Protein Information

Name catalase
Synonyms CAT; Catalase; Erythrocyte derived growth promoting factor; Carnitine O acetyltransferase; Carnitine acetylase; Carnitine acetyltransferase; CAT; Catalases…

Compound Information

Name sodium fluoride
CAS sodium fluoride (NaF)

Reference List

PubMed Abstract RScore(About this table)
19053867 Sinha M, Manna P, Sil PC: Terminalia arjuna protects mouse hearts against sodium fluoride-induced oxidative stress. J Med Food. 2008 Dec;11(4):733-40.

The activities of various antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione S-transferase), levels of cellular metabolites, reduced glutathione, and oxidized glutathione, levels of lipid peroxidation end products, and protein carbonyl contents were determined in the cardiac tissues of all the experimental animals.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
12220599 Ghosh D, Das Sarkar S, Maiti R, Jana D, Das UB: Testicular toxicity in sodium fluoride treated rats: association with oxidative stress. Reprod Toxicol. 2002 Jul-Aug;16(4):385-90.

Peroxidase and catalase activities in the sperm pellet were decreased significantly in comparison to the control.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
19060940 Kosenko EA, Solomadin IN, Marov NV, Venediktova NI, Pogosian AS, Kaminskii IuG: [Role of glycolysis and antioxidant enzymes in the toxicity of amyloid beta peptide Abeta25-35 to erythrocytes]. Bioorg Khim. 2008 Sep-Oct;34(5):654-60.


The erythrotoxicity of Abeta (25-35) was shown to increase two- to fourfold both in the absence of glucose in the incubation medium and upon the addition of sodium fluoride, an enolase inhibitor.
0(0,0,0,0) Details
14666669 Tokunaga T, Morshed SR, Otsuki S, Takayama F, Satoh T, Hashimoto K, Yasui T, Ogawa S, Kanegae H, Yokote Y, Akahane K, Kashimata M, Satoh K, Sakagami H: Effect of antioxidants, oxidants, metals and saliva on cytotoxicity induction by sodium fluoride. Anticancer Res. 2003 Sep-Oct;23(5A):3719-26.

0(0,0,0,0) Details
9213223 Birnboim HC, Sandhu JK: Levels of DNA strand breaks and superoxide in phorbol ester-treated human granulocytes. J Cell Biochem. 1997 Aug 1;66(2):219-28.


Sodium fluoride (1-10 mM) and staurosporine (2-10 nM) both inhibited O2.- production.
0(0,0,0,0) Details
9223121 Molina H, Garcia M: Enzymatic defenses of the rat heart against lipid peroxidation. Mech Ageing Dev. 1997 Jul;97(1):1-7.

Each of the these enzymes was regulated by feeding rats a low selenium diet either unsupplemented or supplemented with 0.4 parts per million of selenium, with or without the catalase inhibitor, sodium fluoride, in their drinking water.
33(0,1,1,3) Details
15107774 Giachini M, Pierleoni F: [Fluoride toxicity] . Minerva Stomatol. 2004 Apr;53(4):171-7.

Moreover, sodium-fluoride may cause adverse effects on testicular activity (connected to oxidative-stress depending on increased activity of peroxidases and catalases) due to inhibition of 2 androgenesis-regulator enzymes DELTA (5) b-HSD and 17beta-HSD.
31(0,1,1,1) Details
18187247 Jhala DD, Chinoy NJ, Rao MV: Mitigating effects of some antidotes on fluoride and arsenic induced free radical toxicity in mice ovary. Food Chem Toxicol. 2008 Mar;46(3):1138-42. Epub 2007 Nov 23.

The effects of oral administration of sodium fluoride (NaF) and/or arsenic trioxide (As (2) O (3)) (5 mg and 0.5 mg/kg body weight, respectively) for 30 days were investigated on free radical induced toxicity in the mouse ovary.
The combined treatment of NaF and As (2) O (3) impaired significantly (p <0.001) the production of free radical scavengers such as glutathione and ascorbic acid as well as antioxidant enzymes, namely, glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (Cat), thereby increasing ovarian lipid peroxides (LPO) which might have rendered the ovary susceptible to injury.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
17562290 Manna P, Sinha M, Sil PC: A 43 kD protein isolated from the herb Cajanus indicus L attenuates sodium fluoride-induced hepatic and renal disorders in vivo. J Biochem Mol Biol. 2007 May 31;40(3):382-95.

