Protein Information

Name glutamyl transpeptidase
Synonyms CD224; CD224 antigen; D22S672; D22S732; GGT; GGT 1; GGT1; GGT1 protein…

Compound Information

Name ethoxyquin
CAS 6-ethoxy-1,2-dihydro-2,2,4-trimethylquinoline

Reference List

PubMed Abstract RScore(About this table)
2567622 Griffiths SA, Manson MM: Rat liver gamma glutamyl transpeptidase mRNA differs in the 5' untranslated sequence from the corresponding kidney mRNA. Cancer Lett. 1989 Jul 1;46(1):69-74.

A clone containing the entire protein-coding region of gamma glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) from ethoxyquin- (EQ) treated rat liver has been isolated from a cDNA library.
7(0,0,1,2) Details
2895690 Tsuda H, Moore MA, Asamoto M, Inoue T, Ito N, Satoh K, Ichihara A, Nakamura T, Amelizad Z, Oesch F: Effect of modifying agents on the phenotypic expression of cytochrome P-450, glutathione S-transferase molecular forms, microsomal epoxide hydrolase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase in rat liver preneoplastic lesions. Carcinogenesis. 1988 Apr;9(4):547-54.


The expression of A and P forms of glutathione S-transferase (GST-A and P), two cytochrome P-450 isoenzymes (P-450 PB3a and P-450 MC2), microsomal epoxide hydrolase (mEHb), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) and gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase (gamma-GT) was compared in preneoplastic liver lesions and background parenchyma of F344 rats post-treated with butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), ethoxyquin (EQ) or acetaminophen (AAP).
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8519414 Griffiths SA, Good VM, Gordon LA, Hudson EA, Barrett MC, Munks RJ, Manson MM: Characterization of a promoter for gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase activated in rat liver in response to aflatoxin B1 and ethoxyquin. Mol Carcinog. 1995 Dec;14(4):251-62.
81(1,1,1,1) Details
3120202 Groopman JD, Kensler TW: The use of monoclonal antibody affinity columns for assessing DNA damage and repair following exposure to aflatoxin B1. Pharmacol Ther. 1987;34(2):321-34.

Our work using animal models based on the differential effects of ethoxyquin on the kinetics of aflatoxin-DNA adducts and gamma glutamyl transpeptidase-positive foci formation indicate that the direct linear extrapolation of total adduct content in target tissues to dose may be inappropriate to assign risk to people (or rats).
31(0,1,1,1) Details
3143672 Groopman JD: Do aflatoxin-DNA adduct measurements in humans provide accurate data for cancer risk assessment?. IARC Sci Publ. 1988;(89):55-62.

In addition, using an animal model based on the differential effects of ethoxyquin on the kinetics of AF-DNA adduct and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase-positive foci formation, we have data to support the concept that measurement of the major, rapidly excised AFB-7-guanine (Gua) adduct in tissues and fluids is an appropriate dosimeter for estimating exposure status and risk in individuals consuming this mycotoxin.
6(0,0,1,1) Details
6135514 Imaida K, Fukushima S, Shirai T, Ohtani M, Nakanishi K, Ito N: Promoting activities of butylated hydroxyanisole and butylated hydroxytoluene on 2-stage urinary bladder carcinogenesis and inhibition of gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase-positive foci development in the liver of rats. Carcinogenesis. 1983;4(7):895-9.

The ability of four antioxidants, BHA, BHT, sodium L-ascorbate (ascorbate) and ethoxyquin, to promote the induction of gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase (gamma-GT)-positive foci initiated by diethylnitrosamine (DENA) in the liver of F344 rats was tested.
14(0,0,2,4) Details
2884051 Power CA, Griffiths SA, Simpson JL, Laperche Y, Guellaen G, Manson MM: Induction of gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase mRNA by aflatoxin B1 and ethoxyquin in rat liver. Carcinogenesis. 1987 May;8(5):737-40.
12(0,0,2,2) Details
2861889 Thamavit W, Tatematsu M, Ogiso T, Mera Y, Tsuda H, Ito N: Dose-dependent effects of butylated hydroxyanisole, butylated hydroxytoluene and ethoxyquin in induction of foci of rat liver cells containing the placental form of glutathione S-transferase. Cancer Lett. 1985 Jul;27(3):295-303.

