Protein Information

Name hexokinase
Synonyms Brain form hexokinase; HK1; Glycolytic enzyme; HK I; HK1 sa; HK1 sb; HK1 ta; HK1 tb…

Compound Information

Name rotenone
CAS

Reference List

PubMed Abstract RScore(About this table)
8615647 Pulselli R, Amadio L, Fanciulli M, Floridi A: Effect of lonidamine on the mitochondrial potential in situ in Ehrlich ascites tumor cells. Anticancer Res. 1996 Jan-Feb;16(1):419-23.

The build-up of membrane potential in rotenone-treated cells was due to glycolytically-generated ATP because the response to glucose was abolished by LND which inhibited the glycolysis of neoplastic cells by affecting the mitochondria bound hexokinase.
81(1,1,1,1) Details
15794752 Falchi AM, Isola R, Diana A, Putzolu M, Diaz G: Characterization of depolarization and repolarization phases of mitochondrial membrane potential fluctuations induced by tetramethylrhodamine methyl ester photoactivation. FEBS J. 2005 Apr;272(7):1649-59.

The frequency of R phases was significantly inhibited by oligomycin and aurovertin (mitochondrial ATP synthase inhibitors), rotenone (mitochondrial complex I inhibitor) and iodoacetic acid (inhibitor of the glycolytic enzyme glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase).
81(1,1,1,1) Details
6087900 Doussiere J, Ligeti E, Brandolin G, Vignais PV: Control of oxidative phosphorylation in rat heart mitochondria. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1984 Aug 31;766(2):492-500.

As shown by carboxyatractyloside titration curves under different conditions, the relative importance of the adenine nucleotide carrier depends on the mode of regeneration (F1-ATPase or glucose plus hexokinase) of ADP from ATP exported outside mitochondria, on the total concentration of adenine nucleotides present in the medium and on the mode of limitation of the rate of respiration (cyanide, rotenone, oligomycin or mersalyl).
31(0,1,1,1) Details
3191526 Sandri G, Siagri M, Panfili E: Influence of Ca2+ on the isolation from rat brain mitochondria of a fraction enriched of boundary membrane contact sites. Cell Calcium. 1988 Aug;9(4):159-65.

Three fractions were obtained by this technique, which were identified by measuring the relative specific activities of marker enzymes, namely succinate-cytochrome c reductase; NADH-cytochrome c reductase (rotenone insensitive); hexokinase and glutathione transferase, for the inner and outer membranes and contact sites, respectively.
9(0,0,1,4) Details
2457393 Kottke M, Adam V, Riesinger I, Bremm G, Bosch W, Brdiczka D, Sandri G, Panfili E: Mitochondrial boundary membrane contact sites in brain: points of hexokinase and creatine kinase location, and control of Ca2+ transport. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1988 Aug 17;935(1):87-102.

The fraction was composed of inner and outer limiting membrane components as shown by the specific marker enzymes, succinate dehydrogenase and NADH-cytochrome-c-oxidase (rotenone insensitive).
5(0,0,0,5) Details
7061429 Jacobus WE, Moreadith RW, Vandegaer KM: Mitochondrial respiratory control. J Biol Chem. 1982 Mar 10;257(5):2397-402.

In the first, intact rat liver mitochondria were incubated in oxygraph medium containing 5 mM succinate (+rotenone), 1.0 mM ATP, 20 mM glucose, pH 7.2, at 37 degrees C.
Yeast hexokinase (0.02 to 1.0 IU) was added to establish steady state rates of respiration.
4(0,0,0,4) Details
8836555 Erecinska M, Nelson D, Deas J, Silver IA: Limitation of glycolysis by hexokinase in rat brain synaptosomes during intense ion pumping. Brain Res. 1996 Jul 8;726(1-2):153-9.

Incubation of rat brain synaptosomes under conditions of either increased energy utilization (addition of Na+ channel opener, veratridine, or ionophores, monensin and nigericin) or inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation (addition of rotenone), or a combination thereof, decreased [ATP], increased [ADP] and stimulated glycolysis.
3(0,0,0,3) Details
1175605 Gosalvez M, Lopez-Alarcon L, Garcia-Suarez S, Montalvo A, Weinhouse S: Stimulation of tumor-cell respiration by inhibitors of pyruvate kinase. . Eur J Biochem. 1975 Jun 16;55(1):315-21.


