Protein Information

Name H2AX
Synonyms H2A.X; H2A/X; H2AFX; H2AX; H2AX histone; Histone H2A.x; gamma H2AX; H2AX histones…

Compound Information

Name formaldehyde
CAS formaldehyde

Reference List

PubMed Abstract RScore(About this table)
19007111 Berkovitch G, Doron D, Nudelman A, Malik Z, Rephaeli A: Novel multifunctional acyloxyalkyl ester prodrugs of 5-aminolevulinic acid display improved anticancer activity independent and dependent on photoactivation. J Med Chem. 2008 Dec 11;51(23):7356-69.

The metabolically released formaldehyde from the prodrugs was the dominant factor affecting cell viability by a ROS-dependent mechanism and was responsible for rapid phosphorylation of H2AX, suppression of the cell survival protein c-myc, and transient elevation in the expression of p21. 1a, which differs from 2a by releasing butyric instead of pivalic acid, was a more potent inducer of heme and acetylated H4 expression and induced apoptosis through activation of caspase 9. 1a and 1b specifically increased the level of the photosensitizer protoporphyrin 9, leading to enhancement of cell death by photodynamic therapy (PDT).
81(1,1,1,1) Details
18030472 Levovich I, Nudelman A, Berkovitch G, Swift LP, Cutts SM, Phillips DR, Rephaeli A: Formaldehyde-releasing prodrugs specifically affect cancer cells by depletion of intracellular glutathione and augmentation of reactive oxygen species. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 2008 Aug;62(3):471-82. Epub 2007 Nov 21.

Formaldehyde-releasing prodrugs abrogated c-myc protein expression and elevated c-Jun and H2AX phosphorylation, N-acetylcysteine partially reversed these changes.
31(0,1,1,1) Details
19674975 Nakano T, Katafuchi A, Matsubara M, Terato H, Tsuboi T, Masuda T, Tatsumoto T, Pack SP, Makino K, Croteau DL, Van Houten B, Iijima K, Tauchi H, Ide H: Homologous recombination but not nucleotide excision repair plays a pivotal role in tolerance of DNA-protein cross-links in mammalian cells. J Biol Chem. 2009 Oct 2;284(40):27065-76. Epub 2009 Aug 11.


In contrast, HR constitutes the major pathway in tolerance of DPCs as judged from cell survival and RAD51 and gamma-H2AX nuclear foci formation.
1(0,0,0,1) Details