| Name | Acetylcholinesterase |
|---|---|
| Synonyms | ACHE; ACHE protein; AChE; ARACHE; AcChoEase; Acetylcholine acetylhydrolase; Acetylcholinesterase; Acetylcholinesterase isoform E4 E6 variant… |
| Name | piperonyl butoxide |
|---|---|
| CAS | 5-[[2-(2-butoxyethoxy)ethoxy]methyl]-6-propyl-1,3-benzodioxole |
| PubMed | Abstract | RScore(About this table) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 11353139 | Hamm JT, Wilson BW, Hinton DE: Increasing uptake and bioactivation with development positively modulate diazinon toxicity in early life stage medaka (Oryzias latipes). Toxicol Sci. 2001 Jun;61(2):304-13. When exposure to diazinon occurred in the presence of increasing amounts of piperonyl butoxide (PBO), AChE inhibition decreased in a dose-response fashion and 2.0 x 10 (-5) M PBO alleviated any difference in inhibition between larvae and embryos. |
38(0,1,1,8) | Details |
| 8701445 | de Lima JS, Bastos Neto Jda D, Bastos VL, da Cunha JC, Moraes FF, Ferreira Mde F, Moreira Jda D, Faria MV: Methyl parathion activation by a partially purified rat brain fraction. Toxicol Lett. 1996 Sep;87(1):53-60. The lack of impairment of AChE after 2 h of incubation of the brain subfraction with methyl parathion and, alternatively, with CO, SKF 525-A, piperonyl butoxide or indicated that this brain subfraction transformed methyl parathion without the involvement of a mixed-function oxidative pathway. |
34(0,1,1,4) | Details |
| 6849116 | Wing KD, Glickman AH, Casida JE: Oxidative bioactivation of S-alkyl phosphorothiolate pesticides: stereospecificity of profenofos insecticide activation. Science. 1983 Jan 7;219(4580):63-5. Piperonyl butoxide also protects against brain acetylcholinesterase inhibition and cholinergic symptoms in chicks resulting from (-)-profenofos administration, thus establishing the importance of the oxidative bioactivation of S-alkyl phosphorothiolate pesticides in vivo. |
33(0,1,1,3) | Details |
| 8126750 | Callender TJ, Morrow L, Subramanian K: Evaluation of chronic neurological sequelae after acute pesticide exposure using SPECT brain scans. J Toxicol Environ Health. 1994 Mar;41(3):275-84. The patient was exposed to an insecticide mixture containing phosphorothiate, pyrethrin, piperonyl butoxide, and petroleum distillates, which produced symptoms consistent with acute acetylcholinesterase inhibitor poisoning as well as an upper respiratory tract irritant. |
32(0,1,1,2) | Details |
| 8913110 | Bourguet D, Capela R, Raymond M: An insensitive acetylcholinesterase in Culex pipiens (Diptera:Culicidae) from Portugal. J Econ Entomol. 1996 Oct;89(5):1060-6. |
6(0,0,0,6) | Details |
| 18826034 | Miller RJ, Li AY, Tijerina M, Davey RB, George JE: Differential response to diazinon and coumaphos in a strain of Boophilus microplus (Acari: Ixodidae) collected in Mexico. J Med Entomol. 2008 Sep;45(5):905-11. When exposed to coumaphos and piperonyl butoxide or triphenylphosphate, the LCso estimate was reduced by 3.5- and 6.3-fold, respectively, suggesting that mono-oxygenases and/or esterases were involved in resistance to coumaphos. Additionally, it was determined that this strain had an Acetylycholinesterase (AChe) that was insensitive to the active form of coumaphos, coroxon, taking at least 24 min longer to reach 50% reduction in AChE activity compared with the susceptible strain. |
4(0,0,0,4) | Details |
| 2339415 | Chambers JE, Chambers HW: Time course of inhibition of acetylcholinesterase and aliesterases following parathion and paraoxon exposures in rats. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 1990 May;103(3):420-9. Although pretreatment with piperonyl butoxide did not affect the rate of acetylcholinesterase inhibition, it slowed hepatic and plasma aliesterase inhibition following parathion administration, presumably from inhibition of the parathion activation pathway. |
4(0,0,0,4) | Details |
