Protein Information

Name glutamate receptor
Synonyms GRINL1A; GUP1; GUP2; GRINL1A combined protein; GRINL1A combined protein Gcom10; GRINL1A combined protein Gcom10 precursor; GRINL1A combined protein Gcom11; GRINL1A combined protein Gcom11 precursor…

Compound Information

Name rotenone
CAS

Reference List

PubMed Abstract RScore(About this table)
18615648 Schuh RA, Matthews CC, Fishman PS: Interaction of mitochondrial respiratory inhibitors and excitotoxins potentiates cell death in hippocampal slice cultures. J Neurosci Res. 2008 Nov 15;86(15):3306-13.

In the present study, we determined whether concomitant exposure of rotenone plus tetraethylammonium chloride (TEA) or the specific glutamate receptor agonists N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) or alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazoleproprionic acid (AMPA) would cause greater cell death in organotypic hippocampal slice cultures than when given separately.
31(0,1,1,1) Details
16624952 Jiang Q, Yan Z, Feng J: Activation of group III metabotropic glutamate receptors attenuates rotenone toxicity on dopaminergic neurons through a microtubule-dependent mechanism. J Neurosci. 2006 Apr 19;26(16):4318-28.

Here, we show that application of group III metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluRIII) agonists (e.g., L-AP-4) significantly reduced rotenone toxicity on midbrain TH+ neurons in culture.
31(0,1,1,1) Details
11152381 Kannurpatti SS, Joshi PG, Joshi NB: Calcium sequestering ability of mitochondria modulates influx of calcium through glutamate receptor channel. Neurochem Res. 2000 Dec;25(12):1527-36.

Combined treatment with oligomycin and rotenone further diminished the [Ca2+] i response and also abolished the CCCP mediated rise in [Ca2+] i.
3(0,0,0,3) Details
15223368 Kanki R, Nakamizo T, Yamashita H, Kihara T, Sawada H, Uemura K, Kawamata J, Shibasaki H, Akaike A, Shimohama S: Effects of mitochondrial dysfunction on glutamate receptor-mediated neurotoxicity in cultured rat spinal motor neurons. Brain Res. 2004 Jul 23;1015(1-2):73-81.

We investigated the relationship between glutamate excitotoxicity and mitochondrial dysfunction elicited by rotenone (a complex I inhibitor), malonate (a complex II inhibitor), or antimycin (a complex III inhibitor), in primary cultures of the embryonic rat spinal cord.
2(0,0,0,2) Details
2687018 Skaper SD, Facci L, Milani D, Leon A: Monosialoganglioside GM1 protects against anoxia-induced neuronal death in vitro. Exp Neurol. 1989 Dec;106(3):297-305.

Cells between 10 and 12 days in vitro were placed into an anoxic atmosphere or subjected to a chemical model of anoxia by a pulse exposure to rotenone.
This neuronal injury was abolished by the specific N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor noncompetitive antagonists Mg2+, phencyclidine and MK-801, suggesting that this subtype of glutamate receptor is involved in the pathogenesis of anoxic granule cell injury.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
14697328 Bonsi P, Calabresi P, De Persis C, Papa M, Centonze D, Bernardi G, Pisani A: Early ionic and membrane potential changes caused by the pesticide rotenone in striatal cholinergic interneurons. Exp Neurol. 2004 Jan;185(1):169-81.

Interestingly, ion and membrane potential changes were mimicked by ouabain, inhibitor of the Na+-K+ATPase, and were insensitive to tetrodotoxin (TTX) or to a combination of glutamate receptor antagonists.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
10908611 Luetjens CM, Bui NT, Sengpiel B, Munstermann G, Poppe M, Krohn AJ, Bauerbach E, Krieglstein J, Prehn JH: Delayed mitochondrial dysfunction in excitotoxic neuron death: cytochrome c release and a secondary increase in superoxide production. J Neurosci. 2000 Aug 1;20(15):5715-23.

We monitored intracellular superoxide production of hippocampal neurons during and after exposure to the glutamate receptor agonist NMDA (300 microm).
The secondary rise could be inhibited by the complex I inhibitor rotenone (in combination with oligomycin) and mimicked by the complex III inhibitor antimycin A.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
10989660 Greenamyre JT, MacKenzie G, Peng TI, Stephans SE: Mitochondrial dysfunction in Parkinson's disease. Biochem Soc Symp. 1999;66:85-97.

We developed a novel model of PD in which chronic, systemic infusion of rotenone, a complex-I inhibitor, selectively kills dopaminergic nerve terminals and causes retrograde degeneration of substantia nigra neurons over a period of months.
This relieves the voltage-dependent Mg2+ block of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) subtype of the glutamate receptor, which is highly permeable to Ca2+.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
12895517 Milusheva E, Sperlagh B, Shikova L, Baranyi M, Tretter L, Adam-Vizi V, Vizi ES: Non-synaptic release of [3H] noradrenaline in response to oxidative stress combined with mitochondrial dysfunction in rat hippocampal slices. Neuroscience. 2003;120(3):771-81.

It was also attenuated by the glutamate receptor antagonists 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione (30 microM) and (+/-)-2-amino-5-phosphonopentanoic acid (10 microM), by the nitric oxide synthase inhibitors, N omega-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (100 microM), or 7-nitroindazole (50 microM) and by the vesicular uptake inhibitor tetrabenazine (1 microM).
Mitochondrial inhibitors, i.e. rotenone (10 microM), and oligomycin (10 microM) in combination, also decreased the energy charge, but they had only a mild effect on [(3) H] NA release.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
9804614 Leist M, Volbracht C, Fava E, Nicotera P: 1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium induces autocrine excitotoxicity, protease activation, and neuronal apoptosis. Mol Pharmacol. 1998 Nov;54(5):789-801.

The pathogenesis of several neurodegenerative diseases may involve indirect excitotoxic mechanisms, where glutamate receptor overstimulation is a secondary consequence of initial functional defects of neurons (e.g., impairment of mitochondrial energy generation).
The neurotoxin 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+) and other mitochondrial inhibitors (e.g., rotenone or 3-nitropropionic acid) elicited apoptosis in cerebellar granule cell cultures via stimulation of autocrine excitotoxicity.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
11299330 Almeida A, Bolanos JP: A transient inhibition of mitochondrial ATP synthesis by nitric oxide synthase activation triggered apoptosis in primary cortical neurons. J Neurochem. 2001 Apr;77(2):676-90.


From these results, we suggest that glutamate receptor-mediated NOS activation would trigger MPT pore opening and transient inhibition of ATP synthesis leading to apoptosis in a neuronal subpopulation, whereas other groups of neurons would undergo oxidative stress and persistent inhibition of ATP synthesis leading to necrosis.
1(0,0,0,1) Details