Protein Information

Name superoxide dismutase
Synonyms IPO B; Indophenoloxidase B; MNSOD; Manganese superoxide dismutase; Manganese containing superoxide dismutase; Mangano superoxide dismutase; Mn superoxide dismutase; Mn SOD…

Compound Information

Name malathion
CAS diethyl 2-[(dimethoxyphosphinothioyl)thio]butanedioate

Reference List

PubMed Abstract RScore(About this table)
16136482 Rosety M, Rosety-Rodriguez M, Ordonez FJ, Rosety I: Time course variations of antioxidant enzyme activities and histopathology of gilthead seabream gills exposed to malathion. Histol Histopathol. 2005 Oct;20(4):1017-20.

The activity of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase) and histopathological features from exposed gills were assessed.
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15446413 Myshkin VA, Guliaeva IA, Ibatullina RB, Savlukov AI, Enikeev DA, Sergeeva SA: [The influence of the actoprotectors on lipid peroxidation and erythrocyte membranes in rats poisoned with malathion ]. Patol Fiziol Eksp Ter. 2004 Jul-Sep;(3):10-2.

The addition of bemitil and tietasol normalized electric charge and osmotic resistance in red cell membranes, activity of superoxide dismutase, catalase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and content of lipid peroxidation products--ketodienes and TBA-reacting products.
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20194575 Ranjbar A, Ghahremani MH, Sharifzadeh M, Golestani A, Ghazi-Khansari M, Baeeri M, Abdollahi M: Protection by pentoxifylline of malathion-induced toxic stress and mitochondrial damage in rat brain. Hum Exp Toxicol. 2010 Mar 1.

The activity of enzymatic scavengers such as glutathione peroxidase (GPx), catalase (CAT), copper-zinc superoxide dismutase (Cu/ZnSOD), and manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) were measured.
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18752312 Ferrari A, Anguiano L, Lascano C, Sotomayor V, Rosenbaum E, Venturino A: Changes in the antioxidant metabolism in the embryonic development of the common South American toad Bufo arenarum: differential responses to pesticide in early embryos and autonomous-feeding larvae. J Biochem Mol Toxicol. 2008 Jul;22(4):259-67.

Exposure to the pro-oxidant pesticide malathion during 48 h did not significantly affect the activity of antioxidant enzymes in early embryos, but decreased the activities of CAT, GR, and the pool of GSH in larvae.
Superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities were high in the unfertilized eggs, and remained constant during the first stages of development.
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16718366 Olgun S, Misra HP: Pesticides induced oxidative stress in thymocytes. Mol Cell Biochem. 2006 Oct;290(1-2):137-44. Epub 2006 May 23.


The role of oxidative stress in immune cell toxicity caused by the pesticides lindane, malathion and permethrin was investigated in thymic cells from C57BL/6 mice.
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4009736 Imamura T, Gandy J, Hasegawa L: Development of tolerance to a pneumotoxic impurity of malathion. . J Toxicol Environ Health. 1985;15(2):279-91.

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17974266 Zhang YL, Mu W, Chen ZL, Han ZR, Ma C, Zhai RH: [Susceptibility and related physiological and biochemical mechanisms of Carposina niponensis Walsingham larvae on six insecticides before and after overwintering]. Ying Yong Sheng Tai Xue Bao. 2007 Aug;18(8):1913-6.

The study with impregnating method showed that after overwintering, the susceptibility of Carposina niponensis larvae on triazophos, phoxim, chlorpyrifos, malathion, lambda-cyhalothrin and abamectin was 34.50, 16.71, 3.89, 3.28, 5.90 and 2.73 times as much as that before overwintering, the total protein, glycogen and fat contents and carboxylesterase, acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase, glutathione-S-transferase, superoxide dismutase, catalase and peroxidase activities in C. niponensis larvae were decreased by 17.10%, 41.76% and 30.08%, 62.36%, 53.47%, 76.19%, 80.60%, 18.77%, 14.16% and 64.02%, respectively, and the activity of acetylcholinesterase, the target enzyme of many insecticides, was 1.41 times as much as that before overwintering.
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18722984 Rezg R, Mornagui B, El-Fazaa S, Gharbi N: Biochemical evaluation of hepatic damage in subchronic exposure to malathion in rats: effect on superoxide dismutase and catalase activities using native PAGE. C R Biol. 2008 Sep;331(9):655-62. Epub 2008 Jul 3.
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19429256 Franco JL, Posser T, Mattos JJ, Trevisan R, Brocardo PS, Rodrigues AL, Leal RB, Farina M, Marques MR, Bainy AC, Dafre AL: Zinc reverses malathion-induced impairment in antioxidant defenses. Toxicol Lett. 2009 Jun 22;187(3):137-43. Epub 2009 Mar 4.