| 17421051 | Wu G, Miyata T, Kang CY, Xie LH: Insecticide toxicity and synergism by enzyme inhibitors in 18 species of pest insect and natural enemies in crucifer vegetable crops. Pest Manag Sci. 2007 May;63(5):500-10. Meanwhile, the inhibitory effects of these enzyme inhibitors on the activities of acetylcholinesterases (AChE), carboxyesterases (CarE) and glutathione-S-transferases (GST), in vivo, were also studied. Piperonyl butoxide (PB) exhibited low toxicities to the herbivorous pest insects and ladybirds, but high toxicities to the eight parasitoids. |
3(0,0,0,3) | Details |
| 14759667 | El-Merhibi A, Kumar A, Smeaton T: Role of piperonyl butoxide in the toxicity of chlorpyrifos to Ceriodaphnia dubia and Xenopus laevis. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 2004 Feb;57(2):202-12. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity was used as a biomarker to further assess the role of PBO in chlorpyrifos toxicity. |
3(0,0,0,3) | Details |
| 16363165 | Liu H, Xu Q, Zhang L, Liu N: Chlorpyrifos resistance in mosquito Culex quinquefasciatus. J Med Entomol. 2005 Sep;42(5):815-20. A synergism study showed that resistance to chlorpyrifos in MAmCq and HAmCq was not suppressed by piperonyl butoxide (PBO) and S,S,S,-tributylphosphorotrithioate (DEF), suggesting that P450 monooxygenase- and hydrolase-mediated detoxication does not contribute to chlorpyrifos resistance in either strain. An inhibition study of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) by chlorpyrifos showed that bimolecular rate constants (Ki) of chlorpyrifos for the inhibition of AChE in adults and larvae of the susceptible S-Lab strain were 2.2- and 1.9-fold higher, respectively, than in the HAmCq strain and 3.4- and 3.8-fold higher than in the MAmCq strain. |
3(0,0,0,3) | Details |
| 10826201 | Jensen SE: Mechanisms associated with methiocarb resistance in Frankliniella occidentalis (Thysanoptera: Thripidae). J Econ Entomol. 2000 Apr;93(2):464-71. Including the synergists piperonyl butoxide, a cytochrome P-450 monooxygenase inhibitor, or S,S,S-tributylphosphorotrithioate, an esterase inhibitor, in the methiocarb bioassays partially suppressed resistance in the most resistant populations. In vitro assays of general esterase, glutathione S-transferase, and acetylcholinesterase activities showed increased activity in some of the resistant populations and increased activity of the enzymes after methiocarb selection on one of the populations. |
2(0,0,0,2) | Details |
| 10084133 | Wirth MC: Isolation and characterization of two novel organophosphate resistance mechanisms in Culex pipiens from Cyprus. J Am Mosq Control Assoc. 1998 Dec;14(4):397-405. Two strains, one expressing the novel, highly active esterases A5 and B5 (strain A5B5-R), and one expressing insensitive acetylcholinesterase (strain Ace-R), were developed by single pair crosses and selection with temephos and propoxur, respectively. |
2(0,0,0,2) | Details |
| 10887565 | Rodriguez MM, Bisset JA, Mila LH, Calvo E, Diaz C, Alain Soca L: [Levels of insecticide resistance and its mechanisms in a strain of Aedes aegypti of Santiago de Cuba]. Rev Cubana Med Trop. 1999 May-Aug;51(2):83-8. Piperonyl butoxide synergist disclosed that multifunction oxidases were not involved in the resistance to any of the evaluated insecticides. In accordance with the high frequency values observed in each of the mechanisms, it was proved that esterases and glutathione-S-transferase were involved in the insecticide resistance but acetylcholinesterases were not. |
2(0,0,0,2) | Details |
| 8691510 | Li Shao-Non, Fan De-Fang: Correlation between biochemical parameters and susceptibility of freshwater fish to malathion. J Toxicol Environ Health. 1996 Jul;48(4):413-8. Correlation was found between susceptibility and biochemical parameters such as activity of brain acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and in vitro resistance of the enzyme to inhibition (IC50) of malaoxon (a major metabolite of malathion). Susceptibility to malathion was considerably changed as the fish was pretreated with piperonyl butoxide (PB, a P-450 inhibitor) and triphenyl (TPP, an inhibitor of carboxylesterase), respectively. |
