431519 Tiedemann RE, Mao X, Shi CX, Zhu YX, Palmer SE, Sebag M, Marler R, Chesi M, Fonseca R, Bergsagel PL, Schimmer AD, Stewart AK: Identification of kinetin riboside as a repressor of CCND1 and CCND2 with preclinical antimyeloma activity. J Clin Invest. 2008 May;118(5):1750-64.

Mechanistically, kinetin riboside upregulated expression of transcription repressor isoforms of cAMP-response element modulator (CREM) and blocked both trans-activation of CCND2 by various myeloma oncogenes and cis-activation of translocated CCND1, suggesting induction of an overriding repressor activity that blocks multiple oncogenic pathways targeting cyclin D genes.
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16713279 Lee H, Auh CK, Kim D, Lee TK, Lee S: Exogenous cytokinin treatment maintains cyclin homeostasis in rice seedlings that show changes of cyclin expression when the photoperiod is rapidly changed. Plant Physiol Biochem. 2006 Apr;44(4):248-52. Epub 2006 Apr 25.

Similarly, seedlings grown in the dark had decreased expression of the cyclin genes, except Os;cycB2;2, after transfer to the light, a decrease that was prevented by kinetin treatment.
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15545295 Sanchez Mde L, Gurusinghe SH, Bradford KJ, Vazquez-Ramos JM: Differential response of PCNA and Cdk-A proteins and associated kinase activities to benzyladenine and abscisic acid during maize seed germination. J Exp Bot. 2005 Feb;56(412):515-23. Epub 2004 Nov 15.

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11986377 Furukawa T, Ogura T, Zheng YJ, Tsuchiya H, Nakaya H, Katayama Y, Inagaki N: Phosphorylation and functional regulation of ClC-2 chloride channels expressed in Xenopus oocytes by M cyclin-dependent protein kinase. J Physiol. 2002 May 1;540(Pt 3):883-93.


We show here that the volume-sensitive Cl (-) channel, ClC-2 is regulated by the M-phase-specific cyclin-dependent kinase, p34 (cdc2)/cyclin B.
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14593798 Gomez Roig E, Vazquez-Ramos JM: Maize DNA polymerase alpha is phosphorylated by a PCNA-associated cyclin/Cdk complex: effect of benzyladenine. J Plant Physiol. 2003 Sep;160(9):983-90.

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