| Name | Acetylcholinesterase |
|---|---|
| Synonyms | ACHE; ACHE protein; AChE; ARACHE; AcChoEase; Acetylcholine acetylhydrolase; Acetylcholinesterase; Acetylcholinesterase isoform E4 E6 variant… |
| Name | parathion |
|---|---|
| CAS |
| PubMed | Abstract | RScore(About this table) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 3376122 | Finkelstein Y, Wolff M, Biegon A: Brain acetylcholinesterase after parathion poisoning: a comparative quantitative histochemical analysis post-mortem. Toxicology. 1988 Apr;49(1):165-9. The regional distribution of AChE inhibition by parathion in the human brain was examined in a comparative study of the brains of 2 victims of lethal parathion intoxication and 2 control brains matched for age and sex. |
163(2,2,2,3) | Details |
| 3178179 | Finkelstein Y, Wolff M, Biegon A: Brain acetylcholinesterase after acute parathion poisoning: a comparative quantitative histochemical analysis post mortem. Ann Neurol. 1988 Aug;24(2):252-7. The postmortem distribution of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibition was studied in the brains of 2 victims of lethal parathion intoxication and 2 control brains matched for age and sex. |
163(2,2,2,3) | Details |
| 2087286 | Veronesi B, Pope C: The neurotoxicity of parathion-induced acetylcholinesterase inhibition in neonatal rats. Neurotoxicology. 1990 Winter;11(4):609-26. The biochemical and morphological effects of postnatal acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibition were examined in rat pups dosed with parathion, at time points critical to hippocampal neurogenesis and synaptogenesis (i.e., day 5-20). |
145(1,3,3,5) | Details |
| 7541841 | Carr RL, Straus DL, Chambers JE: Inhibition and aging of channel catfish brain acetylcholinesterase following exposure to two phosphorothionate insecticides and their active metabolites. J Toxicol Environ Health. 1995 Jul;45(3):325-36. The similar patterns of inhibition, recovery, and aging between the two oxon treatments, which have similar lipophilicities, suggest that the greater amount of AChE inhibition and aging observed in the chlorpyrifos-treated fish compared with the parathion-treated fish probably results from the higher lipophilicity of chlorpyrifos than of parathion. |
144(1,3,3,4) | Details |
| 6760603 | Oehmichen M, Besserer K: Forensic significance of acetylcholine esterase histochemistry in organophosphate intoxication. Z Rechtsmed. 1982;89(3):149-65. Examination of the concentration dependency indicated that the inhibiting solution must contain at least 0.15 microgram/ml paraoxone or 5 mg/ml parathion to block AChE in the section. |
119(1,2,2,9) | Details |
| 9863767 | van den Beukel I, van Kleef RG, Oortgiesen M: Differential effects of physostigmine and organophosphates on nicotinic receptors in neuronal cells of different species. Neurotoxicology. 1998 Dec;19(6):777-87. Parathion is about 50 times more potent in blocking nAChR, compared to its active AChE inhibiting metabolite paraoxon. |
116(1,2,2,6) | Details |
| 8701445 | de Lima JS, Bastos Neto Jda D, Bastos VL, da Cunha JC, Moraes FF, Ferreira Mde F, Moreira Jda D, Faria MV: Methyl parathion activation by a partially purified rat brain fraction. Toxicol Lett. 1996 Sep;87(1):53-60. Methyl parathion activation was assayed by solvent extraction of the products followed by HPLC and GC-MS analyses and, indirectly, by the inhibition of AChE present in the incubation mixture. |
114(1,2,2,4) | Details |
| 11330337 | Lockhart B, Closier M, Howard K, Steward C, Lestage P: Differential inhibition of [3H]-oxotremorine-M and [3H]-quinuclinidyl benzilate binding to muscarinic receptors in rat brain membranes with acetylcholinesterase inhibitors. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol. 2001 Apr;363(4):429-38. Moreover, the rank order for potency in inhibiting acetylcholinesterase (ambenonium> neostigmine=physostigmine =tacrine> pyridostigmine=edrophonium=galanthamine > desoxypeganine> parathion> gramine) indicated that the most effective inhibitors of acetylcholinesterase also displaced [3H]-oxotremorine-M to the greatest extent. |
87(1,1,1,7) | Details |
| 18617161 | Jun D, Musilova L, Kuca K, Kassa J, Bajgar J: Potency of several oximes to reactivate human acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase inhibited by paraoxon in vitro. Chem Biol Interact. 2008 Sep 25;175(1-3):421-4. Epub 2008 May 7. Organophosphorus pesticides (e.g. chlorpyrifos, malathion, and parathion) and nerve agents (sarin, tabun, and VX) are highly toxic organophosphorus compounds with strong inhibition potency against two key enzymes in the human body-acetylcholinesterase (AChE; EC 3.1.1.7) and butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE; EC 3.1.1.8). |
86(1,1,1,6) | Details |
| 15141101 | Kousba AA, Sultatos LG, Poet TS, Timchalk C: Comparison of chlorpyrifos-oxon and paraoxon acetylcholinesterase inhibition dynamics: potential role of a peripheral binding site. Toxicol Sci. 2004 Aug;80(2):239-48. Epub 2004 May 12. The primary mechanism of action for organophosphorus (OP) insecticides, like chlorpyrifos and parathion, is to inhibit acetylcholinesterase (AChE) by their oxygenated metabolites (oxons), due to the phosphorylation of the serine group located in the active site of the molecule. |
87(1,1,1,7) | Details |
| 10681099 | Lesser J, Blodgett D, Ehrich M: Comparison of oxime-initiated reactivation of organophosphorous-inhibited acetylcholinesterase in brains of avian embryos. J Toxicol Environ Health A. 2000 Jan 14;59(1):57-66. Doses of chlorpyrifos, parathion, acephate, and trichlorfon that inhibited AChE > 70% were administered to the embryos. |
87(1,1,1,7) | Details |
| 2241428 | Gupta RC, Kadel WL: Methyl parathion acute toxicity: prophylaxis and therapy with memantine and atropine. Arch Int Pharmacodyn Ther. 1990 May-Jun;305:208-21. Pretreatment with memantine hydrochloride (18 mg/kg, i.p.) 30 min, and atropine sulfate (16 mg/kg, i.p.) 15 min before methyl parathion administration, completely prevented the expected toxic signs and significantly (P less than 0.01) attenuated the induced inhibition of acetylcholinesterase. |
249(3,3,4,4) | Details |
| 12478623 | Ma T, Kramer RE, Baker RC, Fan LW, Ho IK: Effects of chronic dermal exposure to nonlethal doses of methyl parathion on brain regional acetylcholinesterase and muscarinic cholinergic receptors in female rats. J Neurosci Res. 2003 Jan 1;71(1):138-45. Exposure to 0.1 mg/kg methyl parathion produced inhibition of AChE in the caudate-putamen and thalamic nuclei, whereas 1.0 mg/kg resulted in inhibition of AChE in most brain regions. |
225(2,4,4,5) | Details |
| 8010161 | Dvergsten C, Meeker RB: Muscarinic cholinergic receptor regulation and acetylcholinesterase inhibition in response to insecticide exposure during development. Int J Dev Neurosci. 1994 Feb;12(1):63-75. The reduction in receptor density was dose-dependent and a significant correlation was found between the level of acetylcholinesterase inhibition produced by parathion and the reduction in receptor density. |
197(2,3,3,7) | Details |
| 11405414 | Abu-Qare AW, Abdel-Rahman A, Brownie C, Kishk AM, Abou-Donia MB: Inhibition of cholinesterase enzymes following a single dermal dose of chlorpyrifos and methyl parathion, alone and in combination, in pregnant rats. J Toxicol Environ Health A. 2001 Jun 8;63(3):173-89. Following application of methyl parathion, peak inhibition of maternal and fetal brain AChE activity occurred at 48 h and 24 h after dosing (17% and 48% of control activity, respectively). |
195(2,3,3,5) | Details |
| 2339415 | Chambers JE, Chambers HW: Time course of inhibition of acetylcholinesterase and aliesterases following parathion and paraoxon exposures in rats. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 1990 May;103(3):420-9. |
194(2,3,3,4) | Details |
| 6485009 | Siva Prasada Rao K, Ramana Rao KV: Impact of methyl parathion toxicity and eserine inhibition on acetylcholinesterase activity in tissues of the teleost (Tilapia mossambica)--a correlative study. Toxicol Lett. 1984 Sep;22(3):351-6. |
170(2,2,3,5) | Details |
| 11481665 | Abu-Qare AW, Abou-Donia MB: Inhibition and recovery of maternal and fetal cholinesterase enzyme activity following a single cutaneous dose of methyl parathion and diazinon, alone and in combination, in pregnant rats. J Appl Toxicol. 2001 Jul-Aug;21(4):307-16. Methyl parathion significantly inhibited maternal and fetal brain acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and plasma butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) activity within 24 h after dosing. |
168(2,2,3,3) | Details |
| 15889724 | Icen E, Armutcu F, Buyukguzel K, Gurel A: Biochemical stress indicators of greater wax moth exposure to organophosphorus insecticides. J Econ Entomol. 2005 Apr;98(2):358-66. We therefore investigated alterations in lipid peroxidation product, malondialdehyde (MDA) content, and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) activities, in conjunction with AChE activity as biochemical stress indicators in greater wax moth, Galleria mellonella (L.) larvae for OPs methyl parathion (MP) and ethyl parathion (EP). |
42(0,1,2,7) | Details |
| 8350385 | Jett DA, Hill EF, Fernando JC, Eldefrawi ME, Eldefrawi AT: Down-regulation of muscarinic receptors and the m3 subtype in white-footed mice by dietary exposure to parathion. J Toxicol Environ Health. 1993 Jul;39(3):395-415. Maximal reduction in Bmax of [3H] QNB and [3H]-4- binding occurred in mice with highest AChE inhibition, while equivalent maximal reduction in Bmax of [3H] NMS occurred in mice with only approximately 10% AChE inhibition, without further change at higher parathion doses. |
39(0,1,2,4) | Details |
| 15180375 | Printes LB, Callaghan A: A comparative study on the relationship between acetylcholinesterase activity and acute toxicity in Daphnia magna exposed to anticholinesterase insecticides. Environ Toxicol Chem. 2004 May;23(5):1241-7. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity was measured in Daphnia magna that had been exposed to four organophosphates (OPs; parathion, chlorpyrifos, malathion, and acephate) and one (propoxur) for 48 h. |
13(0,0,1,8) | Details |
| 20036651 | Thiermann H, Seeger T, Gonder S, Herkert N, Antkowiak B, Zilker T, Eyer F, Worek F: Assessment of neuromuscular dysfunction during poisoning by organophosphorus compounds. Chem Biol Interact. 2009 Dec 29. The results obtained with paraoxon favourably correlate with data from clinical findings of parathion-poisoned patients where the correlation of neuromuscular transmission with the activity of erythrocyte AChE could be established. |
11(0,0,1,6) | Details |
| 16766477 | Cho TM, Wild JR, Donnelly KC, Tiffany-Castiglioni E: Degradation of organophosphorus neurotoxicity in SY5Y neuroblastoma cells by organophosphorus hydrolase (OPH). J Toxicol Environ Health A. 2006 Aug;69(15):1413-29. Anti-AChE activities of mipafox, methyl parathion, and demeton-S were partially ameliorated, depending on OP concentration. |
9(0,0,1,4) | Details |
| 12415428 | Bueters TJ, Groen B, Danhof M, IJzerman AP, Van Helden HP: Therapeutic efficacy of the adenosine A1 receptor agonist N6-cyclopentyladenosine (CPA) against organophosphate intoxication. Arch Toxicol. 2002 Nov;76(11):650-6. Epub 2002 Aug 21. The OPs studied were tabun ( O-ethyl- N-dimethylphosphoramidocyanidate), sarin (isopropylmethylphosphonofluoridate), VX ( O-ethyl- S-2-diisopropylaminoethylmethylphosphonothiolate) and parathion ( O, O-diethyl- O- phosphorothioate). The striatal acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity following a lethal sarin intoxication was completely abolished in the vehicle-treated animals, whereas 10% and 60% AChE activity remained in animals treated with 2 mg/kg CPA 1 min after or 2 min prior to the poisoning, respectively. |
3(0,0,0,3) | Details |
| 2405380 | Soreq H, Zakut H: Amplification of butyrylcholinesterase and acetylcholinesterase genes in normal and tumor tissues: putative relationship to organophosphorous poisoning. Pharm Res. 1990 Jan;7(1):1-7. We have recently found a de novo inheritable amplification of a CHE gene encoding defective butyrylcholinesterase (acylcholine acyl hydrolase; EC 3.1.1.8) in a family under prolonged exposure to the agricultural organophosphorous insecticide methyl parathion. |
3(0,0,0,3) | Details |
| 9216867 | Kallander DB, Fisher SW, Lydy MJ: Recovery following pulsed exposure to organophosphorus and insecticides in the midge, Chironomus riparius. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol. 1997 Jul;33(1):29-33. The importance of recovery following pulsed and continuous exposure was determined by measuring the acute toxicity of two organophosphorus (parathion and malathion) and four (aldicarb, carbaryl, carbofuran and propoxur) insecticides. Acetylcholinesterase activity in midges given two 1-h pulses of carbaryl separated by 24 h in clean water showed reactivation to control levels between the two exposures. |
1(0,0,0,1) | Details |
| 1877982 | Reddy MS, Rao KV: Phosphamidon, methylparathion and dichlorvos impact on tissue oxidative metabolism in penaeid prawn, Metapenaeus monoceros. Biochem Int. 1991 Feb;23(3):439-47. The OPI are found to inhibit the activity levels of acetylcholinesterase, succinate dehydrogenase, isocitrate dehydrogenase, pyruvate dehydrogenase, lactate dehydrogenase and cytochrome-c-oxidase and cause accumulation of in the hepatopancreas and muscle tissues. |
1(0,0,0,1) | Details |
| 6651578 | Alonso JL, Atalla A, Cavaliere MJ, Gagioti SM, Lorenti MA: [Polyneuropathy caused by parathion: clinical, electrophysiologic and histologic studies of a case]. Arq Neuropsiquiatr. 1983 Sep;41(3):292-308. One year later, the concentration of erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase was found to be low and plasma cholinesterase was normal, suggesting that the patient was carrier of a congenital deficiency of acetylcholinesterase. |
1(0,0,0,1) | Details |
| 11749124 | Karanth S, Olivier K Jr, Liu J, Pope C: In vivo interaction between chlorpyrifos and parathion in adult rats: sequence of administration can markedly influence toxic outcome. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2001 Dec 15;177(3):247-55. Organophosphorus insecticides (OPs) generally act through a common mechanism of toxicity initiated by inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE). |
1(0,0,0,1) | Details |
| 2175224 | Reddy MS, Rao KV: Methylparathion-induced alterations in the acetylcholinesterase and phosphatases in a penaeid prawn, Metapenaeus monoceros. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol. 1990 Sep;45(3):350-7. |
1(0,0,0,1) | Details |
| 19111456 | Gong J, Wang L, Zhang L: Electrochemical biosensing of methyl parathion pesticide based on acetylcholinesterase immobilized onto Au-polypyrrole interlaced network-like nanocomposite. Biosens Bioelectron. 2009 Mar 15;24(7):2285-8. Epub 2008 Nov 25. On the basis of the inhibition of OPs on the enzymatic activity of AChE, the conditions for OPs detection were optimized by using methyl parathion as a model OP compound. |
38(0,1,2,3) | Details |
| 15591769 | Zhu H, Zhou W, Li XR, Ma T, Ho IK, Rockhold RW: Methyl parathion increases neuronal activities in the rat locus coeruleus. . J Biomed Sci. 2004 Nov-Dec;11(6):732-8. The methyl parathion-induced increase in LC neuronal activity returned to normal within 30 min while the blood acetylcholinesterase activity remained inhibited for over 1 h. |
