Protein Information

Name dopamine transporter
Synonyms DA transporter; DAT1; DAT; DAT 1; Dopamine transporter; SLC6A3; Sodium dependent dopamine transporter; Dopamine transporters…

Compound Information

Name paraquat
CAS 1,1′-dimethyl-4,4′-bipyridinium

Reference List

PubMed Abstract RScore(About this table)
17227438 Khwaja M, McCormack A, McIntosh JM, Di Monte DA, Quik M: Nicotine partially protects against paraquat-induced nigrostriatal damage in mice; link to alpha6beta2* nAChRs. J Neurochem. 2007 Jan;100(1):180-90.

Paraquat treatment also decreased (14%) the striatal dopamine transporter, an effect that was partially prevented by nicotine.
7(0,0,1,2) Details
19590691 Ritz BR, Manthripragada AD, Costello S, Lincoln SJ, Farrer MJ, Cockburn M, Bronstein J: Dopamine transporter genetic variants and pesticides in Parkinson's disease. Environ Health Perspect. 2009 Jun;117(6):964-9. Epub 2009 Feb 22.

Using geographic information system methods, we determined residential exposure to agricultural maneb and paraquat applications.
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17447424 Ceravolo R, Sgado P, Frosini D, Corsini GU: Assessing neuroprotection in Parkinson's disease: from the animal models to molecular neuroimaging in vivo. J Neural Transm Suppl. 2006;(71):133-41.

The first group comprehends 6-OHDA e MPTP and recently rotenone, paraquat and epoxomicin treated animals that shows some of human disease characteristics.
Recently has emerged the important role of neuroimaging (Dopamine Transporter SPECT, 18FDopa-PET) as surrogate biomarker of PD progression.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
17493592 Kuter K, Smialowska M, Wieronska J, Zieba B, Wardas J, Pietraszek M, Nowak P, Biedka I, Roczniak W, Konieczny J, Wolfarth S, Ossowska K: Toxic influence of subchronic paraquat administration on dopaminergic neurons in rats. Brain Res. 2007 Jun 25;1155:196-207. Epub 2007 Apr 12.

Two days after withdrawal the levels of the dopamine metabolites and dopamine turnover in the caudate-putamen, substantia nigra and prefrontal cortex were reduced by ca. 20-60%, and the binding of [(3) H] GBR 12,935 to dopamine transporter dropped by 25-40% in the caudate-putamen.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
12871774 Shimizu K, Matsubara K, Ohtaki K, Shiono H: Paraquat leads to dopaminergic neural vulnerability in organotypic midbrain culture. Neurosci Res. 2003 Aug;46(4):523-32.

Since this damage was prevented by GBR-12909, the dopamine transporter could be an initial step of the PQ induced dopaminergic neurotoxicity.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
20079141 Ren JP, Zhao YW, Sun XJ: Toxic influence of chronic oral administration of paraquat on nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons in C57BL/6 mice. Chin Med J. 2009 Oct 5;122(19):2366-71.

At the same time, the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX), and the content of malondialdehyde (MDA) in substantia nigra were measured by spectrophotometry. mRNA expression of dopamine transporter (DAT) in dopaminergic neurons of substantia nigra was also determined by reverse transcription (RT)-PCR technique.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
16190885 Ossowska K, Wardas J, Smialowska M, Kuter K, Lenda T, Wieronska JM, Zieba B, Nowak P, Dabrowska J, Bortel A, Kwiecinski A, Wolfarth S: A slowly developing dysfunction of dopaminergic nigrostriatal neurons induced by long-term paraquat administration in rats: an animal model of preclinical stages of Parkinson's disease?. Eur J Neurosci. 2005 Sep;22(6):1294-304.

The binding of [3H] GBR 12,935 to dopamine transporter in the caudate-putamen was decreased after 4-8 weeks, then returned to control values after 12 weeks but was again decreased after 24 weeks.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
11124998 Thiruchelvam M, Richfield EK, Baggs RB, Tank AW, Cory-Slechta DA: The nigrostriatal dopaminergic system as a preferential target of repeated exposures to combined paraquat and maneb: implications for Parkinson's disease. J Neurosci. 2000 Dec 15;20(24):9207-14.

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16141438 Richardson JR, Quan Y, Sherer TB, Greenamyre JT, Miller GW: Paraquat neurotoxicity is distinct from that of MPTP and rotenone. Toxicol Sci. 2005 Nov;88(1):193-201. Epub 2005 Sep 1.

0(0,0,0,0) Details
17018646 Ramachandiran S, Hansen JM, Jones DP, Richardson JR, Miller GW: Divergent mechanisms of paraquat, MPP+, and rotenone toxicity: oxidation of thioredoxin and caspase-3 activation. Toxicol Sci. 2007 Jan;95(1):163-71. Epub 2006 Oct 3.

0(0,0,0,0) Details
12716439 Barlow BK, Thiruchelvam MJ, Bennice L, Cory-Slechta DA, Ballatori N, Richfield EK: Increased synaptosomal dopamine content and brain concentration of paraquat produced by selective dithiocarbamates. J Neurochem. 2003 May;85(4):1075-86.

These same dithiocarbamates also increased the tissue content of [14C] paraquat in vivo by a mechanism that appeared to be distinct from the dopamine transporter.
81(1,1,1,1) Details
16263688 Yang W, Tiffany-Castiglioni E: The bipyridyl herbicide paraquat produces oxidative stress-mediated toxicity in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells: relevance to the dopaminergic pathogenesis. J Toxicol Environ Health A. 2005 Nov 26;68(22):1939-61.

First, a specific dopamine transporter inhibitor GBR12909 significantly protected SY5Y cells against the toxicity of paraquat, indicating that paraquat exerts its toxicity by a mechanism involving the dopamine transporter (DAT).
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12763259 Shimizu K, Matsubara K, Ohtaki K, Fujimaru S, Saito O, Shiono H: Paraquat induces long-lasting dopamine overflow through the excitotoxic pathway in the striatum of freely moving rats. Brain Res. 2003 Jun 27;976(2):243-52.

GBR-12909, a selective dopamine transporter inhibitor, reduced paraquat uptake into the striatal tissue including dopaminergic terminals.
31(0,1,1,1) Details