Protein Information

Name interleukin (protein family or complex)
Synonyms Interleukin; Interleukins; interleukin receptor; interleukin receptors

Compound Information

Name SMA
CAS sodium 2-chloroacetate

Reference List

PubMed Abstract RScore(About this table)
17945537 Ong'echa JM, Remo AM, Kristoff J, Hittner JB, Were T, Ouma C, Otieno RO, Vulule JM, Keller CC, Awandare GA, Perkins DJ: Increased circulating interleukin (IL)-23 in children with malarial anemia: in vivo and in vitro relationship with co-regulatory cytokines IL-12 and IL-10. Clin Immunol. 2008 Feb;126(2):211-21. Epub 2007 Oct 22.

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18781863 Ouma C, Davenport GC, Awandare GA, Keller CC, Were T, Otieno MF, Vulule JM, Martinson J, Ong'echa JM, Ferrell RE, Perkins DJ: Polymorphic variability in the interleukin (IL)-1beta promoter conditions susceptibility to severe malarial anemia and functional changes in IL-1beta production. J Infect Dis. 2008 Oct 15;198(8):1219-26.

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17803855 Chen XH, Zhong NS, Zhang WD, Cao ZZ, He MZ, Luo Q, Ren XL, Li SY, L L: [Budesonide attenuates airway remodeling and modules the expression of Janus protein tyrosine kinase 1, and signal transducers and activators of transcription 6 in asthma: an experiment with mice]. Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi. 2007 Jun 19;87(23):1627-32.


Then bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) was obtained and ELISA was used to measure the contents of interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-13.
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17977791 Bommireddy R, Doetschman T: TGFbeta1 and Treg cells: alliance for tolerance. Trends Mol Med. 2007 Nov;13(11):492-501. Epub 2007 Oct 30.

TGFbeta1 prevents abnormal T-cell activation through the modulation of Ca2+-calcineurin signaling in a Caenorhabditis elegans Sma and Drosophila Mad proteins (SMAD) 3 and SMAD4-independent manner; however, in Treg cells, its effects are mediated, at least in part, through SMAD signaling.
TGFbeta1 also acts as a pro-inflammatory cytokine and induces interleukin (IL)-17-producing pathogenic T-helper cells (Th IL-17 cells) synergistically during an inflammatory response in which IL-6 is produced.
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19413671 Yang YY, Lee KC, Huang YT, Lee FY, Chau GY, Loong CC, Lin HC, Lee SD: Inhibition of hepatic tumour necrosis factor-alpha attenuates the anandamide-induced vasoconstrictive response in cirrhotic rat livers. Liver Int. 2009 May;29(5):678-85.


METHODS: Portal venous pressure (PVP), superior mesenteric arterial blood flow (SMA BF), hepatic TNF-alpha, interleukin (IL-6), protein expression of CB (1) and CB (2) receptor and thromboxane synthase (TXS) were measured in bile duct-ligated (BDL) rats receiving 1-month of vehicle (BDL-V) or thalidomide (BDL-thalido).
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19143945 Efrati S, Berman S, Chachashvili A, Cohen N, Siman-Tov Y, Averbukh Z, Weissgarten J: Rosiglitazone treatment attenuates renal tissue inflammation generated by urinary tract obstruction. Nephrology. 2009 Apr;14(2):189-97.


The animals were killed and their kidneys allocated following 1 h, 24 h or 2 weeks, for pathological examination or for intrarenal transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta, interleukin (IL)-4, IL-6, IL-10 and nitric oxide (NO) assessment by specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays.
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18972133 Ouma C, Davenport GC, Were T, Otieno MF, Hittner JB, Vulule JM, Martinson J, Ong'echa JM, Ferrell RE, Perkins DJ: Haplotypes of IL-10 promoter variants are associated with susceptibility to severe malarial anemia and functional changes in IL-10 production. Hum Genet. 2008 Dec;124(5):515-24. Epub 2008 Oct 30.


Although the patho-physiological basis of SMA remains unclear, dysregulation in inflammatory mediators, such as interleukin (IL)-10, appear to play an important role in determining disease outcomes.
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19862334 Seong GJ, Hong S, Jung SA, Lee JJ, Lim E, Kim SJ, Lee JH: TGF-beta-induced interleukin-6 participates in transdifferentiation of human Tenon's fibroblasts to myofibroblasts. Mol Vis. 2009 Oct 21;15:2123-8.


PURPOSE: To gain a better understanding of the roles of interleukins (ILs) in subconjunctival fibrosis, we investigated their expression in transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1)-stimulated Tenon's fibroblasts and examined their association with the transdifferentiation of fibroblasts to myofibroblasts.
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18641694 Du Q, Chen Z, Zhou LF, Zhang Q, Huang M, Yin KS: Inhibitory effects of astragaloside IV on ovalbumin-induced chronic experimental asthma. Can J Physiol Pharmacol. 2008 Jul;86(7):449-57.


Astragaloside IV treatment resulted in significant reduction of eosinophilic airway inflammation, airway hyperresponsiveness, interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-13 levels in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, and total immunoglobulin E levels in serum.
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18803356 Sato H, Oshima K, Arakawa K, Kobayashi K, Yamazaki H, Suto Y, Takeyoshi I: Direct hemoperfusion with a polymyxin B-immobilized cartridge in intestinal warm ischemia reperfusion. World J Gastroenterol. 2008 Sep 21;14(35):5436-41.


The serum interleukin (IL)-10 levels measured 170 min after reperfusion were also compared.
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19500472 Chang YS, Oh W, Choi SJ, Sung DK, Kim SY, Choi EY, Kang S, Jin HJ, Yang YS, Park WS: Human umbilical cord blood-derived mesenchymal stem cells attenuate hyperoxia-induced lung injury in neonatal rats. Cell Transplant. 2009;18(8):869-86. Epub 2009 Apr 9.


At P14, the harvested lungs were examined for morphometric analyses of alveolarization and TUNEL staining, as well as the myeoloperoxidase activity, the level of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, interleukin (IL)-6, and transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta mRNA, alpha-smooth muscle actin (SMA) protein, and collagen levels.
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19783789 Cooper PR, Poll CT, Barnes PJ, Sturton RG: Involvement of IL-13 in Tobacco Smoke Induced Changes in the Structure and Function of Rat Intrapulmonary Airways. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 2009 Sep 25.


We have investigated the effect tobacco smoke (TS) exposure on the structure and function of small airways in rats, and have also studied the role of interleukin (IL)-13 in this response.
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