Protein Information

Name G proteins
Synonyms G gamma I; Guanine nucleotide binding protein 2; G protein; GNG 2; GNG2; GNGT 2; GNGT2; Guanine nucleotide binding protein gamma 2…

Compound Information

Name sodium fluoride
CAS sodium fluoride (NaF)

Reference List

PubMed Abstract RScore(About this table)
12052780 Pophof B, Van der Goes van Naters W: Activation and inhibition of the transduction process in silkmoth olfactory receptor neurons. Chem Senses. 2002 Jun;27(5):435-43.

In both sexes, the G-protein activator sodium fluoride and 1,2-dioctanoyl-sn-glycerol, a membrane-permeable analog of the protein kinase C activator diacylglycerol, elicited nerve impulse responses similar to those elicited by weak continuous stimulation with odorants.
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8926050 Koller M, Hilger RA, Konig W: Effect of the PAF-receptor antagonist SM-12502 on human platelets. . Inflammation. 1996 Feb;20(1):71-85.

After incubation of human platelet with different concentrations of SM-12502 the cells were subsequently stimulated with either the Ca ionophore A23187, with human thrombin, or with an activator of heterotrimeric G-proteins, sodium fluoride (NaF, in the presence of Al3+).
31(0,1,1,1) Details
8731456 Karege F, Bovier P, Rudolph W, Gaillard JM: Platelet phosphoinositide signaling system: an overstimulated pathway in depression. Biol Psychiatry. 1996 Apr 15;39(8):697-702.

Thrombin (2 units) and 10 mM sodium fluoride (NaF) also induced an increase in 3H-PIP2 metabolites.
This result suggests a possible depression-associated defect in heterologous receptor-G protein interaction.
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11574818 Kim SW, Yeum CH, Kim S, Oh Y, Choi KC, Lee J: Amphotericin B decreases adenylyl cyclase activity and aquaporin-2 expression in rat kidney. J Lab Clin Med. 2001 Oct;138(4):243-9.

The cAMP generation in response to AVP or sodium fluoride was decreased, whereas that to forskolin was not significantly altered.
It is also suggested that the primary impairment in the pathway leading to the activation of AQP channels that are regulated by the AVP/cAMP pathway lies at the level of G proteins.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
15475311 Chuo CP, Liang SM, Sung HH: Signal transduction of the prophenoloxidase activating system of prawn haemocytes triggered by CpG oligodeoxynucleotides. Fish Shellfish Immunol. 2005 Feb;18(2):149-62.

The results show that there was an increase in both intra- and extracellular POT of haemocytes treated with sodium fluoride (a G-protein activator); the addition of phosphokinase A (PKA)-activating 8-bromo-cAMP to haemocytes only increased intracellular POT, and the addition of either phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA; a phosphokinase C (PKC) activator) or caffeine (a phosphodiesterase inhibitor) only increased extracellular POT.
31(0,1,1,1) Details
12466482 Hui EK, Nayak DP: Role of G protein and protein kinase signalling in influenza virus budding in MDCK cells. J Gen Virol. 2002 Dec;83(Pt 12):3055-66.

In this report, we demonstrate that G protein signalling stimulators such as sodium fluoride, aluminium fluoride, compound 48/80 and mastoparan stimulated the budding and release of influenza virus.
9(0,0,1,4) Details
9759922 Facchinetti F, Hack NJ, Balazs R: Calcium influx via ionotropic glutamate receptors causes long lasting inhibition of metabotropic glutamate receptor-coupled phosphoinositide hydrolysis. Neurochem Int. 1998 Sep;33(3):263-70.


Consistent with this observation is that treatments either with KA and NMDA induced an inhibition (about 30%) of NaF-stimulated PI hydrolysis which occurs through the direct activation of G proteins.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
10505332 Shpakov AO, Derkach KV: [The role of sulfhydryl groups in functioning of components of adenylate cyclase signal system in smooth muscles of the mollusk Anodonta cygnea (effect of N-ethylmaleimide and p-chloromercuribenzoic acid)]. Tsitologiia. 1999;41(6):499-505.

The alkylating agent N-ethylameimide and the sulfhydryl group blocker p-chloromercuribenzoic acid (CPMA) inhibited in dose-dependent manner both basal activity of adenylyl cyclase (AC) and its activity stimulated by non-hormonal substances (forskolin, sodium fluoride, guanylilimidodiphosphate) in smooth muscles of the freshwater bivalve mollusk Anodonta cygnea.
The data obtained point to the key role of cysteine SH-groups in regulation of the functional activity of proteins, components of the adenylyl cyclase system--AC and heterotrimeric G-proteins.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
9169417 Abell AN, Segaloff DL: Evidence for the direct involvement of transmembrane region 6 of the lutropin/choriogonadotropin receptor in activating Gs. J Biol Chem. 1997 Jun 6;272(23):14586-91.


Significantly, these data are the first to demonstrate the ability of a transmembrane portion of a G protein-coupled receptor, in the absence of any contributions from an intracellular loop region, to activate a G protein.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
8890832 Anzai T, Yoshikawa T, Baba A, Nishimura H, Shiraki H, Nagami K, Suzuki M, Wainai Y, Ogawa S: Myocardial sympathetic denervation prevents chamber-specific alteration of beta-adrenergic transmembrane signaling in rabbits with heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1996 Nov 1;28(5):1314-22.

The beta-adrenoceptor densities and isoproterenol plus 5'-guanylylimidodiphosphate-, 5'-guanylylimidodiphosphate- and sodium fluoride-stimulated adenylyl cyclase activities were decreased only in the failing left ventricle of the vehicle-pretreated aortic regurgitation group, but in both ventricles of the 6-hydroxydopamine-pretreated aortic regurgitation group.
Local loss of sympathetic nerve endings, and especially the defective neuronal norepinephrine reuptake, are likely to be responsible for the chamber-specific alteration of the beta-adrenoceptor-G protein-adenylyl cyclase system in heart failure in rabbits.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
9075338 Kovacs P, Csaba G, Nakashima S, Nozawa Y: Phospholipase D activity in the Tetrahymena pyriformis GL. Cell Biochem Funct. 1997 Mar;15(1):53-60.

