Protein Information

Name diaphorase
Synonyms Diaphorase; DHQU; DIA 4; DIA4; DT diaphorase; DTD; Diaphorase (NADH/NADPH); Diaphorase (NADH/NADPH) (cytochrome b 5 reductase)…

Compound Information

Name rotenone
CAS

Reference List

PubMed Abstract RScore(About this table)
609151 Tsuda S, Urakawa N, Fukami J: The inhibitory effect of papaverine on respiration-dependent contracture of guinea pig taenia coli in high-K medium. Jpn J Pharmacol. 1977 Dec;27(6):855-63.

The differential effect of papaverine and rotenone on DT diaphorase..
13(0,0,2,3) Details
1777518 Kolesova GM, Karnaukhova LV, Iaguzhinskii LS: [Interaction of menadione and duroquinone with Q-cycle during DT-diaphorase function]. Biokhimiia. 1991 Oct;56(10):1779-86.

7(0,0,0,7) Details
6094566 Moreno SN, Mason RP, Docampo R: Ca2+ and Mg2+-enhanced reduction of arsenazo III to its anion free radical metabolite and generation of superoxide anion by an outer mitochondrial membrane azoreductase. J Biol Chem. 1984 Dec 10;259(23):14609-16.

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2421769 Malviya AN, Mandel P, Mersel M: The nature of DT-diaphorase (EC 1.6.99.2) activity in plasma membrane of astrocytes in primary cultures. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1986 Apr 24;849(2):288-92.

3(0,0,0,3) Details
19096101 Takahashi T, Okuno M, Okamoto T, Kishi T: NADPH-dependent coenzyme Q reductase is the main enzyme responsible for the reduction of non-mitochondrial CoQ in cells. Biofactors. 2008;32(1-4):59-70.


We purified an NADPH-dependent coenzyme Q reductase (NADPH-CoQ reductase) in rat liver cytosol and compared its enzymatic properties with those of the other CoQ10 reductases such as NADPH: quinone acceptor oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1), lipoamide dehydrogenase, thioredoxine reductase and glutathione reductase.
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8882715 Takahashi T, Okamoto T, Kishi T: Characterization of NADPH-dependent ubiquinone reductase activity in rat liver cytosol: effect of various factors on ubiquinone-reducing activity and discrimination from other quinone reductases. J Biochem. 1996 Feb;119(2):256-63.

Rotenone, malonic acid, antimycin A, and KCN, which inhibit mitochondrial and microsomal electron transfer enzymes, superoxide dismutase, and acetylated cytochrome c had no effect on the NADPH-UQ reductase activity.
These results indicated that the NADPH-UQ reductase in rat liver cytosol is a flavoprotein that reduces UQ-10 by a two-electron reduction mechanism and is distinguishable from known microsomal and mitochondrial enzymes, as well as DT-diaphorase [EC 1.6.99.2].
1(0,0,0,1) Details
20227863 He M, Siow RC, Sugden D, Gao L, Cheng X, Mann GE: Induction of HO-1 and redox signaling in endothelial cells by advanced glycation end products: A role for Nrf2 in vascular protection in diabetes. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2010 Mar 12.

We have investigated the mechanisms by which AGE-modified bovine albumin (AGE-BSA) induces reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, leading to nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor (Nrf2) dependent induction of the antioxidant genes heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) and NADPH:quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) in bovine aortic endothelial cells.
Inhibition of ROS production with the superoxide scavenger Tiron or inhibitors of flavoproteins (diphenylene iodonium) and NADPH oxidase (apocynin), but not eNOS (l-NAME) or mitochondria complex I (rotenone) abrogated HO-1 induction by AGE-BSA.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
17360324 Liu Y, Kern JT, Walker JR, Johnson JA, Schultz PG, Luesch H: A genomic screen for activators of the antioxidant response element. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2007 Mar 20;104(12):5205-10. Epub 2007 Mar 12.

Overexpression of SQSTM1 and DPP3 in IMR-32 cells stimulated NF-E2-related factor 2 (NRF2) nuclear translocation and led to increased levels of NAD (P) H:quinone oxidoreductase 1, a protein which is transcriptionally regulated by the ARE.
Overexpression of these cDNAs conferred partial resistance to hydrogen peroxide or rotenone-induced toxicity, consistent with the induction of antioxidant and phase II detoxification enzymes, which can protect from oxidative stress.
2(0,0,0,2) Details
1002973 Benkoel L, Chamlian A, Barrat E, Laffargue P: The use of ferricyanide for the electron microscopic demonstration of dehydrogenases in human steroidogenic cells. J Histochem Cytochem. 1976 Nov;24(11):1194-203.

The precise localization of various reactions in different electron transfer chains was determined by using different ferricyanide concentrations and intermediate electron-carriers such as menadione or exogenous nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide and reduced form-diaphorase.
The use of respiratory chain inhibitors such as rotenone or antimycine A confirmed these data.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
15170383 Elanskaya IV, Timofeev KN, Grivennikova VG, Kuznetsova GV, Davletshina LN, Lukashev EP, Yaminsky FV: Reduction of photosystem I reaction center in DrgA mutant of the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. Biochemistry. 2004 Apr;69(4):445-54.