Malathion produced a significant decrease in hippocampal acetylcholinesterase, as well as a decrease in the activity of several hippocampal antioxidant enzymes: glutathione reductase, glutathione S-transferase, catalase and superoxide dismutase.
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19253631 Buyukguzel E: Evidence of oxidative and antioxidative responses by Galleria mellonella larvae to malathion. J Econ Entomol. 2009 Feb;102(1):152-9.

I therefore investigated the effects of an organophosphorous insecticide, malathion, on superoxide dismutase (SOD) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activities as well as glutathione (GSH) and malondialdehyde (MDA) content as oxidative stress biomarkers in whole body of greater wax moth, Galleria mellonella (L.), larvae.
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12755471 Akhgari M, Abdollahi M, Kebryaeezadeh A, Hosseini R, Sabzevari O: Biochemical evidence for free radical-induced lipid peroxidation as a mechanism for subchronic toxicity of malathion in blood and liver of rats. Hum Exp Toxicol. 2003 Apr;22(4):205-11.

Administration of malathion (100, 316, 1000, 1500 ppm) for 4 weeks increased catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities as well as malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration in red blood cells (RBC) and liver.
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10762730 Ahmed RS, Seth V, Pasha ST, Banerjee BD: Influence of dietary ginger (Zingiber officinales Rosc) on oxidative stress induced by malathion in rats. Food Chem Toxicol. 2000 May;38(5):443-50.

Administration of malathion (20 ppm) for 4 weeks increased the malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in serum, activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) in erythrocytes and glutathione reductase (GR) and glutathione S-transferase (GST) in serum.
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16770738 Fortunato JJ, Feier G, Vitali AM, Petronilho FC, Dal-Pizzol F, Quevedo J: Malathion-induced oxidative stress in rat brain regions. Neurochem Res. 2006 May;31(5):671-8. Epub 2006 May 23.

The increased oxidative stress resulted in an increased in the activity of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT), observed in cortex, striatum in the acute malathion protocol and hippocampus in the chronic malathion protocol.
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11834209 John S, Kale M, Rathore N, Bhatnagar D: Protective effect of vitamin E in dimethoate and malathion induced oxidative stress in rat erythrocytes. J Nutr Biochem. 2001 Sep;12(9):500-504.

The increase in the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) and total-SH content in erythrocytes from dimethoate and/or malathion treated rats as compared to control appears to be a response towards increased oxidative stress.
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16937676 Buyukguzel K: Malathion-induced oxidative stress in a parasitoid wasp: effect on adult emergence, longevity, fecundity, and oxidative and antioxidative response of Pimpla turionellae (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae). J Econ Entomol. 2006 Aug;99(4):1225-34.

A significant increase in total superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity for low concentrations of malathion (0.01-1 ppm) was found compared with the control.
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10414779 Banerjee BD, Seth V, Bhattacharya A, Pasha ST, Chakraborty AK: Biochemical effects of some pesticides on lipid peroxidation and free-radical scavengers. Toxicol Lett. 1999 Jun 30;107(1-3):33-47.

Oxidative stress was studied in blood samples obtained from lindane, malathion and propoxur poisoning cases admitted to the Guru Teg Bahadur Hospital, Delhi and evaluated for lipid peroxidation, oxygen free radical (OFR) scavenging enzymes, and glutathione (GSH) and related enzymes.
The level of thiobarbituric acid reacting substances and activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione-S-transferase and GGT were increased and GSH level was decreased in pesticide poisoning.
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18655177 Durak D, Uzun FG, Kalender S, Ogutcu A, Uzunhisarcikli M, Kalender Y: Malathion-induced oxidative stress in human erythrocytes and the protective effect of vitamins C and E in vitro. Environ Toxicol. 2009 Jun;24(3):235-42.

We examined the effect of several different doses of malathion (25, 75, 200 microM), or malathion in combination with vitamin C (VC; 10 microM) or vitamin E (VE; 30 microM), on the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), and superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities in human erythrocytes in vitro.
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8548864 Pedrajas JR, Peinado J, Lopez-Barea J: Oxidative stress in fish exposed to model xenobiotics. Chem Biol Interact. 1995 Dec 22;98(3):267-82.

Oxidatively modified forms of Cu,Zn-superoxide dismutase as potential biomarkers..
The levels of soluble thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) increased markedly in animals treated with polar xenobiotics, CuCl2 or paraquat; exposure to the apolar xenobiotics, dieldrin or malathion, enhanced significantly the microsomal TBARS while decreasing the microsomal glutathione transferase activity.
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