Protein Information

Name tyrosine hydroxylase
Synonyms Putative tyrosine hydroxylase variant; TH; TH protein; TYH; Truncated tyrosine hydroxylase; Tyrosine 3 hydroxylase; Tyrosine 3 monooxygenase; Tyrosine hydroxylase…

Compound Information

Name maneb
CAS

Reference List

PubMed Abstract RScore(About this table)
12911755 Thiruchelvam M, McCormack A, Richfield EK, Baggs RB, Tank AW, Di Monte DA, Cory-Slechta DA: Age-related irreversible progressive nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurotoxicity in the paraquat and maneb model of the Parkinson's disease phenotype. Eur J Neurosci. 2003 Aug;18(3):589-600.

Numbers of nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons were reduced in all age groups following paraquat alone and paraquat + maneb exposure, but these losses, along with decreases in striatal tyrosine hydroxylase protein levels, were progressive in 18-month-old paraquat and paraquat + maneb groups between 2 weeks and 3 months post-exposure.
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16893418 Saint-Pierre M, Tremblay ME, Sik A, Gross RE, Cicchetti F: Temporal effects of paraquat/maneb on microglial activation and dopamine neuronal loss in older rats. J Neurochem. 2006 Aug;98(3):760-72.

Further, electron microscopy revealed an abnormal appearance of the Golgi apparatus at 4 weeks that was confirmed using double immunostaining for tyrosine hydroxylase and Golgi.
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11124998 Thiruchelvam M, Richfield EK, Baggs RB, Tank AW, Cory-Slechta DA: The nigrostriatal dopaminergic system as a preferential target of repeated exposures to combined paraquat and maneb: implications for Parkinson's disease. J Neurosci. 2000 Dec 15;20(24):9207-14.

Correspondingly, striatal TH protein levels were decreased only by combined PQ + MB 5 d after injection.
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16214209 Li X, Matsumoto K, Murakami Y, Tezuka Y, Wu Y, Kadota S: Neuroprotective effects of Polygonum multiflorum on nigrostriatal dopaminergic degeneration induced by paraquat and maneb in mice. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 2005 Oct;82(2):345-52. Epub 2005 Oct 7.

This combination caused a reduction of spontaneous locomotor activity, motor incoordination, and declines of dopamine level in the striatum and tyrosine hydroxylase-positive neurons in the substantia nigra.
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8870962 Soleo L, Defazio G, Scarselli R, Zefferino R, Livrea P, Foa V: Toxicity of fungicides containing ethylene-bis-dithiocarbamate in serumless dissociated mesencephalic-striatal primary coculture. Arch Toxicol. 1996;70(10):678-82.

Agricultural exposure to the organomanganese fungicide MANEB (manganese-ethylene-bis-dithiocarbamate) may induce an extrapyramidal syndrome resembling parkinsonism.
High affinity 3H-dopamine (DA) and 14C GABA uptakes as well as immunocytochemical staining of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-containing cells were used as specific functional markers of DA and GABA neuron viability.
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16889834 Domico LM, Zeevalk GD, Bernard LP, Cooper KR: Acute neurotoxic effects of mancozeb and maneb in mesencephalic neuronal cultures are associated with mitochondrial dysfunction. Neurotoxicology. 2006 Sep;27(5):816-25. Epub 2006 Jul 22.

Consistent with this, cell viability as well as tyrosine hydroxylase-positive neurons decreased with increasing doses of MZ or MB.
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20188092 Kachroo A, Irizarry MC, Schwarzschild MA: Caffeine protects against combined paraquat and maneb-induced dopaminergic neuron degeneration. Exp Neurol. 2010 Feb 24.

The number of nigral neurons positive for tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivity (TH+) was assessed using stereological methods and found to be significantly reduced (to 60% of control) by combined pesticide treatment.
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10930548 Thiruchelvam M, Brockel BJ, Richfield EK, Baggs RB, Cory-Slechta DA: Potentiated and preferential effects of combined paraquat and maneb on nigrostriatal dopamine systems: environmental risk factors for Parkinson's disease?. Brain Res. 2000 Aug 11;873(2):225-34.

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