In Tetrahymena pyriformis GL this enzyme activity is enhanced by different kinds of agonists (sodium orthovanadate, sodium fluoride and phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate), and its activity can be inhibited by inhibitors such as pertussis toxin, calphostin C, genistein, trifluoperazine.
These results suggest that the PLD signalling pathway is connected with the tyrosine kinase, phospholipase C, phosphatidylinositol and G-protein coupled signalling pathways.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
9950077 Matsuo S, Kiyomiya K, Kurebe M: Mechanism of toxic action of fluoride in dental fluorosis: whether trimeric G proteins participate in the disturbance of intracellular transport of secretory ameloblast exposed to fluoride. Arch Toxicol. 1998 Dec;72(12):798-806.

In enamel fluorosis model rats treated with sodium fluoride, secretory ameloblasts of incisor tooth germs exhibited disruption of intracellular trafficking.
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8940250 Loweth AC, Williams GT, Scarpello JH, Morgan NG: Heterotrimeric G-proteins are implicated in the regulation of apoptosis in pancreatic beta-cells. Exp Cell Res. 1996 Nov 25;229(1):69-76.

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8927025 Anand-Srivastava MB, McNeill JH, Yang XP: Reversal of defective G-proteins and adenylyl cyclase/cAMP signal transduction in diabetic rats by vanadyl sulphate therapy. Mol Cell Biochem. 1995 Dec 6-20;153(1-2):113-9.

The basal enzyme activity, as well as the stimulatory effects of guanine nucleotides, glucagon, N-Ethylcarboxamideadenosine (NECA), isoproterenol, forskolin and sodium fluoride (NaF) on adenylyl cyclase were significantly increased in STZ-D rat liver as compared to control.
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11294978 Thrane EV, Refsnes M, Thoresen GH, Lag M, Schwarze PE: Fluoride-induced apoptosis in epithelial lung cells involves activation of MAP kinases p38 and possibly JNK. Toxicol Sci. 2001 May;61(1):83-91.

Fluorides are known G-protein activators, but less is known about fluoride effects downstream of G-protein activation.
Sodium fluoride (NaF) induced apoptosis in both cell types but at different concentrations, with the primary cells being more sensitive to NAF: Proliferation of the type 2 cells and A549 cells was inhibited in the presence of NAF: NaF induced a prolonged activation of MAP kinase ERK.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
8736579 Abu-Roumi M, Newman ME, Yanai J: Inositol phosphate formation in mice prenatally exposed to drugs: relation to muscarinic receptors and postreceptor effects. Brain Res Bull. 1996;40(3):183-6.


It is suggested that an increase in G-protein activation and in the second messenger formation accompanies the early drug-induced upregulation of the muscarinic receptors found in our previous studies.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
11679958 Schepke M, Heller J, Paschke S, Thomas J, Wolff M, Neef M, Malago M, Molderings GJ, Spengler U, Sauerbruch T: Contractile hyporesponsiveness of hepatic arteries in humans with cirrhosis: evidence for a receptor-specific mechanism. Hepatology. 2001 Nov;34(5):884-8.


Therefore, we assessed the vascular response of human hepatic arteries after activating the G-protein-dependent signal transduction pathway by stimulation with angiotensin II, the thromboxane A (2) analog U46619, or by G-protein activation with NaF/AlCl (3).
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9917518 Susa M: Heterotrimeric G proteins as fluoride targets in bone (review). Int J Mol Med. 1999 Feb;3(2):115-26.

Such complex can form in food, drinking water and in the organism after administration of sodium fluoride.
4(0,0,0,4) Details
8739246 Kaura D, Takeda N, Sethi R, Wang X, Nagano M, Dhalla NS: Beta-adrenoceptor mediated signal transduction in congestive heart failure in cardiomyopathic (UM-X7.1) hamsters. Mol Cell Biochem. 1996 Apr 12-26;157(1-2):191-6.


In view of the lack of information regarding the status of beta-adrenoceptor mediated signal transduction mechanisms at severe stages of congestive heart failure, the status of beta-adrenoceptors, G-proteins and adenylyl cyclase activities was examined in 220-275 day old cardiomyopathic hamster hearts.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
10072719 Persad S, Elimban V, Siddiqui F, Dhalla NS: Alterations in cardiac membrane beta-adrenoceptors and adenylyl cyclase due to hypochlorous acid. J Mol Cell Cardiol. 1999 Jan;31(1):101-11.


In this study, the effects of HOCI on beta-adrenoceptors, G-proteins and adenylyl cyclase activity were assessed by incubating rat heart membranes with HOCl.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
15779331 Shpakov AO, Korol'kov VI, Plesneva SA, Kuznetsova LA, Pertseva MN: Effects of the C-terminal peptide of the alphaS subunit of the G protein on the regulation of adenylyl cyclase and protein kinase A activities by biogenic amines and glucagon in mollusk and rat muscles. Neurosci Behav Physiol. 2005 Feb;35(2):177-86.

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11108140 Sayeski PP, Ali MS, Bernstein KE: The role of Ca2+ mobilization and heterotrimeric G protein activation in mediating tyrosine phosphorylation signaling patterns in vascular smooth muscle cells. Mol Cell Biochem. 2000 Sep;212(1-2):91-8.

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10555980 Graham DL, Eccleston JF, Chung CW, Lowe PN: Magnesium fluoride-dependent binding of small G proteins to their GTPase-activating proteins. Biochemistry. 1999 Nov 9;38(45):14981-7.