38(0,1,2,3) | Details |
| 9561967 | Liu J, Pope CN: Comparative presynaptic neurochemical changes in rat striatum following exposure to chlorpyrifos or parathion. J Toxicol Environ Health A. 1998 Apr 10;53(7):531-44. Previous studies in our laboratory have demonstrated, however, that dosages of the OPs chlorpyrifos (CPF) or parathion (PS), which cause similar degrees of brain AChE inhibition in adult male rats, can produce marked differences in toxicity. |
36(0,1,1,6) | Details |
| 2809535 | Meneely GA, Wyttenbach CR: Effects of the organophosphate insecticides diazinon and parathion on bobwhite quail embryos: skeletal defects and acetylcholinesterase activity. J Exp Zool. 1989 Oct;252(1):60-70. |
9(0,0,1,4) | Details |
| 9292287 | Worek F, Backer M, Thiermann H, Szinicz L, Mast U, Klimmek R, Eyer P: Reappraisal of indications and limitations of oxime therapy in organophosphate poisoning. Hum Exp Toxicol. 1997 Aug;16(8):466-72. These data may help to define more precisely the indications and limitations of oxime therapy in organophosphate (OP) poisoning. 2 Diethylphosphoryl-AChE resulting from intoxications with parathion, chlorpyrifos, chlorfenvinphos, diazinon and other OPs is characterized by slow spontaneous reactivation and low propensity for ageing. |
9(0,0,1,4) | Details |
| 2905945 | Habig C, Di Giulio RT, Abou-Donia MB: Comparative properties of channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) and blue crab (Callinectes sapidus) acetylcholinesterases. Comp Biochem Physiol C. 1988;91(2):293-300. Crab AChE had a lower Km (9 x 10 (-5) vs 2 x 10 (-4) M) and was more sensitive in terms of KI50S than fish AChE to eserine (2.6 x 10 (-7) vs 3 x 10 (-7) M), malathion (4.5 x 10 (-5) vs 1.6 x 10 (-4) M) and parathion (6.9 x 10 (-5) vs 7 x 10 (-4) M). 4. |
9(0,0,1,4) | Details |
| 10414801 | Thiermann H, Szinicz L, Eyer F, Worek F, Eyer P, Felgenhauer N, Zilker T: Modern strategies in therapy of organophosphate poisoning. Toxicol Lett. 1999 Jun 30;107(1-3):233-9. Using this protocol, six patients each with parathion or oxydemeton methyl poisoning were treated. At paraoxon concentrations > 0.1 microM obidoxime only partially reactivated acetylcholinesterase (AChE) of erythrocytes in vivo although reactivation could be assessed in vitro, which roughly fitted theoretical calculations. |
3(0,0,0,3) | Details |
| 11052723 | Gao JR, Zhu KY: Comparative toxicity of selected organophosphate insecticides against resistant and susceptible clones of the greenbug, Schizaphis graminum (Homoptera: aphididae). J Agric Food Chem. 2000 Oct;48(10):4717-22. The OR-1 clone showed lower levels of resistance to phenyl (parathion and parathion-methyl) and heterocyclic (chlorpyrifos) OPs than to aliphatic OPs (dimethoate, omethoate, disulfoton, and demeton-S-methyl), whereas the OR-2 clone showed a rather broad spectrum of resistance to nearly all OP insecticides examined. In vitro inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) using six selected OP oxon analogues showed that alterations of AChE were involved in resistance to all OP compounds examined in both the OR-1 and OR-2 clones. |
3(0,0,0,3) | Details |
| 11334332 | Grasshoff C, Thiermann H, Gillessen T, Zilker T, Szinicz L: Internal standard high-performance liquid chromatography method for the determination of obidoxime in urine of organophosphate-poisoned patients. J Chromatogr B Biomed Sci Appl. 2001 Apr 5;753(2):203-8. Obidoxime is an antidote approved for reactivation of inhibited acetylcholinesterase in organophosphate poisoning. |
1(0,0,0,1) | Details |
| 3662511 | Attaway H, Nelson JO, Baya AM, Voll MJ, White WE, Grimes DJ, Colwell RR: Bacterial detoxification of diisopropyl fluorophosphate. . Appl Environ Microbiol. 1987 Jul;53(7):1685-9. Detoxification by both frozen cell sonicates and powders was assayed by two methods, i.e., the hydrolytic release of measured by a -specific ion electrode, and the disappearance of acetylcholinesterase inhibition in vitro. In general, powder preparations produced higher activity than frozen cell sonicates did, and the highest activities were exhibited by strains with known parathion hydrolase activity. |
1(0,0,0,1) | Details |
| 3672530 | Pauluhn J, Machemer L, Kimmerle G: Effects of inhaled cholinesterase inhibitors on bronchial tonus and on plasma and erythrocyte acetylcholine esterase activity in rats. Toxicology. 1987 Oct 30;46(2):177-90. The compounds tested were dichlorvos, fenamiphos, methamidophos, parathion, a pyrimidine thiophosphate and the propoxur. |
1(0,0,0,1) | Details |
| 12654229 | Hou Y, Fu F, Liu S, Liu C, Sun Y, Qiu S: [The profiles of free organophosphorus poisons in the bile of rabbits poisoned with different organophosphates]. Zhonghua Nei Ke Za Zhi. 2002 Dec;41(12):795-7. METHODS: Seventy two livid blue rabbits, male, 2 - 2.5 kg in weight, were divided into 3 groups: trichlorfon (556.0 mg/kg), monocrotophos (11.12 mg/kg) and methyl parathion (37.05 mg/kg). Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity was measured with dithiobisnitrobenzoic acid (DTNB) enzyme kinetic method. |
1(0,0,0,1) | Details |
| 17079358 | Foxenberg RJ, McGarrigle BP, Knaak JB, Kostyniak PJ, Olson JR: Human hepatic cytochrome p450-specific metabolism of parathion and chlorpyrifos. Drug Metab Dispos. 2007 Feb;35(2):189-93. Epub 2006 Nov 1. Thiophosphorus OPs, once bioactivated by cytochromes P450 (P450s), form oxon metabolites, which are potent acetylcholinesterase inhibitors. |
1(0,0,0,1) | Details |
| 9928673 | Ivens IA, Schmuck G, Machemer L: Learning and memory of rats after long-term administration of low doses of parathion. Toxicol Sci. 1998 Nov;46(1):101-11. Results of the study indicate that adverse effects changing learning and memory in animals may occur only at higher doses of organophosphates, at which the peripheral and brain acetylcholinesterases are inhibited to a greater extent than those in the present study. |
1(0,0,0,1) | Details |
| 10619188 | Segura P, Chavez J, Montano LM, Vargas MH, Delaunois A, Carbajal V, Gustin P: Identification of mechanisms involved in the acute airway toxicity induced by parathion. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol. 1999 Dec;360(6):699-710. The isolated perfused rabbit lung preparation was used to study the acute effects of Pth on airway responsiveness to (10 (-8)-10 (-3) M), (10 (-8)-10 (-3) M) and substance P (10 (-10)-10 (-6) M), pulmonary acetylcholinesterase inhibition and cytochrome P450 (P450) activity, and their modifications with previous administration of Pth (1 mg/kg s.c. daily, 7 days). |
1(0,0,0,1) | Details |
| 15112752 | Knaak JB, Dary CC, Power F, Thompson CB, Blancato JN: Physicochemical and biological data for the development of predictive organophosphorus pesticide QSARs and PBPK/PD models for human risk assessment. Crit Rev Toxicol. 2004 Mar-Apr;34(2):143-207. Except for work on parathion, chlorpyrifos, and isofenphos, very few modeling data were found on the 31 OPs of interest. A limited amount of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), and carboxylesterase (CaE) inhibition and recovery data were found in the literature on the 31 OPs. |
1(0,0,0,1) | Details |
| 11401758 | Cabello G, Valenzuela M, Vilaxa A, Duran V, Rudolph I, Hrepic N, Calaf G: A rat mammary tumor model induced by the organophosphorous pesticides parathion and malathion, possibly through acetylcholinesterase inhibition. Environ Health Perspect. 2001 May;109(5):471-9. |
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| 1581539 | Maxwell DM, Brecht KM: Quantitative structure-activity analysis of acetylcholinesterase inhibition by oxono and thiono analogues of organophosphorus compounds. Chem Res Toxicol. 1992 Jan-Feb;5(1):66-71. A comparison of the bimolecular rate constants (ki) for inhibition of electric eel acetylcholinesterase (AChE) by the oxono (i.e., P=O) and thiono (i.e., P=S) analogues of parathion, methylparathion, leptophos, fonofos, sarin, and soman revealed that the oxono/thiono ratios of ki values varied from 14 for soman to 1240 for parathion. |
35(0,1,1,5) | Details |
| 9477223 | Mahajna M, Casida JE: Oxidative bioactivation of methamidophos insecticide: synthesis of N-hydroxymethamidophos (a candidate metabolite) and its proposed alternative reactions involving N--> O rearrangement or fragmentation through a metaphosphate analogue. Chem Res Toxicol. 1998 Jan;11(1):26-34. In contrast, the order for delaying parathion-induced AChE inhibition and toxicity is N-benzylimidazole >> piperonyl butoxide or methimazole, suggesting that different oxidases are involved in methamidophos and parathion activation. |
35(0,1,1,5) | Details |
| 15018574 | Schulze H, Schmid RD, Bachmann TT: Activation of phosphorothionate pesticides based on a cytochrome P450 BM-3 (CYP102 A1) mutant for expanded neurotoxin detection in food using acetylcholinesterase biosensors. Anal Chem. 2004 Mar 15;76(6):1720-5. The application of the method to infant food in combination with a disposable AChE biosensor enabled detection of chlorpyrifos and parathion at concentrations down to 20 microg/kg within an overall assay time of 95 min. |
9(0,0,1,4) | Details |
| 17111624 | Chen XQ, He M, Cai Q, Zhu SK, Shi HC: [Detecting organophosphorus pesticide in water environment using an enzyme biosensor]. Huan Jing Ke Xue. 2006 Aug;27(8):1627-30. Cyclic voltammetry was conducted to detect parathion on the sensors which immobilized AChE by physical adsorption. |
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| 9336056 | Sonez CA, Mugnaini MT, Gauna HF: [Effects of parathion on acetylcholinesterase activity in rat kidney] . Rev Fac Cien Med Univ Nac Cordoba. 1996;54(1-2):5-12. |
8(0,0,1,3) | Details |
| 10473783 | Hansen ME, Wilson BW: Oxime reactivation of RBC acetylcholinesterases for biomonitoring. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol. 1999 Oct;37(3):283-9. Rabbit RBC AChE was reactivatable for up to 60 h following dermal exposure to ethyl parathion and reactivatable for only 12 to 24 h following exposure to methyl parathion. |
8(0,0,1,3) | Details |
| 10472315 | Leng G, Lewalter J: Role of individual susceptibility in risk assessment of pesticides. Occup Environ Med. 1999 Jul;56(7):449-53. After exposure to methylparathion or ethylparathion the methylparathion or ethylparathion and methylparaoxon or ethylparaoxon concentrations in plasma, the concentration in urine, and the activities of cholinesterase and acetylcholinesterase were measured. |
3(0,0,0,3) | Details |
| 10871426 | Parker ML, Goldstein MI: Differential toxicities of organophosphate and insecticides in the nestling European starling (Sturnus vulgaris). Arch Environ Contam Toxicol. 2000 Aug;39(2):233-42. We quantified B-esterase buffering of organophosphate (diazinon and methyl parathion) and (aldicarb and oxamyl) toxicity in nestling European starlings (Sturnus vulgaris). Theoretically, compounds affected by BChE removal would have a higher affinity for BChE or carboxylesterase (CaE) than acetylcholinesterase (AChE). |
3(0,0,0,3) | Details |
| 15081265 | Karanth S, Liu J, Olivier K Jr, Pope C: Interactive toxicity of the organophosphorus insecticides chlorpyrifos and methyl parathion in adult rats. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2004 Apr 15;196(2):183-90. These findings suggest that the sequence of exposure to two insecticides that elicit toxicity through a common mechanism can markedly influence the cumulative action at the target site (acetylcholinesterase, AChE) and consequent functional toxicity. |
1(0,0,0,1) | Details |
| 15793557 | Isoda H, Talorete TP, Han J, Oka S, Abe Y, Inamori Y: Effects of organophosphorous pesticides used in china on various mammalian cells. Environ Sci. 2005;12(1):9-19. Five organophosphorous pesticides, monocrotophos, omethoate, parathion-methyl, phoxim and dichlorvos, were examined for their effects on mammalian cell lines to determine their potential impact on physiological functions in vivo. The different pesticides reduced the acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity of the rat neuronal cell line PC12 in a dose-dependent manner up to 100 microM. |
1(0,0,0,1) | Details |
| 17560383 | No HY, Kim YA, Lee YT, Lee HS: Cholinesterase-based dipstick assay for the detection of organophosphate and pesticides. Anal Chim Acta. 2007 Jun 26;594(1):37-43. Epub 2007 May 7. The sensitivity of the dipstick assay to the oxidized form of parathion (paraoxon) was higher than to parathion. The proposed assay system is composed of a test strip with an acetylcholinesterase (AChE)-coated membrane and an enzyme substrate solution. |
1(0,0,0,1) | Details |
| 3617103 | Somkuti SG, Lapadula DM, Chapin RE, Lamb JC 4th, Abou-Donia MB: Testicular toxicity following oral administration of tri-o-cresyl (TOCP) in roosters. Toxicol Lett. 1987 Aug;37(3):279-90. Parathion (O,O-diethyl-O- phosphorothioate, 0.1 mg/kg/day, p.o., n = 3) was used as a positive control for AChE inhibition and a negative control for inducing OPIDN. There was also a slight decrease in brain acetylcholinesterase (AChe) activity. |
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| 17852161 | Isbister GK, Mills K, Friberg LE, Hodge M, O'Connor E, Patel R, Abeyewardene M, Eddleston M: Human methyl parathion poisoning. Clin Toxicol. 2007 Dec;45(8):956-60. METHODS: Plasma cholinesterase and acetylcholinesterase were measured in blood. |
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| 9852785 | Mulchandani A, Kaneva I, Chen W: Biosensor for direct determination of organophosphate nerve agents using recombinant Escherichia coli with surface-expressed organophosphorus hydrolase. 2. Anal Chem. 1998 Dec 1;70(23):5042-6. At optimized conditions, the biosensor measured paraoxon, parathion, and coumaphos pesticides with high selectivity against triazine and pesticides in approximately 10 min. |
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| 7689992 | Chambers JE, Carr RL: Inhibition patterns of brain acetylcholinesterase and hepatic and plasma aliesterases following exposures to three phosphorothionate insecticides and their oxons in rats. Fundam Appl Toxicol. 1993 Jul;21(1):111-9. Aliesterases were inhibited to a greater extent than acetylcholinesterase at each sampling time with parathion and chlorpyrifos and their oxons, whereas the reverse was true with methyl parathion and methyl paraoxon. |
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| 2432215 | Soliman SA, Curley A, Farmer J, Novak R: In vivo inhibition of chicken brain acetylcholinesterase and neurotoxic esterase in relation to the delayed neurotoxicity of leptophos and cyanofenphos. J Environ Pathol Toxicol Oncol. 1986 Sep-Dec;7(1-2):211-24. The biochemical results indicated that cyanofenphos followed by leptophos and parathion produced more in vivo AChE inhibition than that produced by TOCP in both chicken brain soluble and microsomal fractions. |
34(0,1,1,4) | Details |
| 1801511 | Hahn T, Ruhnke M, Luppa H: Inhibition of acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase by the organophosphorus insecticide methylparathion in the central nervous system of the golden hamster (Mesocricetus auratus). Acta Histochem. 1991;91(1):13-9. |
