Protein Information

Name butyrylcholinesterase
Synonyms Acylcholine acylhydrolase; BCHE; BCHE protein; Butyrylcholine esterase; Butyrylcholinesterase; CHE1; Choline esterase II; Cholinesterase…

Compound Information

Name paraquat
CAS 1,1′-dimethyl-4,4′-bipyridinium

Reference List

PubMed Abstract RScore(About this table)
17364237 Ahmed M, Rocha JB, Mazzanti CM, Morsch AL, Cargnelutti D, Correa M, Loro V, Morsch VM, Schetinger MR: Malathion, carbofuran and paraquat inhibit Bungarus sindanus (krait) venom acetylcholinesterase and human serum butyrylcholinesterase in vitro. Ecotoxicology. 2007 May;16(4):363-9. Epub 2007 Mar 16.
169(2,2,3,4) Details
17654339 Alcaro S, Arcone R, Vecchio I, Ortuso F, Gallelli A, Pasceri R, Procopio A, Iannone M: Molecular modelling and enzymatic studies of acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase recognition with paraquat and related compounds. SAR QSAR Environ Res. 2007 Jul-Sep;18(5-6):595-602.
84(1,1,1,4) Details
12394620 Bruyndonckx RB, Meulemans AI, Sabbe MB, Kumar AA, Delooz HH: Fatal intentional poisoning cases admitted to the University Hospitals of Leuven, Belgium from 1993 to 1996. Eur J Emerg Med. 2002 Sep;9(3):238-43.

The first group consisted of chemicals (seven lethal cases): cholinesterase inhibitors ( =3), methanol ( =2) and paraquat ( =2).
31(0,1,1,1) Details
16715903 Matsuda K, Okamoto M, Ishihara S, Ohkawa M, Ogino R, Tohyama K, Suzuki K: [Present condition of the poisoning reason substance analysis in an advanced critical care center]. Chudoku Kenkyu. 2006 Apr;19(2):133-9.

We investigated the serum cholinesterase (ChE) level on the initial consultation in the patients with intoxication with pesticides.
Concerning the prognosis, 23 patients died; 16 patients (10 males, 6 females) died of paraquat/diquat intoxication, 3 patients (3 males) died of intoxication with organic phosphate agents, 1 patient (male) died of intoxication with a phenoxy agent, and 3 patients (1 male, 2 females) died of intoxication with antipsychotic agents.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
15922524 Hernandez AF, Lopez O, Rodrigo L, Gil F, Pena G, Serrano JL, Parron T, Alvarez JC, Lorente JA, Pla A: Changes in erythrocyte enzymes in humans long-term exposed to pesticides: influence of several markers of individual susceptibility. Toxicol Lett. 2005 Oct 15;159(1):13-21.

Changes in erythrocyte delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALA-D) have been reported after exposure to different pesticides, including organophosphates and paraquat.
The effects of the combined polymorphism of enzymes involved in the detoxification of pesticides (paraoxonase (PON1), benzoylcholinesterase (BChE), and glutathione S-transferase (GSTM1 and GSTT1)) on the level of the target erythrocyte enzymes were also studied as biomarkers of individual susceptibility.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
20020887 Geter DR, Kan HL, Lowe ER, Rick DL, Charles GD, Gollapudi BB, Mattsson JL: Investigations of oxidative stress, antioxidant response, and protein binding in chlorpyrifos exposed rat neuronal PC12 cells. Toxicol Mech Methods. 2008;18(1):17-23.

In addition to its known properties of cholinesterase inhibition, the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) has been suggested as a possible toxic mechanism.
Paraquat served as a positive control for ROS.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
10794404 Satoh T, Hosokawa M: Organophosphates and their impact on the global environment. Neurotoxicology. 2000 Feb-Apr;21(1-2):223-7.

In fact, plasma beta-G activities is a much more sensitive and rapid biomarker than the blood cholinesterase inhibition.
This seems to be influenced by the decrease of the incidences of paraquat having extremely high toxicity.
1(0,0,0,1) Details