2(0,0,0,2) | Details |
| 20021048 | Straus DL, Chambers JE: Effects of Piperonyl Butoxide on the Metabolism of DEF S,S,S-Tributyl Phosphorotrithioate) in Fingerling Channel Catfish. Toxicol Mech Methods. 2006;16(4):235-9. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and aliesterases (ALiEs) activities were determined at 0 and 12 h after the exposure period. |
2(0,0,0,2) | Details |
| 11886776 | Tsagkarakou A, Pasteur N, Cuany A, Chevillon C, Navajas M: Mechanisms of resistance to organophosphates in Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae) from Greece. Insect Biochem Mol Biol. 2002 Apr;32(4):417-24. It is shown that S,S,S-tributyl phosphorotrithioate, a synergist that inhibits esterases and glutathione S-transferases, and piperonyl butoxide, a synergist that inhibits cytochrome P450 mediated monooxygenases, did not affect the level of methyl-parathion or methomyl resistance in RLAB and that resistance ratios to both insecticides did not change significantly in the presence of either synergist. The kinetic characteristics of acetylcholinesterase, the target enzyme of organophosphates and carbamates, revealed that acetylcholinesterase in RLAB was less sensitive to inhibition by paraoxon and methomyl in comparison with SAMB. |
2(0,0,0,2) | Details |
| 11681666 | Maklakov A, Ishaaya I, Freidberg A, Yawetz A, Horowitz AR, Yarom I: Toxicological studies of organophosphate and pyrethroid insecticides for controlling the fruit fly Dacus ciliatus (Diptera: Tephritidae). J Econ Entomol. 2001 Oct;94(5):1059-66. This was supported by the insignificant decrease of head acetylcholinesterase activity. Piperonyl butoxide considerably increased the toxicity of pyrethroids, which can be explained by oxidase detoxification of these compounds in D. ciliatus. |
1(0,0,0,1) | Details |
| 14680115 | Li AY, Davey RB, Miller RJ, George JE: Resistance to coumaphos and diazinon in Boophilus microplus (Acari: Ixodidae) and evidence for the involvement of an oxidative detoxification mechanism. J Med Entomol. 2003 Jul;40(4):482-90. Resistance to coumaphos in the Mexican strains of B. microplus was likely to be conferred by both a cytP450-mediated detoxification mechanism described here and the mechanism of insensitive acetylcholinesterases reported elsewhere. Piperonyl butoxide (PBO) reduced coumaphos toxicity in susceptible strains, but synergized coumaphos toxicity in resistant strains. |
1(0,0,0,1) | Details |
| 7507502 | Hemingway J, Small GJ, Monro AG: Possible mechanisms of organophosphorus and insecticide resistance in German cockroaches (Dictyoptera: Blattelidae) from different geographical areas. J Econ Entomol. 1993 Dec;86(6):1623-30. One strain from Dubai had an altered acetylcholinesterase-based mechanism that conferred broad-spectrum resistance to a range of organophosphates and carbamates. Synergist studies with piperonyl butoxide indicated that multifunction mono-oxidases are probably involved in resistance to chlorpyrifos in six strains and in resistance to propoxur in seven strains. |
1(0,0,0,1) | Details |
| 3983973 | Levi PE, Hodgson E: Oxidation of pesticides by purified cytochrome P-450 isozymes from mouse liver. Toxicol Lett. 1985 Feb-Mar;24(2-3):221-8. The pesticides parathion, fonofos, DEF, Mocap and profenofos were oxidized by the reconstituted monooxygenase system to form acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitors. All fraction metabolized the pesticide synergist piperonyl butoxide (PBO) to form an inhibitory cytochrome P-450-PBO-metabolite complex. |
1(0,0,0,1) | Details |
| 10887566 | Bisset JA, Rodriguez MM, Diaz C, Alain Soca L: [Characterization of resistance to organophosphate insecticides, carbamates, and pyrethroids in Culex quinquefasciatus from the State of Miranda, Venezuela]. Rev Cubana Med Trop. 1999 May-Aug;51(2):89-94. Resistance mechanisms were analyzed with piperonyl butoxide synergist (multifunction oxidases) and S.S.S. phosphotrithiate tributyl (DEF, esterase inhibitor). Biochemical tests revealed a very low frequency of the altered acetylcholinesterase mechanism (0.13). |