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| 9744565 | Amitai G, Moorad D, Adani R, Doctor BP: Inhibition of acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase by chlorpyrifos-oxon. Biochem Pharmacol. 1998 Aug 1;56(3):293-9. Phosphorothionate insecticides such as parathion (O,O-diethyl O-p-nitrophenyl phosphorothioate) and chlorpyrifos (CPS; O,O-diethyl O-3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridyl phosphorothioate; Dursban) are metabolically converted by oxidative desulfuration into paraoxon and chlorpyrifos-oxon (CPO). |
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| 1909249 | Rogers KR, Cao CJ, Valdes JJ, Eldefrawi AT, Eldefrawi ME: Acetylcholinesterase fiber-optic biosensor for detection of anticholinesterases. Fundam Appl Toxicol. 1991 May;16(4):810-20. Malathion, parathion, and dicrotophos were not detected even at millimolar concentrations; however, longer exposure or prior modification of these compounds (i.e., to malaoxon, paraoxon) may increase the biosensor detection limits. |
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| 8854969 | Maitra SK, Sarkar R: Influence of methyl parathion on gametogenic and acetylcholinesterase activity in the testis of whitethroated munia (Lonchura malabarica). Arch Environ Contam Toxicol. 1996 Mar;30(3):384-9. |
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| 2271146 | Tran-Minh C, Pandey PC, Kumaran S: Studies on sensor and its analytical application based on the inhibition of cholinesterase. Biosens Bioelectron. 1990;5(6):461-71. Acetylcholine esterase electrodes, based on glass, Pd/PdO and Ir/IrO2 electrodes as pH sensor, using the immobilized acetylcholine esterase in acrylamide-methacrylamide hydrazides prepolymer are reported and compared. The detection limits for the and ion are found to be 10 (-5) M whereas for paraoxon, methyl parathion and malathion are found to be 10 (-9) M and 10 (-10) M. |
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| 9393432 | Berrada S, Fournier D: Transposition-mediated transcriptional overexpression as a mechanism of insecticide resistance. Mol Gen Genet. 1997 Oct;256(4):348-54. To test this hypothesis, we have constructed a minigene coding for a soluble acetylcholinesterase under the control of a nontissue-specific promoter (hsp70). After 34 generations of exposure to the organophosphate parathion, we obtained a strain with a higher resistance (fivefold). |
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| 6704184 | Radic Z, Reiner E, Simeon V: Binding sites on acetylcholinesterase for reversible ligands and phosphorylating agents. Biochem Pharmacol. 1984 Feb 15;33(4):671-7. |
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| 16193528 | Petroianu GA, Hasan MY, Arafat K, Nurulain SM, Schmitt A: Weak inhibitors protect cholinesterases from strong inhibitors (paraoxon): in vitro effect of tiapride. J Appl Toxicol. 2005 Nov-Dec;25(6):562-7. Red blood cell (RBC) acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activities in whole blood and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) activities in human plasma were measured photometrically in the presence of different POX and TIA concentrations and the IC (50) was calculated. While the use of parathion (the inactive prodrug which is metabolically converted to POX) has been restricted in most countries, the organophosphate is still responsible for a large number of accidental or suicidal exposures. |
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| 18335107 | Proskocil BJ, Bruun DA, Lorton JK, Blensly KC, Jacoby DB, Lein PJ, Fryer AD: Antigen sensitization influences organophosphorus pesticide-induced airway hyperreactivity. Environ Health Perspect. 2008 Mar;116(3):381-8. METHODS: Nonsensitized and ovalbumin-sensitized guinea pigs were injected subcutaneously with the OP parathion (0.001-1.0 mg/kg). Inflammatory cells and acetylcholinesterase activity were assessed in tissues collected immediately after physiologic measurements. |
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| 3211105 | Stamper CR, Balduini W, Murphy SD, Costa LG: Behavioral and biochemical effects of postnatal parathion exposure in the rat. Neurotoxicol Teratol. 1988 May-Jun;10(3):261-6. This exposure resulted in dose-dependent reductions in acetylcholinesterase activity and muscarinic receptor binding in the cortex. |
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| 17110060 | Buratti FM, Leoni C, Testai E: Foetal and adult human CYP3A isoforms in the bioactivation of organophosphorothionate insecticides. Toxicol Lett. 2006 Dec 15;167(3):245-55. Epub 2006 Oct 24. Since OPT-induced neurodevelopmental effects may be due to in situ bioactivation by foetal enzymes, the catalytic activity of the foetal CYP3A7 toward chlorpyrifos (CPF), parathion (PAR), malathion (MAL) and fenthion (FEN) has been assessed by using recombinant enzymes. |
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| 9020507 | Siller FR, Quintanilla-Vega B, Cebrian ME, Albores A: Effects of arsenite pretreatment on the acute toxicity of parathion. . Toxicology. 1997 Jan 15;116(1-3):59-65. |
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| 10048149 | Barber D, Correll L, Ehrich M: Comparison of two in vitro activation systems for protoxicant organophosphorous esterase inhibitors. Toxicol Sci. 1999 Jan;47(1):16-22. Incubation of parathion or chlorpyrifos with 0.05% solution or uninduced rat liver microsomes (RLM) resulted in production of the corresponding analogs of these OP compounds and markedly increased esterase inhibition in SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells. |
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| 11437059 | Olivier K, Liu J, Karanth S, Zhang H, Roane DS, Pope CN: feeding exacerbates parathion-induced neurotoxicity. J Toxicol Environ Health A. 2001 Jun 22;63(4):253-71. In the present study, the effects of supplementation were examined on the neurotoxicity of the organophosphorus (OP) pesticide parathion (PS) and its active metabolite, paraoxon (PO), a potent inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase (AChE). |
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| 3564042 | Johnson JA, Wallace KB: Species-related differences in the inhibition of brain acetylcholinesterase by paraoxon and malaoxon. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 1987 Apr;88(2):234-41. These data suggest that the greater sensitivity of rodent brain AChE to inhibition by paraoxon may contribute to the greater toxicity of parathion and paraoxon in rodents than in fish. |
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| 8975825 | Fossi MC, Lari L, Casini S: Interspecies variation of "B" esterases in birds: the influence of size and feeding habits. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol. 1996 Nov;31(4):525-32. An in vitro inhibition test was carried out with paraoxon and azinphos methyl oxon in order to investigate the role of equilibrium binding parameters (acetylcholinesterase/ organophosphorus compounds affinity) in determining susceptibility of the different species to parathion and azinphos methyl. |
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| 18761328 | Mirajkar N, Pope CN: In vitro sensitivity of cholinesterases and [3H] oxotremorine-M binding in heart and brain of adult and aging rats to organophosphorus anticholinesterases. Biochem Pharmacol. 2008 Oct 15;76(8):1047-58. Epub 2008 Aug 12. We compared the in vitro sensitivity of acetylcholinesterase, butyrylcholinesterase and [(3) H] oxotremorine-M binding to muscarinic receptors in the cortex and heart of adult (3 months) and aging (18 months) rats to chlorpyrifos, methyl parathion and their active metabolites chlorpyrifos oxon and methyl paraoxon. |
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| 12878415 | Roex EW, Keijzers R, van Gestel CA: Acetylcholinesterase inhibition and increased food consumption rate in the zebrafish, Danio rerio, after chronic exposure to parathion. Aquat Toxicol. 2003 Sep 10;64(4):451-60. |
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| 15978292 | Comoglio L, Amin O, Roque A, Betancourt-Lozano M, Anguas D, Haro BM: Evaluation of sublethal biomarkers in Litopenaeus vannamei on foodborne exposure to methyl parathion. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 2005 Sep;62(1):66-74. Epub 2004 Dec 15. Sublethal effects of foodborne exposure to methyl parathion (0.62 and 1.31 microg methyl parathion*g (-1) dry weight of food) on juveniles of Litopenaeus vannamei using integrated biochemical (acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and ATPases) and physiological (feeding rate (FR), egestion rate (ER), and hepatosomatic index (HI)) biomarkers were evaluated. |
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| 12959529 | Printes LB, Callaghan A: Intraclonal variability in Daphnia acetylcholinesterase activity: the implications for its applicability as a biomarker. Environ Toxicol Chem. 2003 Sep;22(9):2042-7. In contrast, the AChE inhibitor parathion altered AChE activity but not protein. |
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| 1642791 | Bhattacharya S, Ghosh P, Ghosh S, Ghosh N, Bhattacharya B, Halder P: Acetylcholinesterase characteristics of termite queen exposed to anticholinesterase compounds. Biomed Environ Sci. 1992 Jun;5(2):178-83. |
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| 15470232 | Lein PJ, Fryer AD: Organophosphorus insecticides induce airway hyperreactivity by decreasing neuronal M2 muscarinic receptor function independent of acetylcholinesterase inhibition. Toxicol Sci. 2005 Jan;83(1):166-76. Epub 2004 Oct 6. To determine if the effects of chlorpyrifos on airway hyperreactivity can be generalized to other OPs, we tested whether parathion and diazinon also inhibit neuronal M2 receptor function resulting in airway hyperreactivity. |
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| 9988368 | Eyer F, Eyer P: Enzyme-based assay for quantification of paraoxon in blood of parathion poisoned patients. Hum Exp Toxicol. 1998 Dec;17(12):645-51. Paraoxon concentration was estimated by means of inhibition kinetics observed with electric eel acetylcholinesterase (AChE) which was determined by a modified Ellman procedure. |
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| 12191869 | He F, Chen S, Tang X, Gan W, Tao B, Wen B: Biological monitoring of combined exposure to organophosphates and pyrethroids. Toxicol Lett. 2002 Aug 5;134(1-3):119-24. In area S, the subgroups Sa (27 subjects) and Sb (29 subjects) sprayed on cottons either the OP methyl-parathion or the mixture methyl-parathion-deltamethrin. Erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase (AChE) was measured by the Ellman's method before spraying, after 2-h exposure and 1 h later. |
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| 1512808 | De Bleecker J, Willems J, Van Den Neucker K, De Reuck J, Vogelaers D: Prolonged toxicity with intermediate syndrome after combined parathion and methyl parathion poisoning. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol. 1992;30(3):333-45; discussion 347-9. Severe plasma butyrylcholinesterase and erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase inhibition persisted along with the occurrence of Intermediate Syndrome-related symptoms. |
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| 95696 | Dikshith TS, Tandon SK, Datta KK, Gupta PK, Behari JR: Comparative response of male rats to parathion and lindane: histopathological and biochemical studies. Environ Res. 1978 Aug;17(1):1-9. The activity of acetylcholine esterase in blood and brain decreased markedly, whereas that of succinic dehydrogenase, triphosphatase, and the alkaline and acid in liver and testis showed significant alterations for all three treatments. |
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| 3403010 | Guhathakurta S, Bhattacharya S: Immobilization of purified goat cerebellar acetylcholinesterase for inhibition studies in a column. Indian J Exp Biol. 1988 Jan;26(1):44-7. |
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| 2841086 | Besser R, Dillmann U, Gutmann L, Hopf HC: [The repetitive muscular action potential in neuromuscular transmission disorders due to acetylcholinesterase inhibition]. EEG EMG Z Elektroenzephalogr Elektromyogr Verwandte Geb. 1988 Jun;19(2):85-91. |
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| 9344890 | Katz EJ, Cortes VI, Eldefrawi ME, Eldefrawi AT: Chlorpyrifos, parathion, and their oxons bind to and desensitize a nicotinic acetylcholine receptor: relevance to their toxicities. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 1997 Oct;146(2):227-36. The data suggest that in addition to inhibition of acetylcholinesterase, these OPs bind to a site on the nAChR that is different from the sites that bind or TCP and that this binding induces nAChR desensitization. |
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| 11684353 | Albores A, Ortega-Mantilla G, Sierra-Santoyo A, Cebrian ME, Munoz-Sanchez JL, Calderon-Salinas JV, Manno M: Cytochrome P450 2B (CYP2B)-mediated activation of methyl-parathion in rat brain extracts. Toxicol Lett. 2001 Oct 15;124(1-3):1-10. The role of cytochrome P450 (CYP) and the CYP isoform involved in the activation of the widely used pesticide methyl-parathion (MePA) were investigated in rat brain extracts by measuring the effect of different CYP inhibitors on acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibition by MePA. |
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| 11386729 | Barata C, Baird DJ, Soares AM, Guilhermino L: Biochemical factors contributing to response variation among resistant and sensitive clones of Daphnia magna Ssraus exposed to ethyl parathion. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 2001 Jun;49(2):155-63. Acute toxicity and in vivo acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibition responses to ethyl parathion were similar, whereas in vitro AChE sensitivities to paraoxon were higher. |
83(1,1,1,3) | Details |
| 7302984 | Cisson CM, Wilson BW: Paraoxon increases the rate of synthesis of acetylcholinesterase in cultured muscle. Toxicol Lett. 1981 Oct;9(2):131-5. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity of cultured chick embryonic pectoral muscle was significantly increased above control activity during recovery from brief treatments with paraoxon (O, O-diethyl-p-nitrophenyl the anticholinesterase metabolite of parathion. |
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| 16023954 | Chouteau C, Dzyadevych S, Durrieu C, Chovelon JM: A bi-enzymatic whole cell conductometric biosensor for heavy metal ions and pesticides detection in water samples. Biosens Bioelectron. 2005 Aug 15;21(2):273-81. Epub 2004 Dec 8. For pesticides, first experiments showed that paraoxon-methyl inhibits C. vulgaris AChE contrary to parathion-methyl and carbofuran. |
33(0,1,1,3) | Details |
| 1595894 | Kumaran S, Tran-Minh C: Determination of organophosphorous and insecticides by flow injection analysis. Anal Biochem. 1992 Jan;200(1):187-94. A flow injection system, incorporating an acetylcholinesterase (AChE) single bead string reactor (SBSR), for the determination of some organophosphorous (azinphos-ethyl, azinphos-methyl, bromophos-methyl, dichlorovos, fenitrothion, malathion, paraoxon, parathion-ethyl and parathion-methyl) and insecticides (carbofuran and carbaryl) is presented. |