An intramolecular arginine plays a similar role in heterotrimeric G proteins.
4(0,0,0,4) Details
9882708 Ushio-Fukai M, Alexander RW, Akers M, Lyons PR, Lassegue B, Griendling KK: Angiotensin II receptor coupling to phospholipase D is mediated by the betagamma subunits of heterotrimeric G proteins in vascular smooth muscle cells. Mol Pharmacol. 1999 Jan;55(1):142-9.

In intact cells, Ang II activation of PLD was pertussis toxin-insensitive and was not additive with sodium fluoride, a cell-permeant activator of heterotrimeric G proteins, indicating that AT1 receptor-PLD coupling requires pertussis toxin-insensitive heterotrimeric G proteins.
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9357837 Myers BS, Martin JS, Dempsey DT, Parkman HP, Thomas RM, Ryan JP: Acute experimental colitis decreases colonic circular smooth muscle contractility in rats. Am J Physiol. 1997 Oct;273(4 Pt 1):G928-36.


Contractile responses to acetylcholine, increased extracellular potassium, and the G protein activator NaF were determined for circular muscle strips from sham control and colitic rats at days 1, 2, 3, 7, and 14 postenemas.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
16414982 Bogatcheva NV, Wang P, Birukova AA, Verin AD, Garcia JG: Mechanism of fluoride-induced MAP kinase activation in pulmonary artery endothelial cells. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol. 2006 Jun;290(6):L1139-45. Epub 2006 Jan 13.


In this study, we demonstrate that challenge of endothelial cells (EC) with NaF, a recognized G protein activator and protein phosphatase inhibitor, leads to a significant Erk activation, with increased phosphorylation of the well-known Erk substrate caldesmon.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
9365931 Chuprun JK, Rapoport RM: Protein kinase C regulation of ATP-induced phosphoinositide hydrolysis in bovine aorta endothelial cells. J Recept Signal Transduct Res. 1997 Nov;17(6):787-814.

In membranes prepared from these PMA-treated cells, Ca (2+)-, sodium fluoride-, GTP gamma S-, and ATP plus GTP gamma S-stimulated inositol bisphosphate, but not inositol trisphosphate, formation was inhibited.
These results suggest that 1) protein kinase C inhibits ATP-induced phospholipase C activation in BAEC through interference with the coupling of phospholipase C with a G-protein and through an effect on phospholipase C itself, and 2) different mechanisms are responsible for the inhibition by protein kinase C of the phospholipase C-mediated hydrolysis of phosphatidylinositol bisphosphate and phosphatidyl-inositol phosphate.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
10329403 Hodson EA, Ashley CC, Lymn JS: Association of heterotrimeric G-proteins with bovine aortic phospholipase C gamma. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1999 May 10;258(2):425-30.

Here, we show that bovine aortic PLCgamma1 activity is substantially enhanced by both GTPgammaS and sodium fluoride.
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11299208 Thompson LP, Weiner CP: Pregnancy enhances G protein activation and nitric oxide release from uterine arteries. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2001 May;280(5):H2069-75.

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15196683 Borasio PG, Cervellati F, Pavan B, Pareschi MC: "Low" concentrations of sodium fluoride inhibit neurotransmitter release from the guinea-pig superior cervical ganglion. Neurosci Lett. 2004 Jul 1;364(2):86-9.

The role of G proteins and related second messenger system on the modulation of acetylcholine release from [3H] choline-preloaded guinea-pig superior cervical ganglion was investigated using the potent general activator NaF.
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9486243 Persad S, Rupp H, Jindal R, Arneja J, Dhalla NS: Modification of cardiac beta-adrenoceptor mechanisms by H2O2. Am J Physiol. 1998 Feb;274(2 Pt 2):H416-23.


From the role of oxidative stress in cardiac dysfunction, we investigated the effect of H2O2, an activated species of oxygen, on beta-adrenoceptors, G proteins, and adenylyl cyclase activities.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
8638706 Takahashi T, Kojima Y, Tsunoda Y, Beyer LA, Kamijo M, Sima AA, Owyang C: Impaired intracellular signal transduction in gastric smooth muscle of diabetic BB/W rats. Am J Physiol. 1996 Mar;270(3 Pt 1):G411-7.


Similarly, muscle contractions in response to NaF (10 mM), a direct stimulant of G proteins, were also impaired in diabetic BB/W rats.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
9753466 Natochin M, Artemyev NO: A single mutation Asp229 --> Ser confers upon Gs alpha the ability to interact with regulators of G protein signaling. Biochemistry. 1998 Sep 29;37(39):13776-80.

1(0,0,0,1) Details
11562400 Kim SW, Cho SH, Oh BS, Yeum CH, Choi KC, Ahn KY, Lee J: Diminished renal expression of aquaporin water channels in rats with experimental bilateral ureteral obstruction. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2001 Oct;12(10):2019-28.

The protein expression of G (salpha) was decreased in the cortex, outer medulla, and inner medulla, whereas that of adenylyl cyclase VI was decreased in the outer and inner medullae. cAMP generation stimulated by arginine vasopressin was decreased in the cortex, outer medulla, and inner medulla. cAMP generation in response to forskolin was decreased in the outer and inner medullae, whereas that in response to sodium fluoride was decreased in the cortex, outer medulla, and inner medulla.
The primary impairment of AQP channels that are regulated via the arginine vasopressin/cAMP pathway may lie at the level of G proteins and adenylyl cyclase itself.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
8754735 Laglia G, Zeiger MA, Leipricht A, Caturegli P, Levine MA, Kohn LD, Saji M: Increased cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate inhibits G protein-coupled activation of phospholipase C in rat FRTL-5 thyroid cells. Endocrinology. 1996 Aug;137(8):3170-6.