Feeding of the antioxidants commenced 2 weeks after the single dose of DEN used to initiate the lesions. gamma-Glutamyl transpeptidase (gamma-GT) and the placental form of glutathione S-transferase (GST-P) were used for quantitation of altered focal populations.
3(0,0,0,3) Details
2873884 Kensler TW, Egner PA, Davidson NE, Roebuck BD, Pikul A, Groopman JD: Modulation of aflatoxin metabolism, aflatoxin-N7-guanine formation, and hepatic tumorigenesis in rats fed ethoxyquin: role of induction of glutathione S-transferases. Cancer Res. 1986 Aug;46(8):3924-31.

At 4 mo, focal areas of hepatocellular alteration were identified and quantitated by staining sections of liver for gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase.
2(0,0,0,2) Details
6142774 Tsuda H, Sakata T, Masui T, Imaida K, Ito N: Modifying effects of butylated hydroxyanisole, ethoxyquin and acetaminophen on induction of neoplastic lesions in rat liver and kidney initiated by N-ethyl-N-hydroxyethylnitrosamine. Carcinogenesis. 1984 Apr;5(4):525-31.

The number and area of histochemical gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase-positive (gamma-GT+) foci per unit area of liver section in rats given BHA, EQ or AAP were significantly less than in rats given EHEN alone.
2(0,0,0,2) Details
9328168 Manson MM, Ball HW, Barrett MC, Clark HL, Judah DJ, Williamson G, Neal GE: Mechanism of action of dietary chemoprotective agents in rat liver: induction of phase I and II drug metabolizing enzymes and aflatoxin B1 metabolism. Carcinogenesis. 1997 Sep;18(9):1729-38.

Induction of gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase activity was examined by histochemistry.
Of the compounds examined, butylated hydroxytoluene, ethoxyquin, indole-3-carbinol and phenethyl isothiocyanate were the most potent bifunctional agents (inducing both phase I and II activities).
1(0,0,0,1) Details
6150874 Tsuda H, Hasegawa R, Imaida K, Masui T, Moore MA, Ito N: Modifying potential of thirty-one chemicals on the short-term development of gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase-positive foci in diethylnitrosamine-initiated rat liver. Gann. 1984 Oct;75(10):876-83.

In contrast, acetaminophen, ethoxyquin, butylated hydroxyanisole, butylated hydroxytoluene, and ethyl alcohol showed clear inhibitory effects.
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2884050 Manson MM, Green JA, Driver HE: Ethoxyquin alone induces preneoplastic changes in rat kidney whilst preventing induction of such lesions in liver by aflatoxin B1. Carcinogenesis. 1987 May;8(5):723-8.

EQ (0.5% in diet) completely prevented the formation of AFB1-induced preneoplastic liver lesions as judged by morphological alteration, or by markers such as gamma glutamyl transpeptidase, glutathione S-transferase P or J1, an unknown membrane-bound antigen.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
6148834 Tsuda H, Fukushima S, Imaida K, Sakata T, Ito N: Modification of carcinogenesis by antioxidants and other compounds. Acta Pharmacol Toxicol. 1984;55 Suppl 2:125-43.

These results clearly demonstrated that BHA, BHT, EQ and AAP inhibit the development of gamma-GT+ foci, or HN and HCC, whereas BHA, EQ and AAP enhance the appearance of preneoplastic and neoplastic lesions in the kidney, BHA and BHT also enhancing urinary bladder carcinogenesis.
Studies were made on the effects of butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), sodium L-ascorbate (SA), ethoxyquin (EQ) and acetaminophen (AAF) on the induction of neoplastic lesions in the liver, kidney or urinary bladder of rats initiated by N-ethyl-N-hydroxyethylnitrosamine (EHEN), diethylnitrosamine (DEN) or N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl) nitrosamine (BBN).
1(0,0,0,1) Details
4062027 Cheeke PR, Schmitz JA, Lassen ED, Pearson EG: Effects of dietary supplementation with ethoxyquin, magnesium oxide, methionine hydroxy analog, and B vitamins on tansy ragwort (Senecio jacobaea) toxicosis in beef cattle. Am J Vet Res. 1985 Oct;46(10):2179-83.

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