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| 10771584 | Nigg HN, Knaak JB: Blood cholinesterases as human biomarkers of organophosphorus pesticide exposure. Rev Environ Contam Toxicol. 2000;163:29-111. The basic biochemical characteristics of RBC AChE and BChE were determined in the 1940s. In 1949, the death of a parathion mixer-loader dictated blood enzyme monitoring to prevent acute illness from organophosphorus pesticide intoxication. |
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| 1380351 | Wolff MS, McConnell R, Cedillo L, Rivera M: Dermal levels of methyl-parathion, organochlorine pesticides, and acetylcholinesterase among formulators. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol. 1992 May;48(5):671-8. |
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| 1520255 | Pralavorio M, Fournier D: Drosophila acetylcholinesterase: characterization of different mutants resistant to insecticides. Biochem Genet. 1992 Feb;30(1-2):77-83. Selection of field populations originating from several countries allowed us to isolate 13 strains of Drosophila melanogaster resistant to parathion. |
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| 11118318 | Gopal S, Rastogi V, Ashman W, Mulbry W: Mutagenesis of organophosphorus hydrolase to enhance hydrolysis of the nerve agent VX. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2000 Dec 20;279(2):516-9. However, the hydrolytic activity of OPH against the warfare agent VX is less than 0.1% relative to its activity against parathion and paraoxon. Based on the crystal structure of OPH and the similarities it shares with acetylcholinesterase, eight OPH mutants were constructed with the goal of increasing OPH activity toward VX. |
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| 16042503 | Lotti M, Moretto A: Organophosphate-induced delayed polyneuropathy. . Toxicol Rev. 2005;24(1):37-49. The ratio of inhibitory powers for acetylcholinesterase and NTE represents the crucial guideline for the aetiological attribution of OP-induced peripheral neuropathy. We also discuss case reports where neuropathies were not convincingly attributed to fenthion, malathion, omethoate/dimethoate, parathion and merphos. |
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| 19674799 | Tryfonos M, Papaefthimiou C, Antonopoulou E, Theophilidis G: Comparing the inhibitory effects of five protoxicant organophosphates (azinphos-methyl, parathion-methyl, chlorpyriphos-methyl, methamidophos and diazinon) on the spontaneously beating auricle of Sparus aurata: an in vitro study. Aquat Toxicol. 2009 Sep 14;94(3):211-8. Epub 2009 Jul 16. Organophosphates (OPs) can provoke toxicity by inhibiting acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in non-target organisms, like fish. |
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| 7999757 | Benning MM, Kuo JM, Raushel FM, Holden HM: Three-dimensional structure of phosphotriesterase: an enzyme capable of detoxifying organophosphate nerve agents. Biochemistry. 1994 Dec 20;33(50):15001-7. Organophosphates, such as parathion and paraoxon, constitute the largest class of insecticides currently used in industrialized nations. In addition, many of these compounds are known to inhibit mammalian acetylcholinesterases thereby acting as nerve agents. |
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| 7204881 | Hussain MA, Oloffs PC, Blatherwick FJ, Gaunce AP, MacKenzie CJ: Detection of incipient effects of anticholinesterase insecticides in rats and humans by electromyography and cholinesterase assay. J Environ Sci Health B. 1981;16(1):1-19. Rats, fed low levels of diazinon (0.5 and 5.0 mg/kg) and parathion (0.1, 0.5 and 1.0 mg/kg) daily for 26 weeks, and agricultural workers chronically exposed to anticholinesterase insecticides, were monitored by electromyographic (EMG) and blood cholinesterase determinations. Both erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and plasma cholinesterase (ChE) activities were severely inhibited in the treated groups. |
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| 16645783 | Sun TT, Paul IA, Ho IK: Motor functions but not learning and memory are impaired upon repeated exposure to sub-lethal doses of methyl parathion. J Biomed Sci. 2006 Jul;13(4):515-23. Epub 2006 Apr 28. Our previous work showed that repeated exposure to methyl parathion (MP) caused a prolonged inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity (approximately 80%) and down-regulation of M (1) and muscarinic receptors (up to 38%) in rats at brain regions, including frontal cortex, striatum, hippocampus and thalamus. |
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| 19144274 | Fernandez-Cabezudo MJ, Azimullah S, Nurulain SM, Mechkarska M, Lorke DE, Hasan MY, Petroianu GA, Al-Ramadi BK: The organophosphate paraoxon has no demonstrable effect on the murine immune system following subchronic low dose exposure. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol. 2008 Oct-Dec;21(4):891-901. Desulphuration of parathion by liver enzymes or sunlight results in the formation of paraoxon which inhibits acetylcholine esterase (AChE) activity. |
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| 16914529 | Albuquerque EX, Pereira EF, Aracava Y, Fawcett WP, Oliveira M, Randall WR, Hamilton TA, Kan RK, Romano JA Jr, Adler M: Effective countermeasure against poisoning by organophosphorus insecticides and nerve agents. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2006 Aug 29;103(35):13220-5. Epub 2006 Aug 16. Here, we demonstrate that galantamine, a reversible and centrally acting AChE inhibitor approved for treatment of mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease, protects guinea pigs from the acute toxicity of lethal doses of the nerve agents soman and sarin, and of paraoxon, the active metabolite of the insecticide parathion. |
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| 15092751 | Custer TW, Mitchell CA: Exposure to insecticides of brushland wildlife within the Lower Rio Grande Valley, Texas, USA. Environ Pollut. 1987;45(3):207-20. Mean brain AChE activity of grackles was inhibited significantly more than white-winged doves after application of Bolstar, EPN-methyl parathion, and Azodrin and significantly more than that of mourning doves after applications of Bolstar and EPN-methyl parathion. |
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| 15762562 | Walker JP, Asher SA: Acetylcholinesterase-based organophosphate nerve agent sensing photonic crystal. Anal Chem. 2005 Mar 15;77(6):1596-600. These AChE-PCCAs act as dosimeters for parathion since it irreversibly binds. |
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| 19778190 | Thiermann H, Worek F, Eyer P, Eyer F, Felgenhauer N, Zilker T: Obidoxime in acute organophosphate poisoning: 2 - PK/PD relationships. Clin Toxicol. 2009 Sep;47(8):807-13. In this article we report effects on neuromuscular function, oxime and atropine concentration, and relate them to acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity. |
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| 15840427 | Liu J, Karanth S, Pope C: Dietary modulation of parathion-induced neurotoxicity in adult and juvenile rats. Toxicology. 2005 Jun 1;210(2-3):135-45. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity and immunoreactivity (AChE-IR) in frontal cortex and diaphragm were measured at 2, 4, and 7 days after parathion. |
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| 2005669 | Sanz P, Rodriguez-Vicente MC, Diaz D, Repetto J, Repetto M: Red blood cell and total blood acetylcholinesterase and plasma pseudocholinesterase in humans: observed variances. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol. 1991;29(1):81-90. |
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| 19680907 | Chen C, Li Y, Chen M, Chen Z, Qian Y: Organophosphorus pesticide residues in milled rice (Oryza sativa) on the Chinese market and dietary risk assessment. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess. 2009 Mar;26(3):340-7. The present study investigates the occurrence of acetylcholinesterase (AChE)-inhibiting organophosphorus (OP) pesticide residues in milled rice samples obtained form local markets in China during the period 2004-2006 and estimates their cumulative exposure. The results showed that 9.3% of the samples contained detectable residues of at least one of the seven target OP pesticides (chlorpyrifos, dichlorvos, omethoate, methamidophos, parathion-methyl, parathion and triazophos) mainly used for agriculture in China, with concentrations ranging 0.011-1.756 mg kg (-1). |
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| 16640555 | Amitai G, Gaidukov L, Adani R, Yishay S, Yacov G, Kushnir M, Teitlboim S, Lindenbaum M, Bel P, Khersonsky O, Tawfik DS, Meshulam H: Enhanced stereoselective hydrolysis of toxic organophosphates by directly evolved variants of mammalian serum paraoxonase. FEBS J. 2006 May;273(9):1906-19. The active-site mutant H115W exhibited 270-380-fold enhancement toward hydrolysis of the P-S bond in parathiol, a phosphorothiolate analog of parathion. Detoxification rates were determined by temporal acetylcholinesterase inhibition by residual nonhydrolyzed OP. |
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| 16392809 | Briseno-Roa L, Hill J, Notman S, Sellers D, Smith AP, Timperley CM, Wetherell J, Williams NH, Williams GR, Fersht AR, Griffiths AD: Analogues with fluorescent leaving groups for screening and selection of enzymes that efficiently hydrolyze organophosphorus nerve agents. J Med Chem. 2006 Jan 12;49(1):246-55. This set included analogues of the pesticides paraoxon, parathion, and dimefox, and the nerve agents DFP, tabun, sarin, cyclosarin, soman, VX, and Russian-VX. Data from inhibition of acetylcholinesterase, in vivo toxicity tests of a representative analogue (cyclosarin), and kinetic studies with phosphotriesterase (PTE) from Pseudomonas diminuta, and a mammalian serum paraoxonase (PON1), confirmed that the analogues mimic the parent nerve agents effectively. |
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| 1630402 | Faustini A, Arpaia F, Pagliarella P, Forastiere F, Papini P, Perucci CA: [The monitoring of cholinesterases in farm workers and tradesmen exposed to phosphoric esters and carbamates]. Med Lav. 1992 Mar-Apr;83(2):135-45. The one-way variance analysis showed marked plasma ChE reduction in mixers, loaders and appliers (36%, 95% C.I. = 24%-48%) and in parathion handlers (35%, 95% C.I. = 21%-49%. We conclude that the intra-individual variations of the baseline values were higher for three repetitions (88% and 84% of the population were within a variability of less than 30%, for AChE and for ChE respectively) than for two repetitions (91% and 88% of the population were within 30% of variability for AChE and for ChE respectively). |
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| 6845361 | Cisson CM, Wilson BW: Percutaneous toxicity and delayed neurotoxicity of organophosphates in the scaleless hen. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 1983 Mar 15;67(3):310-21. Brain acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity was comparable between scaleless and normal hens, but nonspecific cholinesterase (ChE) activities of brain and plasma were significantly higher in scaleless birds. However, there was no difference in the ID50 for plasma ChE activity between normal and scaleless hens treated sc with the active metabolite of TOCP, 2-(o-cresyl)-4H-1:3:2-benzodioxaphosphoran-2-one, or parathion. |
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| 11097804 | Kim YA, Lee HS, Park YC, Lee YT: A convenient method for oxidation of organophosphorus pesticides in organic solvents. Environ Res. 2000 Nov;84(3):303-9. The inhibitory power of the pesticides on acetylcholinesterase before and after oxidation was measured and, for all pesticides tested, the power after oxidation was much higher than that before oxidation. Inhibition calibration curves for both unoxidized and oxidized forms of fenitrothion and parathion were obtained. |
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| 8239714 | Heath AG, Cech JJ Jr, Zinkl JG, Steele MD: Sublethal effects of three pesticides on Japanese medaka. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol. 1993 Nov;25(4):485-91. Acetylcholinesterase was severely inhibited in parathion and molinate, and this persisted in some cases after 10 days in non-contaminated water. |
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| 8042201 | Jett DA, Fernando JC, Eldefrawi ME, Eldefrawi AT: Differential regulation of muscarinic receptor subtypes in rat brain regions by repeated injections of parathion. Toxicol Lett. 1994 Jul;73(1):33-41. Repeated injections with increasing moderate doses of parathion into adult male rats for 21 days resulted in 84-90% inhibition of acetylcholinesterase in the brain without overt signs of toxicity. |
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| 7097796 | Agarwal DK, Misra D, Agarwal S, Seth PK, Kohli JD: Influence of sex hormones on parathion toxicity in rats: antiacetylcholinesterase activity of parathion and paraoxon in plasma, erythrocytes, and brain. J Toxicol Environ Health. 1982 Mar;9(3):451-9. Administration of parathion resulted in a greater inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity of plasma, erythrocytes, and brain in female rats than in male rats. |
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| 8894051 | Gilbert RD, Bryson PK, Brown TM: Linkage of acetylcholinesterase insensitivity to methyl parathion resistance in Heliothis virescens. Biochem Genet. 1996 Aug;34(7-8):297-312. |
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| 17143474 | Calaf GM, Parra E, Garrido F: Cell proliferation and tumor formation induced by eserine, an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, in rat mammary gland. Oncol Rep. 2007 Jan;17(1):25-33. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of eserine, an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, as are the organophosphorous compounds malathion and parathion, and 17beta on cell proliferation and tumor formation that takes place in the rat mammary gland after in vivo and in vitro treatment. |
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| 15181664 | Eyer F, Meischner V, Kiderlen D, Thiermann H, Worek F, Haberkorn M, Felgenhauer N, Zilker T, Eyer P: Human parathion poisoning. Toxicol Rev. 2003;22(3):143-63. To this end, we monitored parathion-intoxicated patients (patients requiring artificial ventilation) for plasma levels of parathion and paraoxon along with the activity of erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase and its reactivatability. |
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| 8142705 | Martinez-Tabche L, Galar CI, Ramirez MB, Morales RA, German FC: Parathion effect on acetylcholinesterase from fish through an artificial trophic chain: Ankistrodesmus falcatus-Moina macrocopa-Oreochromis hornorum. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol. 1994 Mar;52(3):360-6. |
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| 19764241 | Zhao W, Ge PY, Xu JJ, Chen HY: Selective detection of hypertoxic organophosphates pesticides via PDMS composite based acetylcholinesterase-inhibition biosensor. Environ Sci Technol. 2009 Sep 1;43(17):6724-9. At optimal conditions, this biosensor-1 could measure 5.0 x 10 (-10) g/L paraoxon and 1.0 x 10 (-9) g/L parathion. |