Although levels of immunoreactive Gq alpha and Gq alpha 11 were normal in TG8 cells, sodium fluoride-induced [3H] IP production was also inhibited.
3(0,0,0,3) Details
10608476 Ge C, Garcia R, Anand-Srivastava MB: Altered expression of Gi-protein and adenylyl cyclase activity in hearts from one kidney one clip hypertensive rats: effect of captopril. J Hypertens. 1999 Nov;17(11):1617-26.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether one kidney one clip (1K-1C) hypertensive rats associated with high levels of angiotensin II (Ang II) exhibit enhanced expression and functions of G proteins in the heart and whether the enhanced expression can be attributed to Ang II.
Guanosine 5'-[3'-thio] triphosphate (GTPgammaS), isoproterenol, glucagon, sodium fluoride (NaF) and forskolin (FSK) stimulated adenylyl cyclase activity in hearts from control and hypertensive rats to varying degrees; however, the stimulations were significantly less in hypertensive rats compared with control rats.
3(0,0,0,3) Details
8931111 Kozawa O, Suzuki A, Shinoda J, Oiso Y: Effect of retinoic acid on prostaglandin F2 alpha-induced phospholipase D activity in osteoblast-like cells. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids. 1996 Sep;55(3):151-4.


We previously reported that prostaglandin F2 alpha (PGF2 alpha) activates phosphatidylcholine-hydrolyzing phospholipase D independently from the activation of protein kinase C (PKC) in osteoblast-like MC3T3-E1 cells, and reported that pertussis toxin-sensitive GTP-binding protein (G-protein) is involved in the PGF2 alpha-induced phospholipase D activation.
3(0,0,0,3) Details
8954949 Cao YZ, Reddy PV, Sordillo LM, Hildenbrandt GR, Reddy CC: Evidence for G-protein-dependent and G-protein-independent activation of phospholipase D in lymphocytes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1996 Dec 13;229(2):630-4.

3(0,0,0,3) Details
8769995 Rosenstock M, Danon A, Rimon G: Dual regulation of PLA2 and PGI2 production by G proteins in bovine aortic endothelial cells. Am J Physiol. 1996 Aug;271(2 Pt 1):C555-62.

3(0,0,0,3) Details
15306227 Hashim S, Li Y, Nagakura A, Takeo S, Anand-Srivastava MB: Modulation of G-protein expression and adenylyl cyclase signaling by high glucose in vascular smooth muscle. Cardiovasc Res. 2004 Sep 1;63(4):709-18.

On the other hand, the stimulatory effects of GTPgammaS, glucagon, isoproterenol, FSK and sodium fluoride on adenylyl cyclase were significantly augmented in hyperglycemic cells as compared to control cells, whereas basal adenylyl cyclase activity was significantly lower in hyperglycemic cells as compared to control cells.
3(0,0,0,3) Details
12604622 Gogarten W, Lindeman KS, Hirshman CA, Emala CW: Tumor necrosis factor alpha stimulates adenylyl cyclase activity in human myometrial cells. Biol Reprod. 2003 Mar;68(3):751-7.


The present results suggest that TNFalpha-induced increases in AC activity in human myometrial cells obtained from the lower uterine segment occur at the level of G-protein/AC interaction or at the level of the AC enzyme itself.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
9231714 Blanc EM, Kelly JF, Mark RJ, Waeg G, Mattson MP: 4-Hydroxynonenal, an aldehydic product of lipid peroxidation, impairs signal transduction associated with muscarinic acetylcholine and metabotropic glutamate receptors: possible action on G alpha (q/11). J Neurochem. 1997 Aug;69(2):570-80.


Collectively, our data suggest that HNE plays a role in altering receptor-G protein coupling in neurons under conditions of oxidative stress that may occur both normally, and before cell degeneration and death in pathological settings.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
10946302 Sadeghi MM, Collinge M, Pardi R, Bender JR: Simvastatin modulates cytokine-mediated endothelial cell adhesion molecule induction: involvement of an inhibitory G protein. J Immunol. 2000 Sep 1;165(5):2712-8.


Pertussis toxin mimicked the effect of simvastatin, and the G protein activator NaF inhibited the cytokine-induced expression of endothelial CAMs, indicating that a Gialpha protein is involved.
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10640316 Hattori Y, Matsuda N, Sato A, Watanuki S, Tomioka H, Kawasaki H, Kanno M: Predominant contribution of the G protein-mediated mechanism to NaF-induced vascular contractions in diabetic rats: association with an increased level of G (qalpha) expression. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2000 Feb;292(2):761-8.

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11704544 Wang P, Verin AD, Birukova A, Gilbert-McClain LI, Jacobs K, Garcia JG: Mechanisms of sodium fluoride-induced endothelial cell barrier dysfunction: role of MLC phosphorylation. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol. 2001 Dec;281(6):L1472-83.

NaF, a potent G protein activator and Ser/Thr phosphatase inhibitor, significantly increased albumin permeability and decreased transcellular electrical resistance (TER), indicating endothelial cell (EC) barrier impairment.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
8722703 Satoh Y, Gesase AP, Habara Y, Ono K, Kanno T: Lipid secretory mechanisms in the mammalian harderian gland. . Microsc Res Tech. 1996 Jun 1;34(2):104-10.

These results indicate the involvement of G-proteins linking with muscarinic receptors and Ca2+ dynamics (increase of [Ca2+] c and Ca2+ influx) in lipid secretion by glandular cells and in contraction of myoepithelial cells of mammalian Harderian glands.
A G-protein activator, sodium fluoride, enhances the secretory activity and increase of [Ca2+] c.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
8621516 Toyoshige M, Basi NS, Rebois RV: Chloride effects on Gs subunit dissociation. J Biol Chem. 1996 Apr 12;271(15):8791-5.