PCC 6803 lacking soluble NAD (P) H:quinone oxidoreductase..
PCC 6803 cells to oxidize glucose under heterotrophic conditions and did not impair the NDH-1-dependent, rotenone-inhibited electron transfer from NADPH to P700+ in thylakoid membranes of the cyanobacterium.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
12950443 He Y, Imam SZ, Dong Z, Jankovic J, Ali SF, Appel SH, Le W: Role of nitric oxide in rotenone-induced nigro-striatal injury. J Neurochem. 2003 Sep;86(6):1338-45.

Furthermore, a significant (37%) increase in the number of cells positive for nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate diaphorase (NADPH-d) in the striatum was observed, accompanied by a 83% increase in nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activity and a significant increase in the production of 3-nitrotyrosine (3-NT).
1(0,0,0,1) Details
15893762 Shneyvays V, Leshem D, Shmist Y, Zinman T, Shainberg A: Effects of menadione and its derivative on cultured cardiomyocytes with mitochondrial disorders. J Mol Cell Cardiol. 2005 Jul;39(1):149-58.

Menadione, and more effectively, AK-135, restored the electron flow in defective respiratory chain (hypoxia or rotenone) systems.
In cultures pretreated with 4 microM dicumarol (DT-diaphorase inhibitor), the protective effect of AK-135 and menadione was abolished completely (1.67+/-1.43 and 2.97+/-0.57 nmol/mg protein, respectively).
1(0,0,0,1) Details
5732503 Jurtshuk P, Harper L: Oxidation of D (minus) lactate by the electron transport fraction of Azotobacter vinelandii. J Bacteriol. 1968 Sep;96(3):678-86.

The d (-) lactic phenazine methosulfate and menadione reductases were sensitive only to dicumarol and TFTB.
The d (-) lactic oxidase activity was sensitive to electron transport inhibitors, i.e., chlorpromazine, antimycin A, 2-n-heptyl-4-hydroxyquinoline-N-oxide, rotenone, dicumarol, and cyanide, and to a small extent to 4,4,4-trifluoro-1-(2-thienyl)-1,3-butane-dione (TFTB) and Amytal.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
823748 Schewe T, Hiebsch C, Halangk W: [Action of the systemic fungicide dexon on several NADH dehydrogenases] . Acta Biol Med Ger. 1975;34(11-12):1767-75.

Soluble NADH-cytochrome c-oxidoreductase (MAHLER) and rotenone-insensitive NADH ubiquinone reductase are also inhibited by dexon.
In addition, dexon inhibits selectively the NADH dehydrogenase of the DT diaphorase (ERNSTER) from rat liver cytosol.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
11167513 Piasecka M, Wenda-Rozewicka L, Ogonski T: Computerized analysis of cytochemical reactions for dehydrogenases and oxygraphic studies as methods to evaluate the function of the mitochondrial sheath in rat spermatozoa. Andrologia. 2001 Jan;33(1):1-12.


Cytochemical reactions for mitochondrial NADH-dependent dehydrogenases (diaphorase/NADH which is related to flavoprotein), NAD-dependent dehydrogenases (isocitrate, malate) and succinate dehydrogenase were carried out in rat spermatozoa.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
18140 Ragan CI, Bloxham DP: Specific labelling of a constituent polypeptide of bovine heart mitochondrial reduced nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide-ubiquinone reductase by the inhibitor diphenyleneiodonium. Biochem J. 1977 Jun 1;163(3):605-15.

Rotenone increased the apparent affinity of diphenyleneiodonium for the 23500-mol.wt. polypeptide without affecting the maximum incorporation. 8.
NADH-ubiquinone-1 and NADH-menadione reductase activities of Complex I were inhibited by diphenyleneiodonium (apparent Ki 23 and 30 nmol/mg of protein respectively).
1(0,0,0,1) Details
4291554 Hall CL, Crane FL: Variation in inhibitor sensitivity of NADH-menadione reductase from mitochondria. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1967 Jan 23;26(2):138-47.

1(0,0,0,1) Details
7639706 Takahashi T, Yamaguchi T, Shitashige M, Okamoto T, Kishi T: Reduction of ubiquinone in membrane lipids by rat liver cytosol and its involvement in the cellular defence system against lipid peroxidation. Biochem J. 1995 Aug 1;309 ( Pt 3):883-90.

This NADPH-dependent UQ reductase (NADPH-UQ reductase) activity that was not inhibited by antimycin A and rotenone, was located mainly in the cytosol fraction and its activity accounted for 68% of that of the homogenates.
The NADPH-UQ reductase activity was clearly separated from DT-diaphorase (EC 1.6.99.2) activity by means of Cibacron Blue-immobilized Bio-Gel A-5m chromatography.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
17967736 Paris I, Cardenas S, Lozano J, Perez-Pastene C, Graumann R, Riveros A, Caviedes P, Segura-Aguilar J: Aminochrome as a preclinical experimental model to study degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in Parkinson's disease. Neurotox Res. 2007 Sep;12(2):125-34.