This exposure significantly altered the activities of the antioxidant enzymes like superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), glutathione reductase (GR) and the cellular metabolites such as reduced glutathione (GSH), oxidized glutathione (GSSG), total thiols, lipid peroxidation end products in liver and kidney compared to the normal mice.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
20021092 Das S, Maiti R, Ghosh D: Induction of oxidative stress on reproductive and metabolic organs in sodium fluoride-treated male albino rats: protective effect of testosterone and vitamin e coadministration. Toxicol Mech Methods. 2005;15(4):271-7.

A significant diminution was noted in the activities of catalase and peroxidase, important antioxidant enzymes in testicular tissue, sperm pellet, prostate, and epididymis in sodium fluoride-treated rats at the dose of 20 mg/kg body weight/day (the level noted in drinking water in fluoride intoxicated areas) for 30 days by oral gavage.
7(0,0,1,2) Details
12538343 Chuang SM, Wang IC, Hwua YS, Yang JL: Short-term depletion of catalase suppresses cadmium-elicited c-Jun N-terminal kinase activation and apoptosis: role of protein phosphatases. Carcinogenesis. 2003 Jan;24(1):7-15.

Intriguingly, sodium fluoride or okadaic acid, inhibitors for serine/threonine protein phosphatases (PP), recovered the JNK activity in CL3 cells exposed to Cd plus 3AT; however, the protein tyrosine phosphatases inhibitor sodium orthovanadate did not.
5(0,0,0,5) Details
14635268 Aydin G, Cicek E, Akdogan M, Gokalp O: Histopathological and biochemical changes in lung tissues of rats following administration of fluoride over several generations. J Appl Toxicol. 2003 Nov-Dec;23(6):437-46.

The increased activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and reduced glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and the decreased activity of catalase (CAT) in the lung tissues with 10 mg l (-1) fluoride might indicate activation of the antioxidant defence mechanism.
The possible effects of multigenerational administration of sodium fluoride (NaF) via drinking water on lung tissue morphology and biochemistry and body and lung weight were investigated in second-generation adult male rats.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
18676123 Das J, Ghosh J, Manna P, Sil PC: Taurine provides antioxidant defense against NaF-induced cytotoxicity in murine hepatocytes. Pathophysiology. 2008 Oct;15(3):181-90. Epub 2008 Aug 3.

Sodium fluoride (NaF) was used as the source of fluoride for this particular study.
In addition, the activities of the antioxidant enzymes like superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) were also decreased by toxin treatment at the previous dose.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
18958685 Das SS, Maiti R, Ghosh D: Fluoride-induced immunotoxicity in adult male albino rat: a correlative approach to oxidative stress. J Immunotoxicol. 2006 Jul 1;3(2):49-55.

In the studies reported here, sodium fluoride (NaF) treatment of rats by gavage for 28 days resulted in the induction of oxidative stress and immunotoxicity.
To determine if oxidative stress was among the potential possible causes for the observed induced immunotoxicities, catalase and peroxidase activities along with malondialdehyde (MDA, product of free radical damage to cells) levels in the spleen and peripheral blood packed cells were also measured.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
16828073 Mittal M, Flora SJ: Effects of individual and combined exposure to sodium arsenite and sodium fluoride on tissue oxidative stress, arsenic and fluoride levels in male mice. Chem Biol Interact. 2006 Aug 25;162(2):128-39. Epub 2006 Jun 3.

An increase in the level of liver and kidney thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) along with a concomitant decrease in the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and reduced GSH content were observed in both arsenic and fluoride administered mice.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
16909762 Hzhehots'kyi MP, Konyk UV, Kozak LP, Kovalyshyn VI: [Effect of amaranth oil and intermittent hypoxic training on ultrastructural and metabolic changes in the liver induced by fluorine and low doses of radiation]. Fiziol Zh. 2006;52(3):90-8.


Simultaneously the decrease of TBA-reactive substances accumulation with the considerable increase in activity of the antioxidant enzymes (catalase, glutathione peroxidase) and index of general antioxidant activity have been established.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
9486243 Persad S, Rupp H, Jindal R, Arneja J, Dhalla NS: Modification of cardiac beta-adrenoceptor mechanisms by H2O2. Am J Physiol. 1998 Feb;274(2 Pt 2):H416-23.