In a model system consisting of highly coupled rat liver mitochondria respiring in the presence of substrate, pyruvate kinase, phosphoenolpyruvate, ATP, hexokinase and glucose, the increase in the mitochondrial concentration results in a progressive decrease in the activity of pyruvate kinase.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
4309533 Craven PA, Goldblatt PJ, Basford RE: Brain hexokinase. Biochemistry. 1969 Sep;8(9):3525-32.

1(0,0,0,1) Details
15240412 Gille G, Hung ST, Reichmann H, Rausch WD: Oxidative stress to dopaminergic neurons as models of Parkinson's disease. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2004 Jun;1018:533-40.

The effects of exogenous toxins (MPP (+), rotenone) and potentially neurotoxic properties of levodopa (L-DOPA) on the survival rate of dopaminergic neurons in dissociated primary culture are presented.
Moreover, a preserving potential of the antioxidant and bioenergetic coenzyme Q (10) (CoQ (10)) on the activities of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), complexes I and II of the respiratory chain, and hexokinase activity in striatal slice cultures against MPP (+) is demonstrated.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
12062197 Agani FH, Pichiule P, Carlos Chavez J, LaManna JC: Inhibitors of mitochondrial complex I attenuate the accumulation of hypoxia-inducible factor-1 during hypoxia in Hep3B cells. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol. 2002 May;132(1):107-9.

Hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1) is a heterodimeric transcription factor that regulates transcriptional activation of several genes that are responsive to oxygen lack, including erythropoietin, vascular endothelial growth factor, various glycolytic enzymes and the GLUT-1 glucose transporter.
Because mitochondria have been postulated to be involved in the regulation of HIF-1, we tested the effects of mitochondrial electron transport chain complex I inhibitors, rotenone and 1-methyl-4-phenylpiridinium (MPP (+)), on hypoxic-induced accumulation of HIF-1 alpha, the regulated component of the dimer.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
11205140 Waldmeier PC, Boulton AA, Cools AR, Kato AC, Tatton WG: Neurorescuing effects of the GAPDH ligand CGP 3466B. J Neural Transm Suppl. 2000;(60):197-214.

It was shown to bind to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, a glycolytic enzyme with multiple other functions including an involvement in apoptosis, and shows neurorescuing properties qualitatively similar to, but about 100-fold more potent than those of (-)-deprenyl in several in vitro and in vivo paradigms.
In concentrations ranging from 10 (-13)-10 (-5) M, it rescues partially differentiated PC12 cells from apoptosis induced by trophic withdrawal, cerebellar granule cells from apoptosis induced by cytosine arabinoside, rat embryonic mesencephalic dopaminergic cells from death caused by MPP+, and PAJU human neuroblastoma cells from death caused by rotenone.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
6245185 Scholte HR, Busch HF: Early changes of muscle mitochondria in Duchenne dystrophy. J Neurol Sci. 1980 Mar;45(2-3):217-34.

In mitochondrial fractions from Duchenne patients the recoveries of the following enzymes are decreased: glutamate dehydrogenase (from 25 to 9%), creatine kinase (1.1-0.66%), adenylate kinase (0.44-0.22%), hexokinase (7.1-2.7%), monoamine oxidase (36-21%), RINCR (30-17%), and palmitoyl-CoA synthetase (40-21%).
Muscles from boys and adults without neuromuscular disease were treated likewise. (2) In adults, muscle possesses a significantly higher specific activity (on protein basis) of monoamine oxidase and rotenone-insenitive NADH-cytochrome c reductase (RINCR) than in boys.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
19445904 Huang J, Hao L, Xiong N, Cao X, Liang Z, Sun S, Wang T: Involvement of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase in rotenone-induced cell apoptosis: relevance to protein misfolding and aggregation. Brain Res. 2009 Jul 7;1279:1-8. Epub 2009 May 13.

Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), a classical glycolytic enzyme, is responsible for carbohydrate metabolism under normal circumstances.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
18948270 Yang JH, Yang L, Qu Z, Weiss JN: Glycolytic oscillations in isolated rabbit ventricular myocytes. . J Biol Chem. 2008 Dec 26;283(52):36321-7. Epub 2008 Oct 23.

