Protein Information

Name prothrombin
Synonyms Coagulation factor II; Coagulation factor II variant; F2; F2 protein; F2 protein precursor; Factor II; PT; Prothrombin…

Compound Information

Name difenacoum
CAS

Reference List

PubMed Abstract RScore(About this table)
2883288 Winn MJ, Clegg JA, Park BK: An investigation of sex-linked differences to the toxic and to the pharmacological actions of difenacoum: studies in mice and rats. J Pharm Pharmacol. 1987 Mar;39(3):219-22.

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9088970 McCarthy PT, Cox AD, Harrington DJ, Evely RS, Hampton E, al-Sabah AI, Massey E, Jackson H, Ferguson T: Covert poisoning with difenacoum: clinical and toxicological observations. Hum Exp Toxicol. 1997 Mar;16(3):166-70.

Intermittent and unexpected increases in plasma concentrations of difenacoum and descarboxypro-thrombin suggested that covert, repeated ingestion of the anticoagulant was the most likely cause of the poisoning.
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19752778 Grandemange A, Kohn MH, Lasseur R, Longin-Sauvageon C, Berny P, Benoit E: Consequences of the Y139F Vkorc1 mutation on resistance to AVKs: in-vivo investigation in a 7th generation of congenic Y139F strain of rats. Pharmacogenet Genomics. 2009 Oct;19(10):742-50.

RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: In this manuscript we report the prothrombin times measured in the F7 generation after exposure to chlorophacinone, bromadiolone, difenacoum and difethialone.
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2771552 Smolinske SC, Scherger DL, Kearns PS, Wruk KM, Kulig KW, Rumack BH: Superwarfarin poisoning in children: a prospective study. Pediatrics. 1989 Sep;84(3):490-4.


This prospective study was undertaken to determine the incidence, severity, time of onset, and duration of coagulopathy in children following accidental ingestion of long-acting anticoagulant rodenticides, often called "superwarfarins." Of 110 children, who ingested superwarfarins and in whom one or more prothrombin time values were obtained, 8 had a prothrombin time ratio (patient to control) of greater than or equal to 1.2, indicative of anticoagulation.
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3964529 Park BK, Choonara IA, Haynes BP, Breckenridge AM, Malia RG, Preston FE: Abnormal vitamin K metabolism in the presence of normal clotting factor activity in factory workers exposed to 4-hydroxycoumarins. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 1986 Mar;21(3):289-93.

The case histories of two patients exposed to the novel anticoagulants brodifacoum and difenacoum are reported.
There was a marked prolongation of prothrombin time (greater than 50 s) in both cases, at the time of exposure.
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1361149 Butcher GP, Shearer MJ, MacNicoll AD, Kelly MJ, Ind PW: Difenacoum poisoning as a cause of haematuria. Hum Exp Toxicol. 1992 Nov;11(6):553-4.

A man presented with frank haematuria and a grossly prolonged prothrombin time.
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7181945 Park BK, Leck JB: A comparison of vitamin K antagonism by warfarin, difenacoum and brodifacoum in the rabbit. Biochem Pharmacol. 1982 Nov 15;31(22):3635-9.

The pharmacological response to vitamin K1 (Konakion) in anticoagulated (prothrombin complex activity less than 30%) New Zealand white rabbits was determined by measuring prothrombin complex activity (P.C.A.) in peripheral plasma.
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9477532 Robben JH, Kuijpers EA, Mout HC: Plasma superwarfarin levels and vitamin K1 treatment in dogs with anticoagulant rodenticide poisoning. Vet Q. 1998 Jan;20(1):24-7.

The dose of vitamin K1 was reduced in a stepwise manner as long as the prothrombin time remained within physiological limits.
Brodifacoum, difethialone, and difenacoum were detected by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) in the plasma of 13, 3, and 2 dogs, respectively.
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3978316 Breckenridge AM, Cholerton S, Hart JA, Park BK, Scott AK: A study of the relationship between the pharmacokinetics and the pharmacodynamics of the 4-hydroxycoumarin anticoagulants warfarin, difenacoum and brodifacoum in the rabbit. Br J Pharmacol. 1985 Jan;84(1):81-91.

The pharmacological response to the anticoagulants was measured as changes in prothrombin complex activity, from which the rate of clotting factor synthesis was determined.
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2330467 Nighoghossian N, Ruel JH, Ffrench P, Froment JC, Trouillas P: [Cervicodorsal subdural hematoma caused by coumarinic rodenticide poisoning]. Rev Neurol. 1990;146(3):221-3.


Prothrombin complex activity was low.
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1056964 Hadler MR, Redfern R, Rowe FP: Laboratory evaluation of difenacoum as a rodenticide. J Hyg. 1975 Jun;74(3):441-8.

Prothrombin assays indicated that the compound had as marked an activity with warfarin-resistant common rats as coumatetralyl had with non-resistant animals.
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16499407 Watt BE, Proudfoot AT, Bradberry SM, Vale JA: Anticoagulant rodenticides. Toxicol Rev. 2005;24(4):259-69.


This group includes the second generation 4-hydroxycoumarins brodifacoum, bromadiolone, difenacoum, flocoumafen and the indanedione derivatives chlorophacinone and diphacinone.
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