Catalase alone or in combination with mannitol was able to significantly decrease the magnitude of alterations due to H2O2.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
15850282 Cicek E, Aydin G, Akdogan M, Okutan H: Effects of chronic ingestion of sodium fluoride on myocardium in a second generation of rats. Hum Exp Toxicol. 2005 Feb;24(2):79-87.

Additionally, the increased activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), catalase (CAT) and thiobarbituric acid-reactive substance (TBARS) levels were observed in the myocardial tissues of rats treated with 10 and 50 mg/L NaF.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
16388101 Birkner E, Grucka-Mamczar E, Zwirska-Korczala K, Zalejska-Fiolka J, Stawiarska-Pieta B, Kasperczyk S, Kasperczyk A: Influence of sodium fluoride and caffeine on the kidney function and free-radical processes in that organ in adult rats. Biol Trace Elem Res. 2006 Jan;109(1):35-48.

Modifications of the enzymatic antioxidative system (superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase) and lipid peroxidation (malondialdehyde) were also observed.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
12189624 Karimov KhIa, Inoiatova FKh, Inoiatov FSh: [Toxic effects of various water pollutants on structural and functional parameters of hepatocytes]. Vopr Med Khim. 2002 Mar-Apr;48(2):174-9.


Activation of catalase especially in male rats was also revealed.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
16769200 Sarkar SD, Maiti R, Ghosh D: Management of fluoride induced testicular disorders by calcium and vitamin-E co-administration in the albino rat. Reprod Toxicol. 2006 Nov;22(4):606-12.

Treatment of rats with sodium fluoride at the dose of 20 mg/kg/day for 28 days resulted in significant diminution of testicular Delta5,3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (HSD) and 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (HSD) activities and low plasma levels of testosterone, follicular stimulating hormone (FSH) and leutinizing hormone (LH).
Furthermore, fluoride treatment was associated with low activities of testicular, prostatic and epididymal catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase along with elevation of malondialdehyde (MDA) and conjugated dienes (CD) in those tissues.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
19635623 Flora SJ, Mittal M, Mishra D: Co-exposure to arsenic and fluoride on oxidative stress, glutathione linked enzymes, biogenic amines and DNA damage in mouse brain. J Neurol Sci. 2009 Oct 15;285(1-2):198-205. Epub 2009 Jul 26.

Male mice were exposed to sodium meta arsenite (50 ppm) and sodium fluoride (50 ppm) individually and in combination for ten weeks.
Combined exposure to these toxicants produced more pronounced effects on AChE, MAO, SOD and catalase activities.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
20306234 Blaszczyk I, Birkner E, Kasperczyk S: Influence of Methionine on Toxicity of Fluoride in the Liver of Rats. Biol Trace Elem Res. 2010 Mar 20.

The aim of the studies conducted has been to determine what influence the administration of methionine during intoxication with sodium fluoride may have upon the selected enzymes of the antioxidative system in rat liver.
The influence of administered NaF and Met was examined by analyzing the activity of the antioxidative enzymes: superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, and glutathione transferase in the liver.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
19425189 Kanbur M, Eraslan G, Silici S, Karabacak M: Effects of sodium fluoride exposure on some biochemical parameters in mice: evaluation of the ameliorative effect of royal jelly applications on these parameters. Food Chem Toxicol. 2009 Jun;47(6):1184-9.

Erythrocyte and liver tissue malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activities were evaluated in the blood and tissue samples obtained.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
17613011 Mittal M, Flora SJ: Vitamin E supplementation protects oxidative stress during arsenic and fluoride antagonism in male mice. Drug Chem Toxicol. 2007;30(3):263-81.

Hepatic catalase activity, on the other hand, increased significantly on exposure to arsenic and fluoride.
We investigated the effects of sodium meta arsenite (50 mg/L in drinking water) and sodium fluoride (50 mg/L in drinking water) individually and in combination.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
17439417 Guney M, Oral B, Demirin H, Karahan N, Mungan T, Delibas N: Protective effects of vitamins C and E against endometrial damage and oxidative stress in fluoride intoxication. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 2007 May-Jun;34(5-6):467-74.


Fluoride administration to control rats significantly increased endometrial malondialdehyde (MDA) but decreased superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and catalase (CAT) activities.
1(0,0,0,1) Details