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| 15508279 | Timur S, Telefoncu A: Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) electrodes based on gelatin and matrices for the pesticide detection. Artif Cells Blood Substit Immobil Biotechnol. 2004;32(3):427-42. Linear ranges for different organophosphates such as malathion, parathion-methyl, and methamidophos were detected by using both types of biosensor system. |
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| 19269805 | Viswanathan S, Radecka H, Radecki J: Electrochemical biosensor for pesticides based on acetylcholinesterase immobilized on polyaniline deposited on vertically assembled carbon nanotubes wrapped with ssDNA. Biosens Bioelectron. 2009 May 15;24(9):2772-7. Epub 2009 Feb 10. An electrochemical biosensor for the determination of pesticides: methyl parathion and chlorpyrifos, two of the most commonly used organophosphorous insecticides in vegetable crops, is described. |
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| 17963125 | Gulalp B, Gokel Y, Gumurdulu D, Seydaoglu G, Daglioglu K, Dikmen N, Karcioglu O: The effect of parathion-methyl and antidotes on parotid and pancreatic glands: a pilot experimental study. Int J Toxicol. 2007 Sep-Oct;26(5):383-8. After the administration of the chemicals, blood samples were drawn to test for amylase, lipase, acetylcholinesterase (AChE), and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), while pancreatic and parotid glands of each rat were removed for light microscopic examination. |
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| 3868356 | Deli E, Somlyay I, Varnagy L: Biochemical study of muscle samples from chicken embryos affected by Wofatox 50 EC. Arch Toxicol Suppl. 1985;8:277-9. It is known that the inhibition of acetylcholine esterase causes a permanent inflow and accumulation of Ca2+ especially in the cervical muscle due to the increased mass and energy utilization in the last period before hatching. |
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| 8560474 | Abbas R, Schultz IR, Doddapaneni S, Hayton WL: Toxicokinetics of parathion and paraoxon in rainbow trout after intravascular administration and water exposure. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 1996 Jan;136(1):194-9. The species differences have been mainly investigated by biochemical studies of AChE and organophosphate interaction. |
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| 18029014 | Maitra SK, Mitra A: Testicular functions and serum titers of LH and in methyl parathion-fed roseringed parakeets. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 2008 Sep;71(1):236-44. Epub 2007 Oct 29. A significant dose- and duration-dependent reduction in the paired testicular weight, seminiferous tubular diameters, the number of tubules with healthy germ cells, plasma acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity and plasma levels of luteinizing hormone (LH) and occurred in MP-fed birds. |
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| 7120178 | Rattner BA, Sileo L, Scanes CG: Oviposition and the plasma concentrations of LH, and in bobwhite quail (Colinus virginianus) fed parathion. J Reprod Fertil. 1982 Sep;66(1):147-55. Food intake, body weight change, brain acetylcholinesterase activity, egg production, and ovary weight were reduced in a dose-dependent manner. |
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| 3382792 | Reddy MS, Rao KV: In vivo recovery of acetylcholinesterase activity from phosphamidon and methylparathion induced inhibition in the nervous tissue of penaeid prawn (Metapenaeus monoceros). Bull Environ Contam Toxicol. 1988 May;40(5):752-8. |
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| 11495289 | Mahaboob Basha P, Begum S, Nayeemunnisa: Methyl parathion induced alterations in monoaminergic system of developing rat pups. Indian J Exp Biol. 2001 Mar;39(3):276-9. This suggests that an increased AChE inhibition may indirectly stimulate MAO activity in developing rat pups exposed to methyl parathion. |
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| 20100039 | Jiang N, Lu L, Wang T, Zhang L, Xin W, Fu F: attenuates liver injury induced by methyl parathion in rats. Toxicol Mech Methods. 2010 Feb;20(2):69-74. Results showed that AChE activity was significantly inhibited by methyl parathion and attenuated after GSH administered. |
82(1,1,1,2) | Details |
| 9292288 | Thiermann H, Mast U, Klimmek R, Eyer P, Hibler A, Pfab R, Felgenhauer N, Zilker T: Cholinesterase status, pharmacokinetics and laboratory findings during obidoxime therapy in organophosphate poisoned patients. Hum Exp Toxicol. 1997 Aug;16(8):473-80. Obidoxime (Toxogonin) was given as an i.v. bolus (250 mg) followed by continuous infusion of 750 mg/24 h. 3 Intoxication and therapy were monitored by determining erythrocyte AChE (eryAChE) activity, reactivatability of the patient's eryAChE ex vivo, plasma cholinesterase activity, the presence of AChE inhibiting compounds, as well as the concentrations of obidoxime and atropine in plasma. 4 Obidoxime was effective in life-threatening parathion poisoning, in particular when the dose absorbed was comparably low. |
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| 1714421 | Dikshith TS, Raizada RB, Singh V, Pandey M, Srivastava MK: Repeated dermal toxicity of technical HCH and methyl parathion (50EC) to female rats (Rattus norvigicus). Indian J Exp Biol. 1991 Feb;29(2):149-55. Repeated dermal application of hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH; 100 mg/kg/day) or methyl parathion (2 mg/kg/day) individually or in combination for 7, 15 and 30 days produced pathomorphological changes in skin, liver, kidney and brain of female rats along with significant enzymatic alterations in the activity of transaminase, alkaline phosphatase lactic dehydrogenase and acetylcholinesterase. |
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| 17117641 | Zhu XS, Meng FP, Zhu L, He DH: [Flow injection biosensor based on the immobilized AChE] . Huan Jing Ke Xue. 2006 Sep;27(9):1829-34. After an incubation time of 20 min, the calibration graph to methyl-parathion is linear (r = 0.9986) when its concentration ranges from 4.29 x 10 (-10) mol x L (-1) to 4.29 x 10 (-8) mol x L (-1) , and the detection limit is 1.3 x 10 (-10) mol x L (-1). |
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| 16163484 | Suprun E, Evtugyn G, Budnikov H, Ricci F, Moscone D, Palleschi G: Acetylcholinesterase sensor based on screen-printed carbon electrode modified with prussian blue. Anal Bioanal Chem. 2005 Oct;383(4):597-604. Epub 2005 Oct 19. The ChE/PB sensor makes it possible to detect Aldicarb, Paraoxon and Parathion-Methyl with limits of detection 30, 10 and 5 ppb, respectively (incubation 10 min). |
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| 11534899 | Belden JB, Lydy MJ: Effects of atrazine on acetylcholinesterase activity in midges (Chironomus tentans) exposed to organophosphorus insecticides. Chemosphere. 2001 Sep;44(8):1685-9. Although similar trends existed for malathion and methyl parathion, differences were not statistically significant. |
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| 17017223 | Cui F, Raymond M, Berthomieu A, Alout H, Weill M, Qiao CL: Recent emergence of insensitive acetylcholinesterase in Chinese populations of the mosquito Culex pipiens (Diptera: Culicidae). J Med Entomol. 2006 Sep;43(5):878-83. Bioassays performed with a purified G119S strain indicated that this substitution was associated with high levels of resistance to chlorpyrifos, fenitrothion, malathion, and parathion, but low levels of resistance to dichlorvos, trichlorfon, and fenthion. |
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| 849789 | Domenech CE, Machado de Domenech EE, Balegno HF: Pesticide action and membrane fluidity. FEBS Lett. 1977 Mar 1;74(2):243-6. Allosteric behavior of rat erythrocyte membrane-bound acetylcholinesterase in the presence of organophosphorous compounds. |
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| 224645 | Sterri SH, Rognerud B, Fiskum SE, Lyngaas S: Effect of toxogonin and P2S on the toxicity of carbamates and organophosphorus compounds. Acta Pharmacol Toxicol. 1979 Jul;45(1):9-15. Toxogonin (80 mg/kg intraperitoneally) given 15 min. prior to the administration of organophosphorus insecticides dimethoate, malathion, parathion and azinphos-methyl, organophosphorus warfare agents soman and tabun, or carbamates physostigmine, pyridostigmine and aldicarb, reduced the toxicity in mice of these agents by increasing their LD50 dose 1.5-3 fold. The acetylcholinesterase activity in erythrocytes, cerebrum and diaphragm of surviving mice 20 hours after organophosphate intoxication was similar both in toxogonin and P2S treated animals and untreated animals. |
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| 8846108 | Ward TR, Mundy WR: Organophosphorus compounds preferentially affect second messenger systems coupled to M2/M4 receptors in rat frontal cortex. Brain Res Bull. 1996;39(1):49-55. Recent reports indicate that organophosphate insecticides, in addition to inhibiting acetylcholinesterase activity, can bind directly at a subset of muscarinic receptors, which also bind cis-methyldioxolane with high affinity. We have investigated the action of the active forms of parathion, malathion, and chlorpyrifos (paraoxon, malaoxon, and chlorpyrifos oxon, respectively) on these second messenger systems in cortical slices from adult male Long-Evans rats. |
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| 6378740 | Oehmichen M, Pedal I, Besserer K, Gencic M: Inhibition of non-specific leukocyte esterase activity. Forensic Sci Int. 1984 Jul;25(3):181-9. Monocyte esterase activity in a human survivor of E 605 intoxication was detectable only after serum acetylcholinesterase had returned to normal levels. |
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| 1621354 | Benjaminov O, Hoffer E, Taitelman U, Urbach J, Brandes JM: Parathion transfer and acetylcholinesterase activity in an in-vitro perfused term human placenta. Vet Hum Toxicol. 1992 Feb;34(1):10-2. |
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| 753132 | Leonardi G: [Comparison of the anticholinesterase action in vitro of tetanus toxin and parathion]. Ann Sclavo. 1978 Sep-Oct;20(5):643-6. It is compared the true cholinesterase inhibition exerced in vitro either by the tetanus toxin and by "parathion". |
81(1,1,1,1) | Details |
| 9294250 | Scaps P, Demuynck S, Descamps M, Dhainaut A: Effects of organophosphate and pesticides on acetylcholinesterase and choline acetyltransferase activities of the polychaete Nereis diversicolor. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol. 1997 Aug;33(2):203-8. On the other hand, inhibitory effects on acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity were determined at concentrations of 10 (-6) M for three OP compounds-malathion, parathion-ethyl, and phosalone-and a pesticide-carbaryl. |
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| 3952729 | Abou-Donia MB, Abdo KM, Timmons PR, Proctor JE: Brain acetylcholinesterase, acid phosphatase, and 2',3'-cyclic nucleotide-3'-phosphohydrolase and plasma butyrylcholinesterase activities in hens treated with a single dermal dose of S,S,S-tri-n-butyl phosphorotrithioate. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 1986 Mar 15;82(3):461-73. Brain AChE activity, determined 28 days after application, was significantly inhibited in hens given 500-1,000 mg/kg DEF and in TOCP- and parathion-treated hens. |
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| 19883634 | Eyer P, Worek F, Thiermann H, Eddleston M: Paradox findings may challenge orthodox reasoning in acute organophosphate poisoning. Chem Biol Interact. 2009 Oct 31. It is generally accepted that inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) is the most important acute toxic action of organophosphorus compounds, leading to accumulation of followed by a dysfunction of cholinergic signaling. The former situation is seen in parathion, the latter in oxydemeton methyl poisoning. |
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| 1586462 | Ghosh P, Bhattacharya S: In vivo and in vitro acetylcholinesterase inhibition by metacid-50 and carbaryl in Channa punctatus under natural field condition. Biomed Environ Sci. 1992 Mar;5(1):18-24. |
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| 8867149 | Guilhermino L, Celeste Lopes M, Carvalho AP, Soares AM: Inhibition of acetylcholinesterase activity as effect criterion in acute tests with juvenile Daphnia magna. Chemosphere. 1996 Feb;32(4):727-38. EC50 values from in vivo AChE inhibition tests were: 2.4 micrograms/l for parathion, 0.2 microgram/l for paraoxon; DCA and cadmium at the concentrations tested had no effects on enzyme activity. |
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| 12762645 | Cabello G, Juarranz A, Botella LM, Calaf GM: Organophosphorous pesticides in breast cancer progression. J Submicrosc Cytol Pathol. 2003 Jan;35(1):1-9. Parathion and malathion, organophosphorous pesticides are cholinesterase inhibitors responsible for the hydrolysis of body esters, including at cholinergic synapses. Their primary target of action in insects is the nervous system whereby they inhibit the enzyme acetylcholinesterase at synaptic junction. |
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| 15342957 | Smulders CJ, Bueters TJ, Vailati S, van Kleef RG, Vijverberg HP: Block of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors by organophosphate insecticides. Toxicol Sci. 2004 Dec;82(2):545-54. Epub 2004 Sep 1. Chronic and acute exposure to organophosphate (OP) pesticides may lead to persistent neurological and neurobehavioral effects, which cannot be explained by acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibition alone. Several OP pesticides, e.g., parathion-ethyl, chlorpyrifos and disulfoton, inhibited the -induced ion current with potencies in the micromolar range. |
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| 431841 | Pettinati L, Perrelli G: [Pesticides in rural pathology] . Minerva Med. 1979 Mar 10;70(12):867-72. The latter group contains the very commonly employed alkylthiophosphates (malathion, parathion, etc.). These are well-known inhibitors of acetylcholine esterase and thus responsible for harm to the nervous system. |
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| 7919717 | Kuhn K, Streit B: Detecting sublethal effects of organophosphates by measuring acetylcholinesterase activity in Gammarus. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol. 1994 Sep;53(3):398-404. |
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| 650299 | Chakraborty D, Bhattacharyya A, Majumdar K, Chatterjee K, Chatterjee S, Sen A, Chatterjee GC: Studies on metabolism in rats under chronic toxicity due to organophosphorus insecticides: effects of supplementation of in high doses. J Nutr. 1978 Jun;108(6):973-80. The effects of chronic administration of two organophosphorus insecticides, parathion and malathion on the growth rate, metabolism and some other nutritional and physiological parameters in rats were studied. Inhibition of brain acetylcholinesterase was taken as an index of organophosphorus insecticide toxicity. |
