Protein Information

Name malate dehydrogenase
Synonyms ME3; Malate dehydrogenase; NADP ME; Pyruvic malic carboxylase; Malic enzyme 3; Mitochondrial NADP(+) dependent malic enzyme 3; Malic enzyme 3s; Mitochondrial NADP(+) dependent malic enzyme 3s

Compound Information

Name rotenone
CAS

Reference List

PubMed Abstract RScore(About this table)
16661455 Rustin P, Moreau F, Lance C: Malate Oxidation in Plant Mitochondria via Malic Enzyme and the Cyanide-insensitive Electron Transport Pathway. Plant Physiol. 1980 Sep;66(3):457-462.

In cauliflower, mitochondria malate oxidation via malate dehydrogenase is rotenone- and cyanide-sensitive.
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16662080 Johnson-Flanagan AM, Spencer MS: The Effect of Rotenone on Respiration in Pea Cotyledon Mitochondria. . Plant Physiol. 1981 Dec;68(6):1211-1217.

Rotenone also inhibited the NADH dehydrogenase associated with malate dehydrogenase.
82(1,1,1,2) Details
6460022 Schwitzguebel JP, Palmer JM: Properties of mitochondria as a function of the growth stages of Neurospora crassa. J Bacteriol. 1982 Feb;149(2):612-9.

With malate (plus glutamate) as a substrate, the sensitivity to rotenone and the ADP/O ratios were always lower than those observed with other NAD-linked substrates, suggesting a possible cooperation between malate dehydrogenase and the rotenone-resistant pathway.
81(1,1,1,1) Details
3037203 Massie HR, Kogut KA: Influence of age on mitochondrial enzyme levels in Drosophila. Mech Ageing Dev. 1987 Apr;38(2):119-26.

The enzymes assayed were rotenone-insensitive NADH-cytochrome c reductase, adenylate kinase, succinate cytochrome c reductase, and malate dehydrogenase, located in the outer membrane, inner membrane space, inner membrane and matrix, respectively.
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6625611 Walker GH, Oliver DJ: Changes in the electron transport chain of pea leaf mitochondria metabolizing malate. Arch Biochem Biophys. 1983 Sep;225(2):847-53.

At higher malate concentrations the rotenone-insensitive NADH dehydrogenase was increasingly important and its increased electron transport capacity was best exploited by malate dehydrogenase.
81(1,1,1,1) Details
16663348 Chauveau M, Dizengremel P, Roussaux J: Interaction of Benzylaminopurine with Electron Transport in Plant Mitochondria during Malate Oxidation. Plant Physiol. 1983 Dec;73(4):945-948.

A pH of 7.7 favored the activity of malate dehydrogenase, which is connected with a rotenone-sensitive NADH dehydrogenase, whereas at pH 6.5 malic enzyme, linked to a rotenone-resistant NADH dehydrogenase, was more active.Experimental results indicate the existence of two sites of inhibition for BA.
31(0,1,1,1) Details
19495970 Villa RF, Gorini A, Hoyer S: Effect of Ageing and Ischemia on Enzymatic Activities Linked to Krebs' Cycle, Electron Transfer Chain, Glutamate and Aminoacids Metabolism of Free and Intrasynaptic Mitochondria of Cerebral Cortex. Neurochem Res. 2009 Jun 4.

The maximum rate (V (max)) of the following enzyme activities: citrate synthase, malate dehydrogenase, succinate dehydrogenase for Krebs' cycle; NADH-cytochrome c reductase as total (integrated activity of Complex I-III), rotenone sensitive (Complex I) and cytochrome oxidase (Complex IV) for electron transfer chain; glutamate dehydrogenase, glutamate-oxaloacetate- and glutamate-pyruvate transaminases for glutamate metabolism were assayed in non-synaptic, perikaryal mitochondria and in two populations of intra-synaptic mitochondria, i.e., the light and heavy mitochondrial fraction.
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17551845 Ivanov B, Asada K, Edwards GE: Analysis of donors of electrons to photosystem I and cyclic electron flow by redox kinetics of P700 in chloroplasts of isolated bundle sheath strands of maize. Photosynth Res. 2007 Apr;92(1):65-74. Epub 2007 Jun 6.

