Protein Information

Name lactate dehydrogenase (protein family or complex)
Synonyms LDH; lactate dehydrogenase; lactate dehydrogenases

Compound Information

Name lindane
CAS (1α,2α,3β,4α,5α,6β)-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexachlorocyclohexane

Reference List

PubMed Abstract RScore(About this table)
12959551 De Coen WM, Janssen CR: A multivariate biomarker-based model predicting population-level responses of Daphnia magna. Environ Toxicol Chem. 2003 Sep;22(9):2195-201.

The results of the short-term exposure (48 h-96 h) to eight model toxicants (cadmium, chromium, mercury, tributyl tin, linear alkylsulfonic acid, sodium pentachlorophenolate, lindane, and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid) on the following biomarkers were used for the multivariate model: digestive enzymes (amylase, cellulase, beta-galactosidase, trypsin, and esterase), enzymes of the intermediary metabolism (glycogen phosphorylase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, pyruvate kinase, lactate dehydrogenase, and isocitrate dehydrogenase), cellular energy allocation (CEA) (protein, carbohydrate, and lipid content and electron transport activity), and DNA damage and antioxidative stress activity.
32(0,1,1,2) Details
11222031 De Coen WM, Janssen CR, Segner H: The use of biomarkers in Daphnia magna toxicity testing V. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 2001 Mar;48(3):223-34.

Mercury exposure increased lactate dehydrogenase and isocitrate activity (only after 96 h), while lindane exposure, on the contrary, inhibited the cellular lactate formation and increased the Krebs' cycle activity (only after 48 h).
31(0,1,1,1) Details
9253150 Videla LA, Troncoso P, Arisi AC, Junqueira VB: Dose-dependent effects of acute lindane treatment on Kupffer cell function assessed in the isolated perfused rat liver. Xenobiotica. 1997 Jul;27(7):747-57.

Both the basal rate of O2 consumption and the sinusoidal efflux of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) by the perfused rat liver was enhanced after the administration of 20-60 mg lindane/kg. 2.
6(0,0,1,1) Details
20077184 Piskac-Collier AL, Smith MA: Lindane-induced generation of reactive oxygen species and depletion of glutathione do not result in necrosis in renal distal tubule cells. J Toxicol Environ Health A. 2009;72(19):1160-7.

Necrotic injury was assessed by measuring lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) leakage from the cell after lindane exposure.
6(0,0,1,1) Details
11141352 Junge B, Carrion Y, Bosco C, Galleano M, Puntarulo S, Tapia G, Videla LA: Effects of iron overload and lindane intoxication in relation to oxidative stress, Kupffer cell function, and liver injury in the rat. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2001 Jan 1;170(1):23-8.

Liver sinusoidal lactate dehydrogenase efflux increased by 2.2-fold (basal conditions) and 9.7-fold (carbon infusion) in the lindane-iron treated rats, effects that were diminished by 35 and 78% by GdCl (3) pretreatment, respectively.
6(0,0,1,1) Details
12487730 Garcia-Fernandez AJ, Bayoumi AE, Perez-Pertejo Y, Romero D, Ordonez C, Reguera RM, Balana-Fouce R, Ordonez D: Changes in glutathione-redox balance induced by hexachlorocyclohexane and lindane in CHO-K1 cells. Xenobiotica. 2002 Nov;32(11):1007-16.

Changes in cell membrane integrity were assessed for a wide range of pesticide concentrations with the lactate dehydrogenase release assay and lipid peroxidation.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
9007031 Rosa R, Sanfeliu C, Sunol C, Pomes A, Rodriguez-Farre E, Schousboe A, Frandsen A: The mechanism for hexachlorocyclohexane-induced cytotoxicity and changes in intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis in cultured cerebellar granule neurons is different for the gamma- and delta-isomers. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 1997 Jan;142(1):31-9.

Cytotoxicity was monitored using leakage of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and staining of damaged cells with either trypan blue or propidium iodide.
The delta-isomer of HCH was found to be more potent and active as a cytotoxic agent than the gamma-isomer (lindane) and it was demonstrated that the moderate cytotoxic action of lindane could be ameliorated by dantrolene which on the other hand had no effect on cytotoxicity induced by delta-HCH.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
19818741 Srivastava A, Shivanandappa T: Stereospecificity in the cytotoxic action of hexachlorocyclohexane isomers. Chem Biol Interact. 2010 Jan 5;183(1):34-9. Epub .


HCH lead to apoptotic as well as necrotic cell death as it was marked by increased caspase-3 activity and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) leakage, respectively.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
15025948 Videla LA, Tapia G, Varela P, Cornejo P, Guerrero J, Israel Y, Fernandez V: Effects of acute gamma-hexachlorocyclohexane intoxication in relation to the redox regulation of nuclear factor-kappaB, cytokine gene expression, and liver injury in the rat. Antioxid Redox Signal. 2004 Apr;6(2):471-80.


The relationship between these and hepatic O (2) uptake, glutathione and protein carbonyl levels, and sinusoidal lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) efflux in liver perfusion studies was determined. gamma-Hexachlorocyclohexane increased liver NF-kappaB DNA binding at 14-22 h after treatment, concomitantly with significant glutathione depletion and an increase in the rate of O (2) consumption, the content of protein carbonyls, and the sinusoidal LDH efflux.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
15036745 Olgun S, Gogal RM Jr, Adeshina F, Choudhury H, Misra HP: Pesticide mixtures potentiate the toxicity in murine thymocytes. Toxicology. 2004 Mar 15;196(3):181-95.

C57BL/6 mouse thymocytes were exposed to lindane, malathion, and permethrin, either separately or in mixtures of two pesticides, in vitro.
These pesticide exposures caused both apoptotic and necrotic cell death in thymocytes as evaluated by flow cytometric analysis in combination with 7-aminoactinomycin-D (7-AAD), Annexin-V/propidium iodide (PI) staining assays and lactate dehydrogenase release assays.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
1723596 Philip GH, Reddy PM, Ramamurthi R: Changes in the carbohydrate metabolism in the selected tissues of Mus booduga gray after BHC treatment. Biochem Int. 1991 Aug;24(6):1165-71.


In support of this increase in lactate content and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity was noticed in all the three tissues.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
7503757 Videla LA, Smok G, Troncoso P, Simon KA, Junqueira VB, Fernandez V: Influence of hyperthyroidism on lindane-induced hepatotoxicity in the rat. Biochem Pharmacol. 1995 Nov 9;50(10):1557-65.

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