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| 9190843 | Van Den Beukel I, Dijcks FA, Vanderheyden P, Vauquelin G, Oortgiesen M: Differential muscarinic receptor binding of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors in rat brain, human brain and Chinese hamster ovary cells expressing human receptors. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1997 Jun;281(3):1113-9. Displacement of muscarinic radioligands by the cholinesterase inhibitors parathion, paraoxon, physostigmine and phenyl saligenin cyclic was examined in rat cortex and brain stem, human cortex and brain stem, and in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells expressing human M2 or M4 muscarinic acetylcholine receptors. |
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| 18977431 | Eells JB, Brown T: Repeated developmental exposure to chlorpyrifos and methyl parathion causes persistent alterations in nicotinic subunit mRNA expression with chlorpyrifos altering metabolite levels. Neurotoxicol Teratol. 2009 Mar-Apr;31(2):98-103. Epub 2008 Oct 21. Organophosphates (OPs), commonly used as insecticides, inhibit acetylcholinesterase, the enzyme responsible for the inactivation of synaptic which results in elevated neurotransmission. |
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| 10402560 | Tang J, Chambers JE: Detoxication of paraoxon by rat liver homogenate and serum carboxylesterases and A-esterases. J Biochem Mol Toxicol. 1999;13(5):261-8. In rats pretreated with tri-o-tolyl an in vivo carboxylesterase inhibitor, brain acetylcholinesterase was significantly inhibited after intravenous exposure to parathion. |
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| 17893397 | Betancourt AM, Filipov NM, Carr RL: Alteration of neurotrophins in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex of young rats exposed to chlorpyrifos and methyl parathion. Toxicol Sci. 2007 Dec;100(2):445-55. Epub 2007 Sep 24. Exposure to either chlorpyrifos (CPS) or methyl parathion (MPS) results in the inhibition of acetylcholinesterase and leads to altered neuronal activity which normally regulates critical genes such as the neurotrophins nerve growth factor (NGF) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). |
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| 18164358 | Nomura DK, Fujioka K, Issa RS, Ward AM, Cravatt BF, Casida JE: Dual roles of brain serine hydrolase KIAA1363 in ether lipid metabolism and organophosphate detoxification. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2008 Apr 1;228(1):42-8. Epub 2007 Dec 3. On considering detoxification, KIAA1363 -/- mice were significantly more sensitive than +/+ mice to ip-administered CPF (100 mg/kg) and parathion (10 mg/kg) with increased tremoring and mortality that correlated for CPF with greater brain acetylcholinesterase inhibition. |
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| 9138636 | Dhondup P, Kaliwal BB: Inhibition of ovarian compensatory hypertrophy by the administration of methyl parathion in hemicastrated albino rats. Reprod Toxicol. 1997 Jan-Feb;11(1):77-84. Methyl parathion, an organophosphorus pesticide that is a potent acetylcholinesterase inhibitor in animals, was administered IP in graded doses from 2.5 to 5.0 mg/kg body weight to normal hemicastrated virgin rats for 15 consecutive days. |
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| 16916622 | Roy S, Chattoraj A, Bhattacharya S: Arsenic-induced changes in optic tectal histoarchitecture and acetylcholinesterase- profile in Channa punctatus: amelioration by Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol. 2006 Sep;144(1):16-24. Epub 2006 Jul 15. |
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| 7234252 | Sadovnikova LD, Anders VN, Sal'nikov VV: [Effect of anticholinesterases on acetylcholinesterase distribution in the human and animal brain (cytochemical study)]. Zh Nevropatol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova. 1981;81(2):108-14. |
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| 17139155 | Anzai J: [Use of biosensors for detecting organophosphorus agents] . Yakugaku Zasshi. 2006 Dec;126(12):1301-8. OPH catalyzes the hydrolysis reaction of organophosphorus compounds to produce electrochemically active compounds such as and thiols from parathion and VX, respectively. Acetylcholine esterase (AChE)-immobilized electrodes have been used for detecting AChE inhibitors including organophosphorus and pesticides. |
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| 9352214 | De La Vega Salazar MY, Tabche LM, Garcia CM: Bioaccumulation of methyl parathion and its toxicology in several species of the freshwater community in Ignacio Ramirez dam in Mexico. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 1997 Oct;38(1):53-62. The effect of a subchronic exposure to MP in aquatic organisms was evaluated in a natural ecosystem measuring acetyl cholinesterase (AChE) and gamma glutamil transpeptidase (GGT) activity. |
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| 17390078 | Calaf GM, Roy D: Gene expression signature of parathion-transformed human breast epithelial cells. Int J Mol Med. 2007 May;19(5):741-50. The primary target of action in insects is the nervous system whereby pesticides inhibit the release of the enzyme acetylcholinesterase at the synaptic junction. |
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| 15741058 | Law KA, Higson SP: Sonochemically fabricated acetylcholinesterase micro-electrode arrays within a flow injection analyser for the determination of organophosphate pesticides. Biosens Bioelectron. 2005 Apr 15;20(10):1914-24. The enzymatic response of the sensors is inhibited upon incubation with the pesticide, and we have shown that Dichlorvos, Parathion and Azinphos may be determined down to concentrations of approximately 1 x 10 (-17) M, approximately 1 x 10 (-16) M and approximately 1 x 10 (-16) M, respectively. |
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| 15147928 | de Aguiar LH, Moraes G, Avilez IM, Altran AE, Correa CF: Metabolical effects of Folidol 600 on the neotropical freshwater fish matrinxa, Brycon cephalus. Environ Res. 2004 Jun;95(2):224-30. The neotropical freshwater fish matrinxa, Brycon cephalus (Gunther, 1869), was exposed to 1/3 of 96 h-LC50 of Folidol 600 (methyl parathion) for 96 h and allowed to recover for 24, 48, 96, and 192 h. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE), alanine aminotransferase (ALAT), aspartate aminotransferase (AAT), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), malate dehydrogenase (MDH), and dehydrogenase (GDH) were assayed in brain, liver, muscle, and plasma. |
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| 9491337 | He F, Xu H, Qin F, Xu L, Huang J, He X: Intermediate myasthenia syndrome following acute organophosphates poisoning--an analysis of 21 cases. Hum Exp Toxicol. 1998 Jan;17(1):40-5. The responsible OP insecticides included parathion, omethoate and some OP containing pesticide mixtures. Blood acetylcholinesterase activity was persistently inhibited. |
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| 12166762 | Kramer RE, Ho IK: Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of methyl parathion. . Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi. 2002 May;65(5):187-99. Poisonings to this class of compounds are common and exerted primarily through inhibition of acetylcholinesterase. |
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| 3336055 | Wilson BW, Henderson JD, Chow E, Schreider J, Goldman M, Culbertson R, Dacre JC: Toxicity of an acute dose of agent VX and other organophosphorus esters in the chicken. J Toxicol Environ Health. 1988;23(1):103-13. The neurotoxicities of single doses of a chemical warfare agent VX [phosphonothioic acid, methyl-S-(2-[bis (1-methylethyl) amino/ethyl) O-ethyl ester], a metabolite of the agricultural chemical parathion, paraoxon, PO (phosphonothioic acid, diethyl paranitrophenyl ester), and the known neuropathic agents DFP] phosphorofluoridic acid, bis (1-methylethyl) ester] and TOCP tri-o-tolyl ester) were compared in the chicken. The 150 of VX for inhibition of chicken brain acetylcholinesterase was approximately 5 X 10 (-10). |
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| 954759 | Okonek S, Boelcke G, Hollmann H: Therapeutic properties.of haemodialysis and blood exchange transfusion in organophosphate poisoning. Eur J Intensive Care Med. 1976;2(1):13-8. Acetylcholinesterase activity increased only briefly in the period of blood exchange transfusion and decreased gradually afterwards. |
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| 18597346 | Caldwell SR, Raushel FM: Detoxification of organophosphate pesticides using an immobilized phosphotriesterase from Pseudomonas diminuta. Biotechnol Bioeng. 1991 Jan 20;37(2):103-9. The immobilization of phosphotriesterase onto trityl agarose provides an effective method esterase onto trityl agarose provides an effective method for hydrolyzing and thus detoxifyuing organophosphate pesticides and mammalian acetylcholinesterase inhinbitors. Several organophosphate pesticides, methyl parathion, ethyl parathion, diazinon, and coumaphos were also hydrolyzed by the immobilized phosphotriesterase. |
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| 9439736 | Atterberry TT, Burnett WT, Chambers JE: Age-related differences in parathion and chlorpyrifos toxicity in male rats: target and nontarget esterase sensitivity and cytochrome P450-mediated metabolism. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 1997 Dec;147(2):411-8. Developmental changes in brain acetylcholinesterase and hepatic aliesterase (carboxylesterase), cytochrome P450, and the P450-mediated metabolism of these two phosphorothionate insecticides were investigated in male Sprague-Dawley rats. |
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| 7097799 | Skinner CS, Kilgore WW: Acute dermal toxicities of various organophosphate insecticides in mice. J Toxicol Environ Health. 1982 Mar;9(3):491-7. Values were simultaneously generated for the ED50 (milligrams per kilogram) for both cholinesterase and acetylcholinesterase. Lethality was greatest with mevinphos, followed by parathion, methyl parathion, diazinon, and azinphosmethyl. |
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| 6685263 | Abou-Donia MB, Graham DG, Makkawy HA, Abdo KM: Effect of subchronic dermal application of O-ethyl O- phenylphosphonothioate on producing delayed neurotoxicity in hens. Neurotoxicology. 1983 Summer;4(2):247-60. EPN and TOCP treatments had a more profound effect on the activity of plasma butyrylcholinesterase than that of brain acetylcholinesterase (AchE). by contrast O,O,-diethyl O- phosphorothioate (parathion) was more inhibitory to brain AChE. |
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| 19565633 | Arufe MI, Arellano JM, Albendin G, Sarasquete C: Toxicity of parathion on embryo and yolk-sac larvae of gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata L.): Effects on survival, cholinesterase, and carboxylesterase activity. Environ Toxicol. 2009 Jun 29. Larvae exposed to parathion for 72 h showed a 70% inhibition of the whole body acetylcholinesterase at approximately the LC50. (c) 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. |
81(1,1,1,1) | Details |
| 10896051 | Jahng Y, Park JG, Yoo JW, Kim SY, Kim T, Yang JH: Synthesis and biological activity of conformationally controlled 2-PAM derivatives. Arch Pharm Res. 2000 Jun;23(3):222-5. A series of conformationally controlled 2-PAM derivatives were prepared from 2-acetylpyridine and 2,3-pyrido [b] cycloalkenones in two steps and their reactivities towards parathion poisoned AChE were evaluated. |
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| 17561261 | Tian F, Wu X, Pan H, Jiang H, Kuo YL, Marini AM: Inhibition of protein kinase C protects against paraoxon-mediated neuronal cell death. Neurotoxicology. 2007 Jul;28(4):843-9. Epub 2007 Apr 20. Paraoxon, the active metabolite of parathion, is an acetylcholinesterases (AChE) inhibitor that kills cultured cerebellar granule cell neurons via an apoptotic mechanism. |
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| 15893924 | Waibel M, Schulze H, Huber N, Bachmann TT: Screen-printed bienzymatic sensor based on sol-gel immobilized Nippostrongylusbrasiliensis acetylcholinesterase and a cytochrome P450 BM-3 (CYP102-A1) mutant. Biosens Bioelectron. 2006 Jan 15;21(7):1132-40. The enzyme sol-gel itself already proved to be suitable for the highly sensitive detection of paraoxon and parathion in a spectrometric assay. |
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| 1455421 | Kumar MV, Desiraju T: Effect of chronic consumption of methylparathion on rat brain regional acetylcholinesterase activity and on levels of biogenic amines. Toxicology. 1992 Oct;75(1):13-20. |
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| 8292752 | Berkman CE, Quinn DA, Thompson CM: Interaction of acetylcholinesterase with the enantiomers of malaoxon and isomalathion. Chem Res Toxicol. 1993 Sep-Oct;6(5):724-30. |
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| 8212012 | Ward TR, Ferris DJ, Tilson HA, Mundy WR: Correlation of the anticholinesterase activity of a series of organophosphates with their ability to compete with agonist binding to muscarinic receptors. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 1993 Oct;122(2):300-7. Some compounds that inhibit acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity compete directly with quinuclidinyl benzilate (QNB) binding, a muscarinic antagonist which binds to all subtypes equally, and with cis-methyldioxolane (CD), an agonist that binds with high affinity to the M2 subtype of muscarinic receptors. Echothiophate and DFP were potent inhibitors of [3H] CD binding, as were the active "oxon" forms of parathion, malathion, and disulfoton. |
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| 14746346 | Sun T, Ma T, Ho IK: Differential modulation of muscarinic receptors in the rat brain by repeated exposure to methyl parathion. J Toxicol Sci. 2003 Dec;28(5):427-38. Animals were sacrificed and brains were taken 1 week or 3 weeks after the daily treatment for measurement of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity and binding of radioligands, [3H] QNB (nonselective), [3H] pirenzepine (M1-selective), and [3H] AF-DX384 (M2-selective) to muscarinic receptors. |
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| 10022255 | Shapira M, Seidman S, Livni N, Soreq H: In vivo and in vitro resistance to multiple anticholinesterases in Xenopus laevis tadpoles. Toxicol Lett. 1998 Dec 28;102-103:205-9. To evaluate the potential correlation between the resistance of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) to such toxic agents and the systemic toxicity they confer, we characterized the sensitivity of AChE from Xenopus laevis tadpoles to inhibitors, examined the susceptibility of such tadpoles to poisoning by various anticholinesterases and tested the inhibitor sensitivities of recombinant human AChE produced in these amphibian embryos from microinjected DNA. In spite of the effective in vivo penetrance to Xenopus tadpole tissues of paraoxon, the poisonous metabolite of the pro-insecticide parathion, the amphibian embryos displayed impressive resistance to this organophosphorous agent. |