Bundle sheath chloroplasts of NADP-malic enzyme (NADP-ME) type C4 species have a high demand for ATP, while being deficient in linear electron flow and oxidation of water by photosystem II (PSII).
The inhibitors of NADPH dehydrogenase (NDH), amytal and rotenone, accelerated the oxidation rate of P700 by far-red light after AL, indicating donation of electrons to the intersystem from stromal donors via NDH.
3(0,0,0,3) Details
22598 Della Corte L, Callingham BA: The influence of adrenalectomy on monoamine oxidase and NADH cytochrome c reductase in the rat heart. J Pharm Pharmacol. 1977 Nov;29(11):657-63.

The effect of adrenalectomy on the activities of monoamine oxidase (MAO), NADH cytochrome c reductase (NCR), succinate dehydrogenase, malate dehydrogenase, fumarase, NAD+ nucleosidase and acid phosphatase in homogenates of rat hearts was examined.
However, both the total and the rotenone-insensitive NCR activities increased, with that of the rotenone-insensitive being about half of the total, which indicated that the effect of adrenalectomy was exerted on components of this enzyme localized on both the inner and outer membranes of the mitochondrion.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
10844979 Obungu VH, Kiaira JK, Olembo NK, Njogu MR: Pathways of glucose catabolism in procyclic Trypanosoma congolense. Indian J Biochem Biophys. 1999 Oct;36(5):305-11.

Studies of respiration on glucose in procyclic Trypanosoma congolense in the presence of rotenone, antimycin, cyanide, salicylhydroxamic acid and malonate have indicated the presence of NADH dehydrogenase, cytochrome b-c1, cytochrome aa3, trypanosome alternate oxidase and NADH fumarate reductase/succinate dehydrogenase pathway that contributes electrons to coenzyme Q of the respiratory chain.
Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, pyruvate dehydrogenase, succinate dehydrogenase, NADP (+)-linked malic enzyme, NADH fumarate reductase, malate dehydrogenase, and alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase and glycerol kinase on the other hand had specific activities greater than 60 nanomoles/min/mg protein.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
6088521 Erecinska M, Wilson DF: Relationship of the intra- and extramitochondrial adenine nucleotide ratios during synthesis of phosphoenolpyruvate using extramitochondrial ATP. J Biol Chem. 1984 Sep 10;259(17):10904-6.

Chem. 258, 10464-10473) that phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase is freely reversible and that, in conjunction with nucleoside diphosphate kinase and malate dehydrogenase, which are also present in the mitochondria, it can be used to measure the intramitochondrial [ATPfree]/[ADPfree].
In this study, synthesis of phosphoenolpyruvate by guinea pig liver mitochondria was studied under conditions for which the only source of GTP was extramitochondrial ATP via adenine nucleotide translocase and nucleoside diphosphate kinase (the mitochondria were treated with rotenone, oligomycin, uncoupler, and fluorocitrate).
1(0,0,0,1) Details
10425713 Obungu VH, Kiaira JK, Njogu RM, Olembo NK: Catabolism of proline by procyclic culture forms of Trypanosoma congolense. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol. 1999 May;123(1):59-65.

Rotenone had no effect on the rate of respiration except when the intact cells were first permeabilized by digitonin after which rotenone decreased the rate of respiration by 20-30%.
Enzymes involved in the catabolism of proline with high activities were: proline dehydrogenase, alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase, succinate dehydrogenase, fumarase, NADP-linked malic enzyme, alanine aminotransferase and malate dehydrogenase.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
7077455 Fioravanti CF: Mitochondrial malate dehydrogenase, decarboxylating ("malic" enzyme) and transhydrogenase activities of adult Hymenolepis microstoma (Cestoda). J Parasitol. 1982 Apr;68(2):213-20.

The electron transport system of this cestode was apparently specific for NADH both in terms of the rotenone-sensitive oxidase and fumarate reductase systems.
2(0,0,0,2) Details
2001241 Rustin P, Lance C: Succinate-driven reverse electron transport in the respiratory chain of plant mitochondria. Biochem J. 1991 Feb 15;274 ( Pt 1):249-55.