We have concluded that AlF4-, a ligand which is capable of activating G proteins, can bind to Gs in solution without causing subunit dissociation.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
9060911 Chang CH, Lin PJ, Chu Y, Lee YS: Impaired endothelium-dependent relaxation after cardiac global ischemia and reperfusion: role of warm blood cardioplegia. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1997 Mar 1;29(3):681-7.

After ischemia and reperfusion, endothelium-dependent relaxation (EDR) is diminished as a result of G-protein dysfunction.
RESULTS: Endothelium-derived relaxation in response to acetylcholine, adenosine diphosphate and sodium fluoride of the coronary rings of group 1 was significantly different from that of groups 2 and 3 but was not significantly different from that of group 4.
2(0,0,0,2) Details
8712682 Ridefelt P, Larsson R, Nygren P, Larsson E, Nilsson K: Modulation of calcium signalling and proliferation in monoblastoid U-937 cells. Anticancer Res. 1996 Jul-Aug;16(4A):1643-50.


The effects of TPA (12-0-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate) and G-protein modulators on the concentration of cytoplasmic Ca2+ ([Ca2+] i), cytoplasmic pH and cell growth were investigated in monoblastoid U-937 cells.
2(0,0,0,2) Details
9374663 Rosenstock M, Danon A, Rimon G: Prostaglandin H synthase: protein synthesis-independent regulation in bovine aortic endothelial cells. Am J Physiol. 1997 Nov;273(5 Pt 1):C1749-55.


The G protein activators 5'-guanylyl imidodiphosphate and guanosine 5'-O-(3-thiotriphosphate) inhibited both resting and NaF-induced PGHS activities.
2(0,0,0,2) Details
20141037 Derkach KV, Shpakov AO, Uspenskaia ZI, Kuznetsova LA: [Inhibition of the adenylyl cyclase signaling system by colchicine and vinblastine in ciliate Dileptus anser]. Tsitologiia. 2009;51(12):1013-8.

The treatment of D. anser with colchicine and vinblastine (10 (-5)-10 (-6) M) weakly influenced basal activity of AC, but caused essential decrease or complete blocking of AC stimulation by non-hormonal (GppNHp, sodium fluoride) and hormonal (aldrenaline, serotonin, glucagon) agents.
As a result of this treatment, a decrease of the basal level of GTP-binding of heterotrimeric G-proteins and inhibition of G-protein stumulation by the hormones were found.
2(0,0,0,2) Details
11900377 Anand-Srivastava MB, Wang R, Liu YY: Alterations in g-protein-linked signal transduction in vascular smooth muscle in diabetes. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2001;498:263-71.

On the other hand, the stimulatory effects of GTPgammaS, isoproterenol, glucagon, forskolin (FSK) and sodium fluoride on adenylyl cyclase were enhanced in STZ-rats.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
16998537 Ge C, Garcia R, Anand-Srivastava MB: Enhanced expression of Gialpha protein and adenylyl cyclase signaling in aortas from 1 kidney 1 clip hypertensive rats. Can J Physiol Pharmacol. 2006 Jul;84(7):739-46.


The expression of G-proteins was determined at protein levels with immunoblotting techniques, using specific antibodies for different isoforms of G-proteins.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
8733583 Weber LP, Chow WL, Abebe W, MacLeod KM: Enhanced contractile responses of arteries from streptozotocin diabetic rats to sodium fluoride. Br J Pharmacol. 1996 May;118(1):115-22.

The purpose of the present investigation was to determine whether contractile responses to sodium fluoride (NaF), which directly stimulates GTP-binding proteins (G-proteins), are also enhanced in diabetic arteries. 2.
82(1,1,1,2) Details
11567778 Refsnes M, Thrane EV, Lag M, Thoresen GH, Schwarze PE: Mechanisms in fluoride-induced interleukin-8 synthesis in human lung epithelial cells. Toxicology. 2001 Oct 15;167(2):145-58.

Sodium fluoride (NaF) has previously been reported to induce a strong IL-8 response in human epithelial lung cells (A549) via mechanisms that seem to involve the activation of G proteins.
82(1,1,1,2) Details
8712527 Dodam JR, Adler KB, Olson NC: Effect of pertussis toxin and B-oligomer on platelet-activating factor-induced generation of inositol phosphates in porcine alveolar macrophages. Am J Vet Res. 1996 Apr;57(4):574-9.


OBJECTIVE: To test the hypothesis that platelet-activating factor (PAF) induces inositol phosphate turnover through a receptor-linked, pertussis toxin-sensitive guanine nucleotide-binding (G) protein-dependent pathway in porcine alveolar macrophages.
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8974037 Bartel S, Karczewski P, Krause EG: G proteins, adenylyl cyclase and related phosphoproteins in the developing rat heart. Mol Cell Biochem. 1996 Oct-Nov;163-164:31-8.

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11388643 Lee J, Yoo KS, Kang DG, Kim SW, Choi KC: Gentamicin decreases the abundance of aquaporin water channels in rat kidney. Jpn J Pharmacol. 2001 Apr;85(4):391-8.

These findings suggest that the primary impairment in the pathway leading to the generation of cAMP lies at the level of G proteins, resulting in a decreased expression of cAMP-mediated AQP channels.
The cAMP generation in response to arginine vasopressin or sodium fluoride was decreased by gentamicin, while that to forskolin was not significantly altered.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
15696247 Joviliano EE, Piccinato CE, Cherri J, Viaro F, Evora PR: Inferior canine hindlimb ischemia and reperfusion impairs femoral artery endothelium-dependent wall relaxation. Vasc Endovascular Surg. 2005 Jan-Feb;39(1):39-46.