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| 11886776 | Tsagkarakou A, Pasteur N, Cuany A, Chevillon C, Navajas M: Mechanisms of resistance to organophosphates in Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae) from Greece. Insect Biochem Mol Biol. 2002 Apr;32(4):417-24. We investigated the mechanisms conferring resistance to methyl-parathion (44-fold) and to methomyl (8-fold) in Tetranychus urticae from Greece by studying the effect of synergists on the resistance and the kinetic characteristics of various enzymes in a resistant strain (RLAB) and a susceptible reference strain (SAMB). The kinetic characteristics of acetylcholinesterase, the target enzyme of organophosphates and carbamates, revealed that acetylcholinesterase in RLAB was less sensitive to inhibition by paraoxon and methomyl in comparison with SAMB. |
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| 15612566 | Taskin V, Kence M: The genetic basis of malathion resistance in housefly (Musca domestica L.) strains from Turkey. Genetika. 2004 Nov;40(11):1475-82. Organophosphate insecticide (parathion/diazinon) resistance in housefly (Musca domestica L.) is associated with the change in carboxylesterase activity. In addition, we checked the malathion carboxylesterase (MCE), percent remaining activities in acetylcholinesterase (AChE), -S-transferase (GST), and general esterase activities in all 5 strains used in this study. |
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| 15876422 | Kiderlen D, Eyer P, Worek F: Formation and disposition of diethylphosphoryl-obidoxime, a potent anticholinesterase that is hydrolyzed by human paraoxonase (PON1). Biochem Pharmacol. 2005 Jun 15;69(12):1853-67. Two parathion-poisoned patients with high and low POX-hydrolase activity responded well and poorly, respectively, to obidoxime treatment although the former patient had higher plasma paraoxon levels than the poor responder. DEP-Obidoxime was an extremely potent inhibitor of human acetylcholinesterase approaching a second-order rate constant of 10 (9) M (-1) min (-1) (pH 7.4; 37 degrees C). |
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| 12518333 | Saleh AM, Vijayasarathy C, Fernandez-Cabezudo M, Taleb M, Petroianu G: Influence of paraoxon (POX) and parathion (PAT) on apoptosis: a possible mechanism for toxicity in low-dose exposure. J Appl Toxicol. 2003 Jan-Feb;23(1):23-9. Most of the clinical symptoms are due to inhibition of acetylcholinesterase. |
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| 1981826 | Reddy MS, Jayaprada P, Rao KV: Impact of methylparathion and malathion on cholinergic and non-cholinergic enzyme systems of penaeid prawn, Metapenaeus monoceros. Biochem Int. 1990 Nov;22(4):769-79. The nervous tissue AChE, BUChE and glutaminase activity levels were significantly inhibited, whereas glutamine synthetase activity, and contents were increased significantly following the sublethal exposure of prawn, Metapenaeus, monoceros to methylparathion and malathion. |
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| 9928630 | Ramos S, Sultatos L: -induced alterations in cytochrome P450-dependent biotransformation of the organophosphorus insecticide parathion in the mouse. Toxicology. 1998 Nov 16;131(2-3):155-67. Many of these compounds, such as the phosphorothioate insecticides, exert their mammalian toxicity only after undergoing metabolic activation by a variety of cytochrome P450 isoforms to produce their corresponding analogs (or oxons), which are potent inhibitors of the critical enzyme acetylcholinesterase. |
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| 1797200 | Rodriguez EM, Monserrat JM: Acute and chronic effects of parathion and 2,4 D on the consumption of Chasmagnathus granulata (Decapoda, Brachyura). Acta Physiol Pharmacol Ther Latinoam. 1991;41(2):201-10. Crabs exposed to parathion -an organophosphorate insecticide that causes the inhibition of acetylcholinesterase- show an increase of consumption at 0.5 ppm under acute exposure, and at 10 ppb under a chronic one. |
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| 19858641 | Rafsanjani FN, Ardakani ZV, Vahedian J, Moradi M, Attar AF: The effect of chronic consumption of paraoxon on basal and pentagastrin-stimulated gastric acid and pepsin secretion in rats. Saudi J Gastroenterol. 2007 Oct-Dec;13(4):172-5. BACKGROUND/AIMS: Paraoxon, an organophosphate metabolite of the insecticide parathion inhibits the enzyme, acetylcholinesterase (Achase). |
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| 6882946 | White DH, Mitchell CA, Hill EF: Parathion alters incubation behavior of laughing gulls. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol. 1983 Jul;31(1):93-7. A pilot study with captive laughing gulls had determined the proper dosage of parathion that would significantly inhibit their brain AChE activity (about 50% of normal) without overt signs of poisoning. |
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| 2284052 | Veronesi B, Pope C: The neurotoxicity of parathion-induced acetylcholinesterase inhibition in neonatal rats. Neurotoxicology. 1990 Fall;11(3):465-82. |
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| 753135 | Leonardi G, Gazzei G, Zanierato G: [Possible interference between tetanus toxin and organo- esters in blocking of cholinesterase]. Ann Sclavo. 1978 Sep-Oct;20(5):664-70. This behavior seems to be interpreted as the result from the linkage between the true cholinesterase and one toxic (Wassermann-Takaki phenomenon both for the tetanus toxin and the "parathion"), with the following interference for the second toxic, when added, at the enzymatic level, so that the second toxic remains free. |
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| 8806854 | Carr RL, Chambers JE: Kinetic analysis of the in vitro inhibition, aging, and reactivation of brain acetylcholinesterase from rat and channel catfish by paraoxon and chlorpyrifos-oxon. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 1996 Aug;139(2):365-73. In rats, the phosphorothionate insecticide parathion exhibits greater toxicity than chlorpyrifos, while in catfish the toxicities are reversed. |
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| 580736 | Coutselinis A, Boukis D: The diagnosis of organophosphorus fatal intoxication by the AChE activity in CSF. Arch Toxicol. 1978 Apr 27;40(2):155-8. |
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| 8448346 | Berkman CE, Ryu S, Quinn DA, Thompson CM: Kinetics of the postinhibitory reactions of acetylcholinesterase poisoned by chiral isomalathion: a surprising nonreactivation induced by the RP stereoisomers. Chem Res Toxicol. 1993 Jan-Feb;6(1):28-32. |
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| 19130375 | Somerset V, Baker P, Iwuoha E: Mercaptobenzothiazole-on-gold organic phase biosensor systems: 1. J Environ Sci Health B. 2009 Feb;44(2):164-78. This paper reports the construction of the gold/mercaptobenzothiazole/polyaniline/acetylcholinesterase/polyvinylaceta te (Au/ MBT/PANI/AChE/PVAc) thick-film biosensor for the determination of certain organophosphate pesticide solutions in selected aqueous organic solvent solutions. The biosensor was then applied to detect a series of 5 organophosphorous pesticides in aqueous organic solvents and the pesticides studied were parathion-methyl, malathion and chlorpyrifos. |
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| 15910911 | Roque A, Abad S, Betancourt-Lozano M, de la Parra LM, Baird D, Guerra-Flores AL, Gomez-Gil B: Evaluation of the susceptibility of the cultured shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei to vibriosis when orally exposed to the insecticide methyl parathion. Chemosphere. 2005 Jun;60(1):126-34. Mortality and AChE activity showed a concentration-response relationship in the exposure treatments. |
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| 2511899 | Ghosh P, Bhattacharya S, Bhattacharya S: Impact of nonlethal levels of Metacid-50 and carbaryl on thyroid function and cholinergic system of Channa punctatus. Biomed Environ Sci. 1989 Jun;2(2):92-7. With regard to brain acetylcholinesterase and and serum (T3) and (T4) profiles, a biphasic response pattern was elicited in Channa punctatus chronically exposed to nonlethal doses of locally used pesticides, namely, Metacid-50 and Carbaryl. |
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| 2730675 | Forsyth CS, Chambers JE: Activation and degradation of the phosphorothionate insecticides parathion and EPN by rat brain. Biochem Pharmacol. 1989 May 15;38(10):1597-603. These activations produced potent anticholinesterases, decreasing the I50 values to rat brain acetylcholinesterase almost 1000-fold (from the 10 (-5) M range to the 10 (-8) M range). |
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| 18424861 | Aardema H, Meertens JH, Ligtenberg JJ, Peters-Polman OM, Tulleken JE, Zijlstra JG: Organophosphorus pesticide poisoning: cases and developments. Neth J Med. 2008 Apr;66(4):149-53. Through the inhibition of acetylcholinesterase, organophosphorus poisoning is characterised by the clinical picture of acute cholinergic crisis. |
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| 7705869 | Husain K, Pant SC, Raza SK, Singh R, Das Gupta S: A comparative study of delayed neurotoxicity in hens following repeated administration of organophosphorus compounds. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol. 1995 Jan;39(1):47-50. Hens treated with Mipafox (10 mg/kg, sc), sarin (50 micrograms/kg, sc) or parathion (1 mg/kg, sc) daily for 10 days exhibited severe, moderate and no ataxia respectively on 14th day after the start of exposure. All three compounds significantly inhibited acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity in the platelets. |
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| 19079407 | Paudyal BP: Organophosphorus poisoning. JNMA J Nepal Med Assoc. 2008 Oct-Dec;47(172):251-8. Metacid (Methyl parathion) and Nuvan (Dichlorovos) are commonly ingested OP pesticides; Dimethoate, Profenofos, and Chlorpyrifos are other less frequently ingested compounds in Nepal. The toxicity of these OP pesticides is due to the irreversible inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) enzyme leading to accumulation of and subsequent over-activation of cholinergic receptors in various parts of the body. |
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| 16002478 | Rider CV, LeBlanc GA: An integrated addition and interaction model for assessing toxicity of chemical mixtures. Toxicol Sci. 2005 Oct;87(2):520-8. Epub 2005 Jul 7. A ternary mixture of acetylcholinesterase inhibiting organophosphates (malathion and parathion) and the P450 inhibitor piperonyl butoxide was used to model toxicity. |
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| 8561923 | Chakravorty PP, Bose S, Joy VC, Bhattacharya S: Biomonitoring of anticholinesterase pesticides in the soil: usefulness of soil Collembola. Biomed Environ Sci. 1995 Sep;8(3):232-9. In vivo inhibition of whole body AChE reveals higher degree of inhibition by LD50 dose of Methyl parathion as compared to that of Carbaryl where maximum inhibition was noticed at the agricultural dose. |
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| 186331 | Woolley DE: Some aspects of neurophysiological basis of insecticide action. Fed Proc. 1976 Dec;35(14):2610-7. These effects of parathion on the MES and evoked potentials coincided with a fall in blood and brain acetylcholinesterase (AChe) activities but disappeared after AChe inhibition had reached its peak and stabilized. |
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| 12554434 | Garcia SJ, Abu-Qare AW, Meeker-O'Connell WA, Borton AJ, Abou-Donia MB: Methyl parathion: a review of health effects. J Toxicol Environ Health B Crit Rev. 2003 Mar-Apr;6(2):185-210. Methyl parathion is an organophosphorus (OP) insecticide with insecticidal properties derived from acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibition; this same property is also the root of its toxicity in humans. |
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| 2590230 | Chambers JE, Munson JR, Chambers HW: Activation of the phosphorothionate insecticide parathion by rat brain in situ. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1989 Nov 30;165(1):327-33. However, at a higher dose (nominally 48 mg/kg) there was substantial (about 70%) inhibition of brain acetylcholinesterase after 15 min, suggesting that the brain does have the ability to activate parathion in the intact situation. |
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| 11585067 | Fossi MC, Minutoli R, Guglielmo L: Preliminary results of biomarker responses in zooplankton of brackish environments. Mar Pollut Bull. 2001 Sep;42(9):745-8. Acetylcholinesterase activity (AChE) was determined in homogenates of whole organisms. Preliminary laboratory work was also carried out with specimens of A. latisetosa, which were exposed to an organophosphorus insecticide (parathion). |
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| 16838488 | Musilek K, Kuca K, Jun D, Dohnal V, Kim TH, Jung YS, Dolezal M: [Synthesis of reactivators of phosphorylated acetylcholinesterase of bis-pyridiniumdialdoxime type with a 3-oxapentane connecting chain and their testing in vitro on a model of the enzyme inhibited by chlorpyrifos and methylchlorpyrifos]. Ceska Slov Farm. 2006 May;55(3):115-9. Insecticides (e.g., parathion, chlorpyrifos, methylchlorpyrifos) and nerve agents (e.g.. soman, sarin, tabun, VX) belong to the group of organophosphates. |
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| 10918524 | Gupta RC, Goad JT, Milatovic D, Dettbarn WD: Cholinergic and noncholinergic brain biomarkers of insecticide exposure and effects. Hum Exp Toxicol. 2000 May;19(5):297-308. The objective of this investigation was to determine the distribution of cholinergic and noncholinergic biomarkers in discrete brain regions (cortex, stem, striatum, hippocampus, and cerebellum) of rats treated with (DMSO, controls), and insecticides such as carbofuran (CARB, 1.5 mg/kg, sc), or methyl parathion (MPTH, 5 mg/kg, ip). In controls, analyses of the brain regions revealed a wide variability in the values of cholinergic (acetylcholinesterase, AChE) and noncholinergic kinase, CK; and lactic dehydrogenase, LDH, and their isoenzymes) biomarkers. |
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| 8023345 | Liu PS, Kao LS, Lin MK: Organophosphates inhibit catecholamine secretion and influx in bovine chromaffin cells. Toxicology. 1994 May 31;90(1-2):81-91. The lethality of organophosphorous compounds has been attributed to their inhibitory effect on acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in the nervous system. Therefore we investigated the toxic effects of methyl parathion and malathion on bovine chromaffin cells. |
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| 7328701 | Kraus JF, Mull R, Kurtz P, Winterlin W, Franti CE, Borhani N, Kilgore W: Epidemiologic study of physiological effects in usual and volunteer citrus workers from organophosphate pesticide residues at reentry. J Toxicol Environ Health. 1981 Jul-Aug;8(1-2):169-84. Baseline (nonexposure) acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and plasma cholinesterase (PChE) activities were significantly higher in usual (Mexican American) workers than in volunteer workers (student volunteers). |