The effects of rotenone and adenylates in relation to malate and oxaloacetate metabolism..
Depending on the experimental conditions, malic enzyme (at pH 6.6 or in the presence of added CoA) or malate dehydrogenase (at pH 7.9) were involved in this oxidation.
2(0,0,0,2) Details
753379 Comte J, Gautheron DC: The markers of pig heart mitochondrial sub-fractions. Biochimie. 1978;60(11-12):1298-1305.

II. - On the association of malate dehydrogenase with inner membrane..
High ionic strength treatments by either NaCl-carbonate or 3M KCl have a strong effect, but they also remove cytochrome c oxidase and rotenone-sensitive NADH-cytochrome c reductase, reputed inner membrane intrinsic enzymes, thus strongly damaging the inner membrane.
2(0,0,0,2) Details
16662684 Moreau F, Romani R: Malate Oxidation and Cyanide-Insensitive Respiration in Avocado Mitochondria during the Climacteric Cycle. Plant Physiol. 1982 Nov;70(5):1385-1390.

The capacity for cyanide-insensitive respiration is also considerably enhanced while respiratory control decreases (from 3.3 to 1.7), leading to high state 4 rates.Both malate dehydrogenase and malic enzyme are functional in state 3, but malic enzyme appears to predominate before the addition of ADP and after its depletion.
Cyanide-insensitive malate oxidation can be either coupled to the first phosphorylation site, sensitive to rotenone, or by-pass this site.
2(0,0,0,2) Details
18403382 Hong HT, Nose A, Agarie S, Yoshida T: Malate metabolism in Hoya carnosa mitochondria and its role in photosynthesis during CAM phase III. J Exp Bot. 2008;59(7):1819-27. Epub 2008 Apr 9.


The mitochondria showed high malate dehydrogenase (mMDH) and aspartate amino transferase (mAST), and a significant amount of malic enzyme (mME) activities.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
16663322 Day DA, Neuburger M, Douce R, Wiskich JT: Exogenous NAD Effects on Plant Mitochondria: A Reinvestigation of the Transhydrogenase Hypothesis. Plant Physiol. 1983 Dec;73(4):1024-1027.

Addition of NAD (+) to purified potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) mitochondria respiring alpha-ketoglutarate and malate in the presence of the electron transport inhibitor rotenone, stimulated O (2) uptake.
The extent of external NAD (+) reduction was correlated with the amount of extra mitochondrial malate dehydrogenase present.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
15032834 Hagedorn PH, Flyvbjerg H, Moller IM: Modelling NADH turnover in plant mitochondria. . Physiol Plant. 2004 Mar;120(3):370-385.

It is produced by enzymes in, or associated with, the tricarboxylic acid cycle in the matrix, and it is oxidized by two respiratory chain enzymes in the inner membrane, the rotenone-sensitive complex I and the rotenone-insensitive internal NADH dehydrogenase (ND (in)).
Only the two main NADH-producing enzymes, NAD-malate dehydrogenase [EC 1.1.1.37] (MDH) and NAD-malic enzyme [EC 1.1.1.39] (ME), are considered.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
12950736 Dell'Anna ML, Urbanelli S, Mastrofrancesco A, Camera E, Iacovelli P, Leone G, Manini P, D'Ischia M, Picardo M: Alterations of mitochondria in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of vitiligo patients. Pigment Cell Res. 2003 Oct;16(5):553-9.


Moreover, a marked increase in the expression of mitochondrial malate dehydrogenase activity and a specific sensitivity to electron transport chain complex I inhibitor were observed.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
16416317 Igamberdiev AU, Shen T, Gardestrom P: Function of mitochondria during the transition of barley protoplasts from low light to high light. Planta. 2006 Jun;224(1):196-204. Epub 2006 Jan 17.

Rapid fractionation of protoplasts was used to follow changes in sub-cellular distribution of key metabolites during the light shift and the activation state of chloroplastic NADP-dependent malate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.82) was measured.
Rotenone (an inhibitor of mitochondrial complex I) had similar, but less pronounced effect as oligomycin.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
1734891 Atlante A, Passarella S, Quagliariello E: Pyruvate/malate antiporter in rat liver mitochondria. . Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1992 Jan 31;182(2):931-8.