The fundamental data of this study were as follows: (1) Ischemia caused by 120 minutes of infrarenal aortic clamping did not cause femoral artery endothelium dysfunction. (2) Ischemia caused by 90 minutes of clamping followed by 60 minutes of reperfusion also did not cause endothelium dysfunction, with an observed tendency to signal transduction impairment (studied by the sodium fluoride dose response curves). (3) Ischemia caused by 120 minutes of clamping followed by 90 minutes of reperfusion caused endothelium dysfunction, observed by the femoral artery impaired capacity of the endothelium-dependent NO release evoked by acetylcholine, adenosine diphosphate, and sodium fluoride.
0(0,0,0,0) Details
11682701 Misurski DA, Hopfner RL, Gopalakrishnan V: Attenuated agonist evoked vasoconstrictor responses in the perfused mesenteric vascular bed of streptozotocin diabetic rats. Exp Biol Med. 2001 Nov;226(10):940-6.

Sodium fluoride (NaF), an activator of guanosine triphosphate binding proteins (G proteins) normalized the responses in the 14-week-old diabetic group.
82(1,1,1,2) Details
10536676 Perrault LP, Bidouard JP, Janiak P, Villeneuve N, Bruneval P, Vilaine JP, Vanhoutte PM: Impairment of G-protein-mediated signal transduction in the porcine coronary endothelium during rejection after heart transplantation. Cardiovasc Res. 1999 Aug 1;43(2):457-70.

Endothelium-dependent relaxations to serotonin and to the alpha 2-adrenergic agonist UK14304 (which both activate receptors coupled to Gi-proteins) and to sodium fluoride (a direct activator of G-proteins) were decreased 30 days after transplantation, while those to the calcium ionophore, A23187, and bradykinin were shifted to the right and those to ADP were normal.
82(1,1,1,2) Details
14754571 Meyer A, Seidler FJ, Slotkin TA: Developmental effects of chlorpyrifos extend beyond neurotoxicity: critical periods for immediate and delayed-onset effects on cardiac and hepatic cell signaling. Environ Health Perspect. 2004 Feb;112(2):170-8.

In addition to basal AC activity, we assessed the responses to direct AC stimulants (forskolin, Mn2+); to isoproterenol and glucagon, which activate signaling through specific membrane receptors; and to sodium fluoride, which activates the G-proteins that couple the receptors to AC.
81(1,1,1,1) Details
8915773 Bourgoin SG, Harbour D, Poubelle PE: Role of protein kinase C alpha, Arf, and cytoplasmic calcium transients in phospholipase D activation by sodium fluoride in osteoblast-like cells. J Bone Miner Res. 1996 Nov;11(11):1655-65.

This stimulation was inhibited by deferoxamine, a chelator of Al3+, suggesting that PLD activation involves fluoride-sensitive G proteins.
2(0,0,0,2) Details
11897687 Castro-Fernandez C, Janovick JA, Brothers SP, Fisher RA, Ji TH, Conn PM: Regulation of RGS3 and RGS10 palmitoylation by GnRH. Endocrinology. 2002 Apr;143(4):1310-7.


Regulators of G protein signaling (RGS) play a pivotal role in cellular signal transduction.
2(0,0,0,2) Details
10022774 Manna PR, Pakarainen P, Rannikko AS, Huhtaniemi IT: Mechanisms of desensitization of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) action in a murine granulosa cell line stably transfected with the human FSH receptor complementary deoxyribonucleic acid. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 1998 Nov 25;146(1-2):163-76.


Prestimulation of the G-protein activity by sodium fluoride (NaF) or cholera toxin (CT), followed by rhFSH challenge, accounted for a decrease in the cAMP-mediated responsiveness, down to 69.4 +/- 2.8 or 74.2 +/- 1.9%, of control (P < 0.001), respectively, indicating that the post-receptor events are critical for desensitization. [125I] iodo-rhFSH binding to the cells did not change significantly during desensitization and the different stimulations.
0(0,0,0,0) Details
16412418 Sayers I, Swan C, Hall IP: The effect of beta2-adrenoceptor agonists on phospholipase C (beta1) signalling in human airway smooth muscle cells. Eur J Pharmacol. 2006 Feb 15;531(1-3):9-12. Epub 2006 Jan 17.


Stimulation of cells (1 microM isoprenaline or salbutamol for 2-48 h or 10 (-9)-10 (-4) M for 24 h) had no effect on PLC-beta1 gene expression. 1 microM beta2-adrenoceptor agonist treatment for 24 h did not alter sodium fluoride Inositol Phosphate (IP) responses, however augmented histamine IP responses (P <0.05).
0(0,0,0,0) Details
8645978 Koller M, Hilger RA, Rihoux JP, Konig W: Cetirizine exerts anti-inflammatory effects on human neutrophils. . Int Arch Allergy Immunol. 1996 May;110(1):52-6.

The inflammatory mediators were analyzed after cellular activation with different stimuli: the Ca ionophore A23187, which bypasses membranous signal transduction elements; the bacterial peptide formyl-methionine-leucyl-phenylalanine (fMLP), which activates cells by binding to a GTP-protein (G-protein)-coupled receptor, and with sodium fluoride (NaF), which directly activates G-proteins.
81(1,1,1,1) Details
8818202 Eto B, Boisset M, Desjeux JF: Sodium fluoride inhibits the antisecretory effect of peptide YY and its analog in rabbit jejunum. Arch Physiol Biochem. 1996;104(2):180-4.

The antisecretory peptide YY (PYY) inhibits jejunal secretion through and inhibitory protein (Gi), whereas sodium fluoride (NaF) is a potent activator of G-proteins.
81(1,1,1,1) Details
8804072 Reddy PL, Bhargava HN: Effect of low pH treatment on opioid peptides binding to their receptors and functional coupling of G-proteins to adenylyl cyclase in the rat spinal cord. Peptides. 1996;17(4):625-8.

