Protein Information

ID 1321
Name AMPK
Synonyms 5' AMP activated protein kinase subunit beta 1; AMPK; 5' AMP activated protein kinase beta 1 subunit; AMP activated protein kinase beta subunit; AMP activated protein kinase beta 1 non catalytic subunit; AMPK beta 1 chain; AMPK beta1; AMPKb…

Compound Information

ID 1341
Name rotenone
CAS

Reference

PubMed Abstract RScore(About this table)
17339833 Hinke SA, Martens GA, Cai Y, Finsi J, Heimberg H, Pipeleers D, Van de Casteele M: Methyl succinate antagonises biguanide-induced AMPK-activation and death of pancreatic beta-cells through restoration of mitochondrial electron transfer. Br J Pharmacol. 2007 Apr;150(8):1031-43. Epub 2007 Mar 5.
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Two mechanisms have been proposed to explain the insulin-sensitising properties of metformin in peripheral tissues: (a) inhibition of electron transport chain complex I, and (b) activation of the AMP activated protein kinase (AMPK). However the relationship between these mechanisms and their contribution to beta-cell death and dysfunction in vitro, are currently unclear. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH: The effects of biguanides (metformin and phenformin) were tested on MIN6 beta-cells and primary FACS-purified rat beta-cells. Cell metabolism was assessed biochemically and by FACS analysis, and correlated with AMPK phosphorylation state and cell viability, with or without fuel substrates. KEY RESULTS: In MIN6 cells, metformin reduced mitochondrial complex I activity by up to 44% and a 25% net reduction in mitochondrial reducing potential. In rat beta-cells, metformin caused NAD (P) H accumulation above maximal glucose-inducible levels, mimicking the effect of rotenone. Drug exposure caused phosphorylation of AMPK on Thr (172) in MIN6 cell extracts, indicative of kinase activation. Methyl succinate, a complex II substrate, appeared to bypass metformin blockade of complex I. This resulted in reduced phosphorylation of AMPK, establishing a link between biguanide-induced mitochondrial inhibition and AMPK activation. Corresponding assessment of cell death indicated that methyl succinate decreased biguanide toxicity to beta-cells in vitro. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS: AMPK activation can partly be attributed to metformin's inhibitory action on mitochondrial complex I. Anaplerotic fuel metabolism via complex II rescued beta-cells from metformin-associated toxicity. We propose that utilisation of anaplerotic nutrients may reconcile in vitro and in vivo effects of metformin on the pancreatic beta-cell.
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