Previous studies have shown that glycolysis can oscillate periodically, driven by feedback loops in regulation of key glycolytic enzymes by free ADP and other metabolites.
Action potential duration oscillations originate primarily from glycolysis, since they 1) occur in the presence of cyanide or rotenone, 2) are suppressed by iodoacetate, 3) are accompanied by at most very small mitochondrial membrane potential oscillations, and 4) exhibit an anti-phase relationship to NADH fluorescence.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
16660081 Peavey DG, Steup M, Gibbs M: Characterization of Starch Breakdown in the Intact Spinach Chloroplast. Plant Physiol. 1977 Aug;60(2):305-308.

Starch breakdown was unaffected by the uncoupler (trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone), electron transport inhibitors (rotenone, cyanide, salicylhydroxamic acid), or anaerobiosis.
Hexokinase and the dehydrogenases of glucose 6-phosphate and gluconate 6-phosphate were detected in the chloroplast preparations.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
952975 Kuster U, Bohnensack R, Kunz W: Control of oxidative phosphorylation by the extra-mitochondrial ATP/ADP ratio. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1976 Aug 13;440(2):391-402.


It is demonstrated that any stationary state between the two limit states of maximum activity (state 3) and of resting activity (state 4) can be obtained by a hexokinase-glucose trap as an ADP-regenerating system.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
1116996 Taylor SI, Mukherjee C, Jungas RL: Regulation of pyruvate dehydrogenase in isolated rat liver mitochondria. J Biol Chem. 1975 Mar 25;250(6):2028-35.

When mitochondria were incubated in State 4 with succinate and rotenone, the addition of pyruvate increased PDHa activity more than 10-fold without appreciably altering the mitochondrial ATP:ADP ratio.
PDHa activity could be maintained at a high level by incubating mitochondria in a condition resembling State 3 by the addition of succinate, glucose, and hexokinase.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
19923925 Yang D, Wang MT, Tang Y, Chen Y, Jiang H, Jones TT, Rao K, Brewer GJ, Singh KK, Nie D: Impairment of mitochondrial respiration in mouse fibroblasts by oncogenic H-RAS (Q61L). Cancer Biol Ther. 2010 Feb 21;9(2).

Increased expression of glycolytic enzymes is considered as one contributing factor.
Second, oligomycin or rotenone did not reduce the cellular ATP levels in the H-Ras (Q61L) transformed cells, suggesting a diminished role of mitochondrial respiration in the cellular energy metabolism.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
6317750 Kiyotaki C, Peisach J, Bloom BR: Oxygen metabolism in cloned macrophage cell lines: glucose dependence of superoxide production, metabolic and spectral analysis. J Immunol. 1984 Feb;132(2):857-66.


O2- production in J774.16 cells was inhibited by some agents known to block mitochondrial electron transport before coenzyme Q, such as rotenone and tetrathiafulvalene, whereas antimycin A enhanced O2- production.
0(0,0,0,0) Details
1531411 Dagani F, Ferrari R, Tosca P, Canevari L: Effects of calcium antagonists on glycolysis of rat brain synaptosomes. Biochem Pharmacol. 1992 Jan 22;43(2):371-4.


The effects of calcium antagonists nimodipine, nicardipine and flunarizine on lactate production and specific activities of some enzymes regulating glycolytic flux have been evaluated in synaptosomes isolated from rat whole brain and submitted to in vitro chemical hypoxia induced by rotenone, an inhibitor of mitochondrial respiration.
0(0,0,0,0) Details
176149 Batenburg JJ, Olson MS: Regulation of pyruvate dehydrogenase by fatty acid in isolated rat liver mitochondria. J Biol Chem. 1976 Mar 10;251(5):1364-70.


Addition of fatty acid caused an inactivation of pyruvate dehydrogenase in mitochondria incubated under State 3 conditions (glucose plus hexokinase), in uncoupled, oligomycin-treated mitochondria, and in rotenone-menadione-treated mitochondria, but not in uncoupled mitochondria or in mitochondria incubated under State 4 conditions.
0(0,0,0,0) Details
8158142 Veuthey AL, Tsacopoulos M, Millan de Ruiz L, Perrottet P: Cellular and subcellular localization of hexokinase, glutamate dehydrogenase, and alanine aminotransferase in the honeybee drone retina. J Neurochem. 1994 May;62(5):1939-46.

The distribution of enzymatic markers of mitochondria (succinate dehydrogenase, rotenone-insensitive cytochrome c reductase, and adenylate kinase) indicated that the outer mitochondrial membrane was partly damaged, but their distributions were different from that of hexokinase.
85(1,1,1,5) Details