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| 6138207 | Yawetz A, Sidis I, Gasith A: Metabolism of parathion and brain cholinesterase inhibition in aroclor 1254-treated and untreated Caspian terrapin (Mauremys caspica rivulata, Emydidae, Chelonia) in comparison with two species of wild birds. Comp Biochem Physiol C. 1983;75(2):377-82. The Ki value for acetylcholinesterase inhibition by paraoxon in brain homogenate of the Caspain terrapin was 3 and 2 orders of magnitude higher than that found in the African bulbul and the barn owl, respectively. |
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| 4074946 | Finlayson BJ, Rudnicki RA: Storage and handling as sources of error in measuring fish acetylcholinesterase activity. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol. 1985 Dec;35(6):790-5. |
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| 14700528 | Silva D, Cortez CM, Cunha-Bastos J, Louro SR: Methyl parathion interaction with human and bovine serum albumin. . Toxicol Lett. 2004 Feb 28;147(1):53-61. Its mechanism of acute toxicity is the inhibition of the enzyme acetylcholinesterase in nervous tissue. |
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| 18418871 | Hreljac I, Zajc I, Lah T, Filipic M: Effects of model organophosphorous pesticides on DNA damage and proliferation of HepG2 cells. Environ Mol Mutagen. 2008 Jun;49(5):360-7. The primary mechanism of OP toxicity is the inhibition of acetylcholine esterase in the nervous system leading to a variety of acute and chronic effects. We investigated whether low concentrations of model OPs-methyl parathion (PT), methyl paraoxon (PO), and dimefox (DF)-induce DNA damage and/or affect cell proliferation in human hepatoma HepG2 cells. |
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| 8160210 | Watson AM, Chambers H, Chambers JE: An investigation of activities and paraoxon sensitivities of hepatic aliesterases in beta-naphthoflavone-treated rats. Toxicol Lett. 1994 May;71(3):217-25. Aliesterases (carboxylesterases, EC 3.1.1.1) are serine esterases which may protect acetylcholinesterase during organophosphorus insecticide intoxication by providing alternative phosphorylation sites. In addition, the in vitro sensitivities of aliesterases to inhibition by paraoxon, the active metabolite of the common insecticide parathion, were studied. |
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| 16819098 | Edwards FL, Tchounwou PB: Environmental toxicology and health effects associated with methyl parathion exposure--a scientific review. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2005 Dec;2(3-4):430-41. It belongs to the class of organophosphate chemicals characterized by their ability to inhibit acetylcholinesterase activity. |
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| 7509414 | Chaudhuri J, Chakraborti TK, Chanda S, Pope CN: Differential modulation of organophosphate-sensitive muscarinic receptors in rat brain by parathion and chlorpyrifos. J Biochem Toxicol. 1993 Dec;8(4):207-16. Because extensive acetylcholinesterase inhibition often induces compensatory changes in cholinergic receptor populations, we compared the effects of parathion and chlorpyrifos on brain muscarinic receptors. |
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| 7436548 | Schoor WP, Brausch J: The inhibition of acetylcholinesterase activity in pink shrimp (Penaeus duorarum) by methyl parathion and its oxon. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol. 1980;9(5):599-605. |
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| 12395849 | Roex EW, de Vries E, van Gestel CA: Sensitivity of the zebrafish (Danio rerio) early life stage test for compounds with different modes of action. Environ Pollut. 2002;120(2):355-62. Danio rerio, was used as a test organism, and the two model compounds were 1,2,3-trichlorobenzene (123TCB), a non-polar narcotic, and parathion, an acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitor. |
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| 3983973 | Levi PE, Hodgson E: Oxidation of pesticides by purified cytochrome P-450 isozymes from mouse liver. Toxicol Lett. 1985 Feb-Mar;24(2-3):221-8. The pesticides parathion, fonofos, DEF, Mocap and profenofos were oxidized by the reconstituted monooxygenase system to form acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitors. |
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| 7794910 | Benning MM, Kuo JM, Raushel FM, Holden HM: Three-dimensional structure of the binuclear metal center of phosphotriesterase. Biochemistry. 1995 Jun 27;34(25):7973-8. Phosphotriesterase, as isolated from Pseudomonas diminuta, is capable of detoxifying widely used pesticides such as paraoxon and parathion and various mammalian acetylcholinesterase inhibitors. |
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| 11835623 | Olivier K Jr, Liu J, Pope C: Inhibition of forskolin-stimulated cAMP formation in vitro by paraoxon and chlorpyrifos oxon in cortical slices from neonatal, juvenile, and adult rats. J Biochem Mol Toxicol. 2001;15(5):263-9. Parathion (PS) and chlorpyrifos (CPF) are organophosphorus insecticides, which elicit toxicity following biotransformation to the potent acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, paraoxon (PO) and chlorpyrifos oxon (CPO). |
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| 15683842 | Park KH, Kim YS, Chung EY, Choe SN, Choo JJ: Cardiac responses of Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas to agents modulating cholinergic function. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol. 2004 Dec;139(4):303-8. To examine the functional effects of cholinergic modulation compounds in oyster hearts and to explore their possible use in monitoring intoxication with acetylcholine-esterase (AChE) inhibitors such as organophosphates, tests were performed with in situ oyster heart preparations. The irreversible organophosphate type AChE inhibitor parathion or its active metabolite paraoxon at concentrations up to 100 microM failed to depress cardiac contractility. |
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| 3975908 | Gupta RC, Rech RH, Lovell KL, Welsch F, Thornburg JE: Brain cholinergic, behavioral, and morphological development in rats exposed in utero to methylparathion. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 1985 Mar 15;77(3):405-13. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and choline acetyltransferase (CAT) activities, and [3H] quinuclidinyl benzilate (QNB) binding to muscarinic receptors, were determined in several brain regions at 1, 7, 14, 21, and 28 days postnatal age and in maternal brain at Day 19 of gestation. |
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| 16193529 | Petroianu GA, Arafat K, Kuca K, Kassa J: Five oximes (K-27, K-33, K-48, BI-6 and methoxime) in comparison with pralidoxime: in vitro reactivation of red blood cell acetylcholinesterase inhibited by paraoxon. J Appl Toxicol. 2006 Jan-Feb;26(1):64-71. Paraoxon (POX), the active metabolite of parathion (O,O-diethyl-O-p-nitro-phenyl phosphorothioate) is a non-neuropathic organophosphate. |
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| 12109753 | Anderson TD, Lydy MJ: Increased toxicity to invertebrates associated with a mixture of atrazine and organophosphate insecticides. Environ Toxicol Chem. 2002 Jul;21(7):1507-14. This study examined the joint toxicity of atrazine and three organophosphate (OP) insecticides (chlorpyrifos, methyl parathion, and diazinon) exposed to Hyalella azteca and Musca domestica. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity also was examined for the individual OPs with and without atrazine treatment. |
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| 17824663 | Walz I, Schwack W: Cutinase inhibition by means of insecticidal organophosphates and carbamates. 3. J Agric Food Chem. 2007 Oct 3;55(20):8177-86. Epub 2007 Sep 8. Chloroperoxidase (CPO) from Caldariomyces fumago combined with peroxide and proved to be most efficient for the transformation of organophosphorothionate pesticides, i.e., chlorpyrifos, chlorpyrifos-methyl, parathion, and parathion-methyl, into their more potent serine esterase inhibiting oxon analogues. This type of enzymatic oxidation is easier to perform and more efficient, as compared to or N-bromosuccinimide, used for acetylcholine esterase (AChE) assay in water analyses, but is insufficient for complex matrices such as plant sample extracts. |
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| 6483827 | Izmirova N, Shalash S, Kaloianova F: [Dynamics of cholinesterase inhibition in methylparathion poisoning] . Probl Khig. 1984;9:42-9. The inhibition of cholinesterase (ChEA) and acetylcholinesterase activity (AcChEA) in blood and brain of albino rats was followed up after repeated exposure to methylparathion (MP). |
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| 15557345 | Buratti FM, D'Aniello A, Volpe MT, Meneguz A, Testai E: Malathion bioactivation in the human liver: the contribution of different cytochrome p450 isoforms. Drug Metab Dispos. 2005 Mar;33(3):295-302. Epub 2004 Nov 22. These results are in line with those found with chlorpyrifos, diazinon, azynphos-methyl, and parathion, characterized by the presence of an aromatic ring in the molecule. Malathion desulfuration has been characterized in human liver microsomes (HLMs) with a method based on acetylcholinesterase inhibition that is able to detect nanomolar levels of oxon. |
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| 11690566 | Barber DS, Ehrich M: Esterase inhibition in SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells following exposure to organophosphorus compounds for 28 days. In Vitr Mol Toxicol. 2001 Summer;14(2):129-35. To examine metabolic activation in these exposures, pairs of pro- and active toxicants were studied, including chlorpyrifos and its oxon, parathion and paraoxon, and tri-ortho-tolyl and phenyl saligenin phospahte. Inhibition of acetylcholinesterase was greater in cells treated for 28 days with all active organophosphorus compounds than it was in cells treated only once with the same concentration of a given OP compound. |
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| 8765902 | Nendza M, Wenzel A, Wienen G: Classification of contaminants by mode of action based on in vitro assays. SAR QSAR Environ Res. 1995;4(1):39-50. Specific toxicants (e.g., decouplers, acetylcholinesterase inhibitors or photosystem II inhibitors) may be identified based on according in vitro tests and eventually modelled by the respective mode of action related QSARs employing also, e.g., steric or polarizability descriptors to account for specific interactions. |
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| 2000024 | Chambers JE, Chambers HW, Snawder JE: Target site bioactivation of the organophosphorus insecticide parathion in partially hepatectomized rats. Life Sci. 1991;48(10):1023-9. After 30 minutes, brain AChE was inhibited 68% whereas liver and plasma aliesterases were unaffected. |
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| 10873710 | Monnet-Tschudi F, Zurich MG, Schilter B, Costa LG, Honegger P: Maturation-dependent effects of chlorpyrifos and parathion and their analogs on acetylcholinesterase and neuronal and glial markers in aggregating brain cell cultures. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2000 Jun 15;165(3):175-83. Oxon derivatives were more potent AChE inhibitors than the parent compounds, and parathion was more potent than chlorpyrifos. |
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| 17475919 | Evron T, Geyer BC, Cherni I, Muralidharan M, Kilbourne J, Fletcher SP, Soreq H, Mor TS: Plant-derived human acetylcholinesterase-R provides protection from lethal organophosphate poisoning and its chronic aftermath. FASEB J. 2007 Sep;21(11):2961-9. Epub 2007 May 2. AChE-R shares its active site with the synaptic AChE-S variant, which is the target of poisonous organophosphate anticholinesterase insecticides such as the parathion metabolite paraoxon. |
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| 10581123 | Ribeiro S, Guilhermino L, Sousa JP, Soares AM: Novel bioassay based on acetylcholinesterase and lactate dehydrogenase activities to evaluate the toxicity of chemicals to soil isopods. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 1999 Nov;44(3):287-93. The in vivo effects of the insecticides parathion-ethyl and endosulfan- on AChE and LDH activities of P. dilatatus under laboratory conditions were investigated. |
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| 11434294 | Wogram J, Sturm A, Segner H, Liess M: Effects of parathion on acetylcholinesterase, butyrylcholinesterase, and carboxylesterase in three-spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) following short-term exposure. Environ Toxicol Chem. 2001 Jul;20(7):1528-31. |
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| 19778163 | Eyer F, Worek F, Eyer P, Felgenhauer N, Haberkorn M, Zilker T, Thiermann H: Obidoxime in acute organophosphate poisoning: 1 - clinical effectiveness. Clin Toxicol. 2009 Sep;47(8):798-806. RESULTS: Patients poisoned with parathion responded promptly to obidoxime (250 mg bolus followed by continuous infusion at 750 mg/day up to 1 week) with improvement of neuromuscular transmission and increased AChE activity. |
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| 2422501 | Biegon A, Wolff M: Quantitative histochemistry of acetylcholinesterase in rat and human brain postmortem. J Neurosci Methods. 1986 Mar;16(1):39-45. |
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| 18371707 | Du D, Chen S, Cai J, Zhang A: Electrochemical pesticide sensitivity test using acetylcholinesterase biosensor based on colloidal gold nanoparticle modified sol-gel interface. Talanta. 2008 Jan 15;74(4):766-72. Epub 2007 Jul 24. Typical pesticides such as monocrotophos, methyl parathion and carbaryl were selected for pesticide sensitivity tests. |
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| 7966439 | Gupta RC, Goad JT, Kadel WL: Cholinergic and noncholinergic changes in skeletal muscles by carbofuran and methyl parathion. J Toxicol Environ Health. 1994 Nov;43(3):291-304. The objective of this investigation was to determine the distribution of cholinergic (acetyl-cholinesterase, AChE) and noncholinergic markers in slow-, fast-, and mixed-fiber containing muscles (soleus, SOL; extensor digitorum longus, EDL; and diaphragm, DIA, respectively). |
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| 11750078 | Howard MD, Pope CN: In vitro effects of chlorpyrifos, parathion, methyl parathion and their oxons on cardiac muscarinic receptor binding in neonatal and adult rats. Toxicology. 2002 Jan 15;170(1-2):1-10. Organophosphorus insecticides elicit toxicity by inhibiting acetylcholinesterase. |
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| 11827395 | Guerrieri A, Monaci L, Quinto M, Palmisano F: A disposable amperometric biosensor for rapid screening of anticholinesterase activity in soil extracts. Analyst. 2002 Jan;127(1):5-7. The sensitive membrane was obtained by co-crosslinking acetylcholinesterase and oxidase with bovine serum albumin using glutaraldehyde. An inhibition percentage of 38 +/- 4% was recorded for soil extracts spiked with 10 ppb of ethyl parathion. |
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