1(0,0,0,1) | Details |
| 1842792 | Bull DL, Pryor NW: Interactions of carbaryl with susceptible and multiresistant house flies (Diptera: Muscidae). J Econ Entomol. 1991 Aug;84(4):1145-53. In evaluations of topical toxicity and in vitro metabolic degradation, coadministration of the metabolic synergists piperonyl butoxide (a microsomal oxidase inhibitor) and S,S,S-tributyl phosphorothioate (DEF, an esterase inhibitor) with carbaryl provided conclusive evidence that microsomal oxidases were the major factor in enhanced metabolism and that hydrolytic enzymes had only a minor effect. These tests also indicated that homogenates of brains from the R strain contained more than one form of AChE with different sensitivities to the inhibitor. |
1(0,0,0,1) | Details |
| 4139992 | Karnak RE, Collins WJ: The susceptibility to selected insecticides and acetylcholinesterase activity in a laboratory colony of midge larvae, Chironomus tentans (diptera: chironomidae). Bull Environ Contam Toxicol. 1974 Jul;12(1):62-9. |
1(0,0,0,1) | Details |
| 10619188 | Segura P, Chavez J, Montano LM, Vargas MH, Delaunois A, Carbajal V, Gustin P: Identification of mechanisms involved in the acute airway toxicity induced by parathion. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol. 1999 Dec;360(6):699-710. The isolated perfused rabbit lung preparation was used to study the acute effects of Pth on airway responsiveness to (10 (-8)-10 (-3) M), (10 (-8)-10 (-3) M) and substance P (10 (-10)-10 (-6) M), pulmonary acetylcholinesterase inhibition and cytochrome P450 (P450) activity, and their modifications with previous administration of Pth (1 mg/kg s.c. daily, 7 days). This effect was transient (5-10 min), suggesting that this bronchodilator triggered additional obstructive mechanisms. (2) Pth increased the water content in lung parenchyma samples, but not in trachea or bronchi, and augmented the respiratory secretions measured through monosaccharide content in bronchoalveolar lavage. (3) The increase in iRL was greater in female animals, probably due to a higher P450 basal activity, and completely blocked by pharmacological inhibition of P450 with piperonyl butoxide (500 mg/kg i.p.). (4) In male guinea pigs a subclinical dose of Pth (10 mg/kg i.p.) induced airway hyperresponsiveness to |
1(0,0,0,1) | Details |
| 1517504 | Saito K, Motoyama N, Dauterman WC: Effect of synergists on the oral and topical toxicity of azamethiphos to organophosphate-resistant houseflies (Diptera: Muscidae). J Econ Entomol. 1992 Aug;85(4):1041-5. The hydrolytic enzymes are more important, but other factors including reduced cuticular penetration and insensitive acetylcholinesterase may be involved.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) The effect on azamethiphos toxicity of piperonyl butoxide (PB), an inhibitor of the monooxygenases, and tributylphosphorotrithioate (DEF), an esterase inhibitor, was investigated in the three strains. |
1(0,0,0,1) | Details |
| 9685989 | Rodriguez MM, Bisset J, Rodriguez I, Diaz C: [Determination of insecticide resistance and its biochemical mechanisms in 2 strains of Culex quinquefasciatus from Santiago de Cuba]. Rev Cubana Med Trop. 1997;49(3):209-14. The results obtained from the use of the synergists S,S,S tributyl phosphotritiade (DBF) and piperonyl butoxide (PB) indicated that the mechanisms of resistance of unspecific esterases and oxidases of multiple function are involved in the resistance to pyrethroids in both strains from Santiago de Cuba and San Luis. It was determined by the biochemical tests that there existed a high frequency of the mechanisms of esterases and altered acetylcholinesterase. |
1(0,0,0,1) | Details |