Different model neurotoxins have been used as preclinical experimental models to study the neurodegenerative process in PD, such as 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA), 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP), and rotenone.
These two neurotoxic pathways of aminochrome are prevented by DT-diaphorase, an enzyme that effectively reduces aminochrome with two-electrons preventing both aminochrome one-electron reduction or formation alpha synuclein protofibrils.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
17601793 Merker MP, Audi SH, Lindemer BJ, Krenz GS, Bongard RD: Role of mitochondrial electron transport complex I in coenzyme Q1 reduction by intact pulmonary arterial endothelial cells and the effect of hyperoxia. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol. 2007 Sep;293(3):L809-19. Epub 2007 Jun 29.


The mitochondrial electron transport complex I inhibitor rotenone decreased the CoQ (1) reduction rate by 85% in the normoxic cells and 44% in the hyperoxia-exposed cells.
0(0,0,0,0) Details
9625705 Bernhard Teicher H, Vibe Scheller H: The NAD (P) H dehydrogenase in barley thylakoids is photoactivatable and uses NADPH as well as NADH . Plant Physiol. 1998 Jun;117(2):525-32.


The enzyme was sensitive to rotenone, confirming the involvement of a complex I-type enzyme.
0(0,0,0,0) Details
3020812 Moore GA, O'Brien PJ, Orrenius S: Menadione (2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone)-induced Ca2+ release from rat-liver mitochondria is caused by NAD (P) H oxidation. Xenobiotica. 1986 Sep;16(9):873-82.


Incubation of rat-liver mitochondria with menadione in the presence of succinate and rotenone resulted in rapid glutathione and NAD (P) H oxidation followed by Ca2+ release and mitochondrial swelling.
0(0,0,0,0) Details
14766796 Lapointe N, St-Hilaire M, Martinoli MG, Blanchet J, Gould P, Rouillard C, Cicchetti F: Rotenone induces non-specific central nervous system and systemic toxicity. FASEB J. 2004 Apr;18(6):717-9. Epub 2004 Feb 6.

0(0,0,0,0) Details
9211432 Aitken RJ, Fisher HM, Fulton N, Gomez E, Knox W, Lewis B, Irvine S: Reactive oxygen species generation by human spermatozoa is induced by exogenous NADPH and inhibited by the flavoprotein inhibitors diphenylene iodonium and quinacrine. Mol Reprod Dev. 1997 Aug;47(4):468-82.


Addition of NADPH to viable populations of motile spermatozoa induced a sudden dose-dependent increase in the rate of superoxide generation via mechanisms that could not be disrupted by inhibitors of the mitochondrial electron transport chain (antimycin A, rotenone, carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone [CCCP], and sodium azide), diaphorase (dicoumarol) xanthine oxidase (allopurinol), or lactic acid dehydrogenase (sodium oxamate).
0(0,0,0,0) Details
18703762 Audi SH, Merker MP, Krenz GS, Ahuja T, Roerig DL, Bongard RD: Coenzyme Q1 redox metabolism during passage through the rat pulmonary circulation and the effect of hyperoxia. J Appl Physiol. 2008 Oct;105(4):1114-26. Epub 2008 Aug 14.

In normoxic lungs, CoQ (1) H (2) efflux rates when CoQ (1) was infused decreased by 58 and 33% in the presence of rotenone (mitochondrial complex I inhibitor) and dicumarol [NAD (P) H-quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) inhibitor], respectively.
32(0,1,1,2) Details
12069106 Chan TS, Teng S, Wilson JX, Galati G, Khan S, O'Brien PJ: Coenzyme Q cytoprotective mechanisms for mitochondrial complex I cytopathies involves NAD (P) H: quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1). Free Radic Res. 2002 Apr;36(4):421-7.

This suggests that the CoQ1H2 formed by NQO1 reduced complex III and acted as an electron bypass of the rotenone block.
84(1,1,1,4) Details
8268305 Kolesova GM, Karnaukhova LV, Segal' NK, Iaguzhinskii LS: [The effect of inhibitors of the Q-cycle on cyano-resistant oxidation of malate by rat liver mitochondria in the presence of menadione]. Biokhimiia. 1993 Oct;58(10):1630-40.

In the presence of rotenone, when menadione is reduced by DT-diaphorase, the rate of cyano-resistant respiration decreases approximately twofold; its sensitivity towards myxothiazole and antimycin drops down to 40%.
81(1,1,1,1) Details
10841308 de Halac IN, Bacman SR, de Kremer RD: Histoenzymology of oxidases and dehydrogenases in peripheral blood lymphocytes and monocytes for the study of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation. Histochem J. 2000 Mar;32(3):133-7.

The specificity of each histoenzymological reaction was tested using a specific respiratory chain inhibitor: rotenone for NADH diaphorase, thenoyltrifluoroacetone for succinate dehydrogenase, potassium cyanide for cytochrome c oxidase and oligomycin for ATPase.
31(0,1,1,1) Details