Protein Information

Name Acetylcholinesterase
Synonyms ACHE; ACHE protein; AChE; ARACHE; AcChoEase; Acetylcholine acetylhydrolase; Acetylcholinesterase; Acetylcholinesterase isoform E4 E6 variant…

Compound Information

Name lambda-cyhalothrin
CAS

Reference List

PubMed Abstract RScore(About this table)
17974266 Zhang YL, Mu W, Chen ZL, Han ZR, Ma C, Zhai RH: [Susceptibility and related physiological and biochemical mechanisms of Carposina niponensis Walsingham larvae on six insecticides before and after overwintering]. Ying Yong Sheng Tai Xue Bao. 2007 Aug;18(8):1913-6.

The study with impregnating method showed that after overwintering, the susceptibility of Carposina niponensis larvae on triazophos, phoxim, chlorpyrifos, malathion, lambda-cyhalothrin and abamectin was 34.50, 16.71, 3.89, 3.28, 5.90 and 2.73 times as much as that before overwintering, the total protein, glycogen and fat contents and carboxylesterase, acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase, glutathione-S-transferase, superoxide dismutase, catalase and peroxidase activities in C. niponensis larvae were decreased by 17.10%, 41.76% and 30.08%, 62.36%, 53.47%, 76.19%, 80.60%, 18.77%, 14.16% and 64.02%, respectively, and the activity of acetylcholinesterase, the target enzyme of many insecticides, was 1.41 times as much as that before overwintering.
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19900550 Revuelta L, Piulachs MD, Belles X, Castanera P, Ortego F, Diaz-Ruiz JR, Hernandez-Crespo P, Tenllado F: RNAi of ace1 and ace2 in Blattella germanica reveals their differential contribution to acetylcholinesterase activity and sensitivity to insecticides. Insect Biochem Mol Biol. 2009 Dec;39(12):913-9. Epub 2009 Nov 10.

Silencing the expression of Bgace1 but not Bgace2 also produced an increased mortality in insects when synergized with lambda-cyhalothrin, a situation which resembles the synergistic effects observed between organophosphates and pyrethroids.
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18755020 Perera MD, Hemingway J, Karunaratne SP: Multiple insecticide resistance mechanisms involving metabolic changes and insensitive target sites selected in anopheline vectors of malaria in Sri Lanka. Malar J. 2008 Aug 28;7:168.

METHODS: Adult females were exposed to the WHO discriminating dosages of DDT, malathion, fenitrothion, propoxur, lambda-cyhalothrin, cyfluthrin, cypermethrin, deltamethrin, permethrin and etofenprox.
The presence of metabolic resistance by esterase, glutathione S-transferase (GST) and monooxygenase-based mechanisms, and the sensitivity of the acetylcholinesterase target site were assessed using synergists, and biochemical, and metabolic techniques.
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16470680 Parker WE, Howard JJ, Foster SP, Denholm I: The effect of insecticide application sequences on the control and insecticide resistance status of the peach-potato aphid, Myzus persicae (Hemiptera:Aphididae), on field crops of potato. Pest Manag Sci. 2006 Apr;62(4):307-15.

To ensure adequate aphid populations and to influence the initial resistance status of the aphid population, cultured M. persicae from a clone of known resistance status (esterase R1, kdr heterozygote, non-MACE (modified acetylcholinesterase)) were inoculated into both experiments.
Two-spray programmes starting with lambda-cyhalothrin (a pyrethroid insecticide) gave poor control in comparison with programmes starting with pirimicarb (a carbamate insecticide) or pirimicarb-containing mixtures.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
20209234 Santacoloma Varon L, Chaves Cordoba B, Brochero HL: [Susceptibility of Aedes aegypti to DDT, deltamethrin, and lambda-cyhalothrin in Colombia]. Rev Panam Salud Publica. 2010 Jan;27(1):66-73.

In populations where mortality rates were consistent with decreased susceptibility, levels of nonspecific esterases (NSE), mixed-function oxidases (MFO), and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) were measured using colorimetric tests.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
17973989 Casimiro SL, Hemingway J, Sharp BL, Coleman M: Monitoring the operational impact of insecticide usage for malaria control on Anopheles funestus from Mozambique. Malar J. 2007 Oct 31;6:142.

This is probably due to significantly elevated levels of Acetylcholinesterase levels found in the same populations.
Previously lambda cyhalothrin had replaced DDT in Mozambique in 1993.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
9685989 Rodriguez MM, Bisset J, Rodriguez I, Diaz C: [Determination of insecticide resistance and its biochemical mechanisms in 2 strains of Culex quinquefasciatus from Santiago de Cuba]. Rev Cubana Med Trop. 1997;49(3):209-14.

It was analyzed the behavior of the resistance of 3 organophosphated insecticides (malathion, clorpirifos and methyl-pyrimifos), 3 pyrethroids (deltamethrin, lambda-cyhalothrin and cypermethrin), and 1 carbamate (propuxur) in populations of Culex quinquefasciatus from 2 municipalities of the province of Santiago de Cuba.
It was determined by the biochemical tests that there existed a high frequency of the mechanisms of esterases and altered acetylcholinesterase.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
19655174 Fonseca-Gonzalez I, Cardenas R, Quinones ML, McAllister J, Brogdon WG: Pyrethroid and organophosphates resistance in Anopheles (N.) nuneztovari Gabaldon populations from malaria endemic areas in Colombia. Parasitol Res. 2009 Oct;105(5):1399-409. Epub 2009 Aug 5.

Insecticides evaluated included the pyrethroids lambda-cyhalothrin and deltamethrin, organophosphates malathion and fenitrothion, and the organochlorine dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT).
Evidence is presented for low-level initial selection of some resistance mechanisms such as mixed-function oxidases and modified acetylcholinesterase.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
17137748 El-Demerdash FM: Lambda-cyhalothrin-induced changes in oxidative stress biomarkers in rabbit erythrocytes and alleviation effect of some antioxidants. Toxicol In Vitro. 2007 Apr;21(3):392-7. Epub 2006 Oct 1.

However, a significant decrease in the content of sulfhydryl groups (SH-groups), and the activities of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione S-transferase (GST) were observed.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
19274371 Fonseca-Gonzalez I, Quinones ML, McAllister J, Brogdon WG: Mixed-function oxidases and esterases associated with cross-resistance between DDT and lambda-cyhalothrin in Anopheles darlingi Root 1926 populations from Colombia. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz. 2009 Feb;104(1):18-26.

Enzyme levels related to insecticide resistance, including mixed function oxidases (MFO), non-specific esterases (NSE), glutathione S-transferases and modified acetylcholinesterase were evaluated in all populations and compared with a susceptible natural strain.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
10774652 Karunaratne SH: Insecticide cross-resistance spectra and underlying resistance mechanisms of Sri Lankan anopheline vectors of malaria. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 1999 Sep;30(3):460-9.

Adult mosquitos were individually tested for their insecticide detoxifying enzyme activities and altered target-site, acetylcholinesterase.
Adults were also tested for WHO standard discriminating dosages of malathion, propoxur, permethrin, DDT, cypermethrin, deltamethlin and lambda cyhalothrin.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
8551300 Mazzarri MB, Georghiou GP: Characterization of resistance to organophosphate, carbamate, and pyrethroid insecticides in field populations of Aedes aegypti from Venezuela. J Am Mosq Control Assoc. 1995 Sep;11(3):315-22.


Resistance to chlorpyrifos (OP), permethrin, and lambda-cyhalothrin (pyrethroids) was moderate (7-fold) in both populations.
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