| 17764719 | Damasio J, Guilhermino L, Soares AM, Riva MC, Barata C: Biochemical mechanisms of resistance in Daphnia magna exposed to the insecticide fenitrothion. Chemosphere. 2007 Nov;70(1):74-82. Epub 2007 Aug 30. Inhibition of mixed- function oxidases (MFOs) by piperonyl butoxide (PBO) increased the tolerance to fenitrothion by almost 20-fold in all clones without altering their relative ranking of resistance. |
0(0,0,0,0) | Details |
| 9768235 | Alvarez Montes de Oca DM, Ortiz Losada E, Bisset Lazcano JA, Rodriguez Coto MM: [Mechanisms of resistance to organophosphate insecticides, carbamates, and pyrethroids in populations of Musca domestica L. (Diptera: Muscidae)]. Rev Cubana Med Trop. 1994;46(1):51-4. The method of topic application was employed in the bioassays; the synergist effect of the s,s,s tributyl phosphorotrioate and of the piperonyl butoxide (PB) was also tested. Biochemical microplate tests were also carried out to determine the presence of esterase and acetylcholinesterase enzymes in the three populations. |
1(0,0,0,1) | Details |
| 8551300 | Mazzarri MB, Georghiou GP: Characterization of resistance to organophosphate, and pyrethroid insecticides in field populations of Aedes aegypti from Venezuela. J Am Mosq Control Assoc. 1995 Sep;11(3):315-22. Mechanisms of resistance were investigated with the synergists piperonyl butoxide (mixed function oxidase inhibitor) and S, S, S-tributyl phosphorothioate (DEF, an esterase inhibitor). |
0(0,0,0,0) | Details |
| 9477223 | Mahajna M, Casida JE: Oxidative bioactivation of methamidophos insecticide: synthesis of N-hydroxymethamidophos (a candidate metabolite) and its proposed alternative reactions involving N--> O rearrangement or fragmentation through a metaphosphate analogue. Chem Res Toxicol. 1998 Jan;11(1):26-34. In contrast, the order for delaying parathion-induced AChE inhibition and toxicity is N-benzylimidazole >> piperonyl butoxide or methimazole, suggesting that different oxidases are involved in methamidophos and parathion activation. |
115(1,2,2,5) | Details |
| 17192611 | Gunning RV: Inhibition of -insensitive acetylcholinesterase by piperonyl butoxide in Helicoverpa armigera. J Mol Neurosci. 2006;30(1-2):21-2. |
84(1,1,1,4) | Details |
| 18615705 | Yang ML, Zhang JZ, Zhu KY, Xuan T, Liu XJ, Guo YP, Ma EB: Mechanisms of organophosphate resistance in a field population of oriental migratory locust, Locusta migratoria manilensis (Meyen). Arch Insect Biochem Physiol. 2009 May;71(1):3-15. The susceptibilities to three organophosphate (OP) insecticides (malathion, chlorpyrifos, and phoxim), responses to three metabolic synergists [triphenyl (TPP), piperonyl butoxide (PBO), and diethyl (DEM)], activities of major detoxification enzymes [general esterases (ESTs), glutathione S-transferases (GSTs), and cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (P450s)], and sensitivity of the target enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE) were compared between a laboratory-susceptible strain (LS) and a field-resistant population (FR) of the oriental migratory locust, Locusta migratoria manilensis (Meyen). |
83(1,1,1,3) | Details |
| 16002478 | Rider CV, LeBlanc GA: An integrated addition and interaction model for assessing toxicity of chemical mixtures. Toxicol Sci. 2005 Oct;87(2):520-8. Epub 2005 Jul 7. A ternary mixture of acetylcholinesterase inhibiting organophosphates (malathion and parathion) and the P450 inhibitor piperonyl butoxide was used to model toxicity. |
81(1,1,1,1) | Details |
| 9504975 | Tripathi AM, Agarwal RA: Molluscicidal and anti-AChE activity of tertiary mixtures of pesticides . Arch Environ Contam Toxicol. 1998 Apr;34(3):271-4. We studied the toxicity and in vivo inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) by the organophosphate Nuvan (dichlorvos); Nuvan mixed with a mixed function oxidase inhibitor, piperonyl butoxide (PB); Nuvan with a pyrethroid Decis (deltamethrin); and a tertiary mixture of Nuvan, PB, and Decis in the snail Lymnaea acuminata. |
83(1,1,1,3) | Details |