Because low pH treatment is known to alter the coupling of G-proteins to brain receptors, and little is known about such an effect in the spinal cord, the present study was undertaken to examine whether preincubation of rat spinal cord membranes at low pH (pH 4.5) alters opioid receptor binding characteristics and sodium fluoride (NaF)-stimulated adenylyl cyclase (AC) activity (as a function of G, mediated). [3H][D-Ala2,MePhe4,Gly-ol] enkephalin (DAMGO) and [3H] ethylketocyclazosine (EKC) were used to label mu- and kappa-opioid receptors, respectively.
32(0,1,1,2) Details
9167640 Ren S, Cockell KA, Fenton JW 2nd, Angel A, Shen GX: G proteins and phospholipase C mediate thrombin-induced generation of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 from vascular smooth muscle cells. J Vasc Res. 1997 Mar-Apr;34(2):82-9.

Sodium fluoride (1 mM) stimulated PAI-1 generation from BASMC.
2(0,0,0,2) Details
12950106 Baxendale RW, Fraser LR: Evidence for multiple distinctly localized adenylyl cyclase isoforms in mammalian spermatozoa. Mol Reprod Dev. 2003 Oct;66(2):181-9.


In addition to a bicarbonate-regulated soluble adenylyl cyclase (sAC), mammalian spermatozoa, like somatic cells, appear to contain receptor/G protein-regulated AC activity that contributes to the modulation of specialized cell processes.
2(0,0,0,2) Details
11740972 Pandey GN, Ren X, Pandey SC, Dwivedi Y, Sharma R, Janicak PG: Hyperactive phosphoinositide signaling pathway in platelets of depressed patients: effect of desipramine treatment. Psychiatry Res. 2001 Dec 15;105(1-2):23-32.


To examine if the PI signaling system is altered in depression, we studied thrombin- and sodium fluoride-stimulated inositol phosphate (1) (IP (1)) formation before and during desipramine (DMI) treatment in platelets of depressed patients and normal control subjects.
0(0,0,0,0) Details
11032978 Emamghoreishi M, Li PP, Schlichter L, Parikh SV, Cooke R, Warsh JJ: Associated disturbances in calcium homeostasis and G protein-mediated cAMP signaling in bipolar I disorder. Biol Psychiatry. 2000 Oct 1;48(7):665-73.

METHODS: To test this hypothesis, the beta-adrenergic agonist, isoproterenol, and the G protein activator, sodium fluoride (NaF), were used to stimulate cAMP production in B lymphoblasts from healthy and BP-I subjects phenotyped on basal intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca (2+)](B)). cAMP was measured by radioimmunoassay and [Ca (2+)](B) by ratiometric fluorometry with fura-2.
34(0,1,1,4) Details
9229295 Perrault LP, Bidouard JP, Janiak P, Villeneuve N, Bruneval P, Vilaine JP, Vanhoutte PM: Time course of coronary endothelial dysfunction in acute untreated rejection after heterotopic heart transplantation. J Heart Lung Transplant. 1997 Jun;16(6):643-57.

Endothelium-dependent relaxations to serotonin and alpha 2-adrenergic agonist UK 14304 (which activate receptors coupled to Gi-proteins) and to sodium fluoride (a direct G-protein activator) deteriorated progressively over time.
32(0,1,1,2) Details
9316442 Mitchell J, Bansal A: Dexamethasone increases G alpha q-11 expression and hormone-stimulated phospholipase C activity in UMR-106-01 cells. Am J Physiol. 1997 Sep;273(3 Pt 1):E528-35.


We examined the effect of glucocorticoids on parathyroid hormone (PTH) activation of two G protein-activated signal transduction pathways, phospholipase C (PLC) and adenylyl cyclase, in osteosarcoma UMR-106-01 cells.
2(0,0,0,2) Details
8632163 Jope RS, Song L, Li PP, Young LT, Kish SJ, Pacheco MA, Warsh JJ: The phosphoinositide signal transduction system is impaired in bipolar affective disorder brain. J Neurochem. 1996 Jun;66(6):2402-9.


G proteins coupled to phospholipase C were concentration-dependently activated by guanosine 5'-O-(3-thiotriphosphate) (GTP gamma S) and by NaF.
2(0,0,0,2) Details
18407521 Sung HH, Chen PH, Liu CL: Initiation of signal transduction of the respiratory burst of prawn haemocytes triggered by CpG oligodeoxynucleotides. Fish Shellfish Immunol. 2008 Jun;24(6):693-700. Epub 2007 Dec 3.

The results showed that the NBT reduction of haemocytes increased after treatment with sodium fluoride (a G-protein activator) and decreased after treatment with GDP-beta-S (a G-protein inhibitor).
32(0,1,1,2) Details
18805511 Assem el-SK, Peh KH, Wan BY, Middleton BJ, Dines J, Marson CM: Effects of a selection of histone deacetylase inhibitors on mast cell activation and airway and colonic smooth muscle contraction. Int Immunopharmacol. 2008 Dec 20;8(13-14):1793-801. Epub 2008 Sep 19.

Contraction of tracheal rings by sodium fluoride (NaF, a non-selective G-protein activator), KCl and a peroxyl radical generator was blocked by MGCD0103.
32(0,1,1,2) Details
12723891 Refsnes M, Schwarze PE, Holme JA, Lag M: Fluoride-induced apoptosis in human epithelial lung cells (A549 cells): role of different G protein-linked signal systems. Hum Exp Toxicol. 2003 Mar;22(3):111-23.

Sodium fluoride (NaF) induced apoptosis in the A549 cells, with a maximum at 5-7.5 mM after 20 hours of exposure.
2(0,0,0,2) Details
10888470 Kovacs P, Csaba G: Fluorimetric analysis of phospholipase activity in Tetrahymena pyriformis GL. Biosci Rep. 1999 Apr;19(2):81-7.