To gain some insight into the process by which both acetylCoA and NADPH, needed for fatty acid synthesis, are obtained, in the cytosol, from the effluxed intramitochondrial citrate, via citrate lyase and malate dehydrogenase plus malic enzyme respectively, the capability of externally added pyruvate to cause efflux of malate from rat liver mitochondria was tested.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
1634944 Carvalho PA, Chiu ML, Kronauge JF, Kawamura M, Jones AG, Holman BL, Piwnica-Worms D: Subcellular distribution and analysis of technetium-99m-MIBI in isolated perfused rat hearts. J Nucl Med. 1992 Aug;33(8):1516-22.

To address the apparent discrepancy between cultured cells and whole heart preparations, Langendorff-perfused rat hearts loaded with hexakis (2-methoxyisobutyl isonitrile) technetium (I) (99mTc-MIBI) were fractionated by a standard differential centrifugation method and fractional contents of 99mTc-MIBI were correlated with the mitochondrial marker, malate dehydrogenase (MDH), and mitochondrial substrates.
Addition of the mitochondrial uncoupler CCCP (5 microM) to both "mitochondrial" and "cell fragment" pellets released up to 84% +/- 8% of 99mTc-MIBI content and addition of the mitochondrial substrate succinate (10 microM) in the presence of rotenone (1 microM) enhanced 99mTc-MIBI content by up to 139% +/- 52% over the control.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
6819864 Palmer JM, Schwitzguebel JP, Moller IM: Regulation of malate oxidation in plant mitochondria. Biochem J. 1982 Dec 15;208(3):703-11.

Exogenous NAD+ stimulated the rotenone-resistant oxidation of all the NAD+-linked tricarboxylic acid-cycle substrates in mitochondria from Jerusalem artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus L.) tubers.
Added NAD+ stimulated the activity of malic enzyme and displaced the equilibrium of malate dehydrogenase; both observations are consistent with entry of NAD+ into the matrix space.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
19670830 Mali Y, Zisapel N: A novel decoy that interrupts G93A-superoxide dismutase gain of interaction with malate dehydrogenase improves survival in an amyotrophic lateral sclerosis cell model. J Med Chem. 2009 Sep 10;52(17):5442-8.

A cell permeable 5-carboxytetramethylrhodamine derivative of the decoy peptide improved ATP content of motor neuron derived NSC-34 cells expressing G93AhSOD1 and enhanced cell survival under rotenone and low glucose challenges.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
1176438 Hillar M, Lott V, Lennox B: Correlation of the effects of citric acid cycle metabolites on succinate oxidation by rat liver mitochondria and submitochondrial particles. J Bioenerg. 1975 Mar;7(1):1-16.

Stimulation by alpha-ketoglutarate and glutamate is not influenced by the presence of rotenone. 4.
Pyruvate supplies in mitochondria reducing equivalents for malate dehydrogenase operating in the reverse direction-reduction of oxaloacetate to malate. 5.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
4005310 Sanchez-Jimenez F, Martinez P, Nunez de Castro I, Olavarria JS: The function of redox shuttles during aerobic glycolysis in two strains of Ehrlich ascites tumor cells. Biochimie. 1985 Feb;67(2):259-64.

The glycerophosphate shuttle can be ruled out because of the lack of relevant enzymatic activities, and the failure of glucose to increase rotenone-inhibited respiration.
Estimation of citrate synthase and ATP citrate lyase, in addition to the observed high activity of malate dehydrogenase, suggests a malate-citrate shuttle.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
12226375 Moller IM, Roberts TH, Rasmusson AG: Ubiquinone-1 Induces External Deamino-NADH Oxidation in Potato Tuber Mitochondria. Plant Physiol. 1996 Sep;112(1):75-78.


We conclude that UQ-1-induced external deamino-NADH oxidation is due to a change in specificity of the external rotenone-insensitive NADH dehydrogenase.
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