The enzyme activity was completely blocked in vitro and drastically inhibited in vivo by G-protein activating fluorides (NaF; AIF4- and BeF3-).
2(0,0,0,2) Details
19130221 Zulian SE, de Boschero MG, Giusto NM: Insulin action on polyunsaturated phosphatidic acid formation in rat brain: an "in vitro" model with synaptic endings from cerebral cortex and hippocampus. Neurochem Res. 2009 Jul;34(7):1236-48. Epub 2009 Jan 7.


GTP gamma S and NaF appear to be G protein activators related to insulin and the insulin receptor, both affecting the signaling mechanism that augments phosphatidic acid formation.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
8697199 Samii SI, Webb RA: The stimulatory effect of L-glutamate and related agents on inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate production in the cestode Hymenolepis diminuta. Comp Biochem Physiol C Pharmacol Toxicol Endocrinol. 1996 Mar;113(3):409-20.

A role for G-protein (s) was supported by the observations that sodium fluoride stimulated Ins (1,4,5) P3 generation, and the L-glutamate response was potentiated by GTP and GTP-S and was suppressed by GDPS.
32(0,1,1,2) Details
10712398 Perrault LP, Mahlberg F, Breugnot C, Bidouard JP, Villeneuve N, Vilaine JP, Vanhoutte PM: Hypercholesterolemia increases coronary endothelial dysfunction, lipid content, and accelerated atherosclerosis after heart transplantation. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2000 Mar;20(3):728-36.

Endothelium-dependent relaxations to serotonin, to the alpha (2)-adrenergic agonist UK14,304, and to the direct G-protein activator sodium fluoride were decreased significantly in allografted hearts compared with native hearts from both groups.
31(0,1,1,1) Details
9223590 Gando S, Hattori Y, Akaishi Y, Nishihira J, Kanno M: Impaired contractile response to beta adrenoceptor stimulation in diabetic rat hearts: alterations in beta adrenoceptors-G protein-adenylate cyclase system and phospholamban phosphorylation. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1997 Jul;282(1):475-84.

The abilities of isoproterenol, sodium fluoride, 5'-guanylyl imidodiphosphate and forskolin to stimulate adenylate cyclase were preserved well in membranes prepared from diabetic hearts.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
8887958 Hardiman O, Sweeney DJ, Keenan AK: Adenylyl cyclase activity in clonally derived human myoblast cultures: evidence for myoblast heterogeneity. Neuromuscul Disord. 1996 Aug;6(4):283-91.

In control cultures, there was considerable inter-clonal variation in basal, sodium-fluoride and forskolin-stimulated adenylyl cyclase activity.
Pre-treatment of cultures with pertussis toxin indicated that the effects of steroids are mediated in part by modulation of G-protein activity.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
9884076 Pype JL, Mak JC, Dupont LJ, Verleden GM, Barnes PJ: Desensitization of the histamine H1-receptor and transcriptional down-regulation of histamine H1-receptor gene expression in bovine tracheal smooth muscle. Br J Pharmacol. 1998 Dec;125(7):1477-84.

In contrast, the responses to sodium fluoride, a direct G-protein activator, were unalterd by PDBu (100-300 nM) pre-incubation and only slightly reduced following incubation with 1 microM PDBu.
31(0,1,1,1) Details
8926049 Hilger RA, Koller M, Konig W: Inhibition of leukotriene formation and IL-8 release by the paf-receptor antagonist SM-12502. Inflammation. 1996 Feb;20(1):57-70.

After incubation of the cell population with different concentrations of SM-12502 the cells were subsequently stimulated with either the Ca ionophore A23187, the bacterial derived peptide fMLP, or with an activator of heterotrimetric G-proteins, the sodium fluoride (NaF, in the presence of Al3+).
31(0,1,1,1) Details
18508387 Kovacs P, Pallinger E, Csaba G: Effects of sodium fluoride (NaF) on the cilia and microtubular system of Tetrahymena. Cell Biochem Funct. 2008 Sep-Oct;26(5):591-7.

NaF is able to influence the activity of several enzymes and G-proteins, therefore is capable to alter the structure, metabolism, and the dynamics of microtubular system.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
9214448 Hou MC, Cahill PA, Zhang S, Redmond EM, Sitzmann JV: Enhanced G-protein-induced relaxation in portal hypertensive rats: role of nitric oxide. Hepatology. 1997 Jul;26(1):27-33.

Using isolated vascular rings in the absence or presence of an intact endothelium, N (G)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME), and pertussis toxin, dose response relationships for sodium fluoride (NaF; range, 0.1-4 mmol/L), a Gi protein activator, were determined in a cumulative manner.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
9598103 Staub M, Csapo Z, Spasokukotskaja T, Sasvari-Szekely M: Deoxycytidine kinase can be also potentiated by the G-protein activator NaF in cells. Adv Exp Med Biol. 1998;431:425-8.

1(0,0,0,1) Details
10760099 Kim SW, Jeon YS, Lee JU, Kang DG, Kook H, Ahn KY, Kim SZ, Cho KW, Kim NH, Han JS, Choi KC: Diminished adenylate cyclase activity and aquaporin 2 expression in acute renal failure rats. Kidney Int. 2000 Apr;57(4):1643-50.

CONCLUSIONS: The AVP-stimulated adenylate cyclase activity is impaired in ARF, secondary to a defect at the level of the G protein.
Immunohistochemical study also showed a markedly decreased expression of AQP2 in the collecting duct in ARF. cAMP generation in response to arginine vasopressin (AVP) in the kidney was attenuated in ARF, most prominently in the outer medulla. cAMP generation in the outer medulla in response to forskolin was not affected, but sodium fluoride was significantly blunted in ARF.
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