Protein Information

Name osteocalcin
Synonyms BGLAP; BGP; Bone Gla protein; Bone gamma carboxyglutamaic acid protein; Gamma carboxyglutamicacid protein; Gamma carboxyglutamic acid containing protein; Osteocalcin; Osteocalcin precursor…

Compound Information

Name warfarin
CAS

Reference List

PubMed Abstract RScore(About this table)
19225034 Amizuka N, Li M, Hara K, Kobayashi M, de Freitas PH, Ubaidus S, Oda K, Akiyama Y: Warfarin administration disrupts the assembly of mineralized nodules in the osteoid. J Electron Microsc. 2009 Apr;58(2):55-65. Epub 2009 Feb 18.

However, osteocalcin immunoreactivity was markedly reduced in the warfarin-administered bone.
88(1,1,2,3) Details
19721202 Kaneki M: [Is ucOC a novel bone-derived anti-diabetogenic hormone in humans?] . Clin Calcium. 2009 Sep;19(9):1304-10.

These questions include: (1) Does non-carboxylated osteocalcin exert the beneficial effects in humans?; (2) Does warfarin, a vitamin K antagonist, improve insulin, sensitivity and lower blood glucose levels?; (3) and Do estrogen and bisphosphonate, which reduce circulating osteocalcin, contribute to insulin resistance and obesity? These issues await further investigations.
86(1,1,1,6) Details
19692494 McCann JC, Ames BN: Vitamin K, an example of triage theory: is micronutrient inadequacy linked to diseases of aging?. Am J Clin Nutr. 2009 Oct;90(4):889-907. Epub 2009 Aug 19.

Genetic loss of less critical VKD proteins, dietary vitamin K inadequacy, human polymorphisms or mutations, and vitamin K deficiency induced by chronic anticoagulant (warfarin/coumadin) therapy are all linked to age-associated conditions: bone fragility after estrogen loss (osteocalcin) and arterial calcification linked to cardiovascular disease (Mgp).
82(1,1,1,2) Details
19949270 Amizuka N, Li M, Guo Y, Liu Z, Suzuki R, Yamamoto T: [Biological effects of vitamin K2 on bone quality] . Clin Calcium. 2009 Dec;19(12):1788-96.

Sodium warfarin, which antagonizes the function of vitamin K (2), reduced the binding of osteocalcin to bone matrices, and consequently resulted in crystalline particles being dispersed throughout the osteoid without forming mineralized nodules.
82(1,1,1,2) Details
19436136 Crosier MD, Peter I, Booth SL, Bennett G, Dawson-Hughes B, Ordovas JM: Association of sequence variations in vitamin K epoxide reductase and gamma-glutamyl carboxylase genes with biochemical measures of vitamin K status. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol. 2009 Apr;55(2):112-9.

Genetic factors, specifically the VKORC1 and GGCX genes, have been shown to contribute to the interindividual variability in response to the vitamin K-antagonist, warfarin, which influences the dose required to achieve the desired anticoagulation response.
Cross-sectional associations exist between polymorphisms and biochemical markers of vitamin K [plasma phylloquinone, percent undercarboxylated osteocalcin (%ucOC)].
2(0,0,0,2) Details
18374202 Bugel S: Vitamin K and bone health in adult humans. Vitam Horm. 2008;78:393-416.

Furthermore, I will shortly discuss the interaction with vitamin D and the paradox in relation to warfarin treatment.
The best known of the three known bone-related Gla proteins is osteocalcin (OC).
1(0,0,0,1) Details
19874942 Shearer MJ: Vitamin K in parenteral nutrition. Gastroenterology. 2009 Nov;137(5 Suppl):S105-18.

Although this supplemental daily amount is probably beneficial in preventing vitamin K deficiency, it may be excessive for patients taking vitamin K antagonists, such as warfarin, and jeopardize their anticoagulant control.
Better tests include measurements of circulating vitamin K and inactive proteins such as undercarboxylated forms of factor II and osteocalcin to assess tissue and functional status, respectively.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
19907166 Sato Y, Honda Y, Jun I: Long-term oral anticoagulation therapy and the risk of hip fracture in patients with previous hemispheric infarction and nonrheumatic atrial fibrillation. Cerebrovasc Dis. 2010;29(1):73-8. Epub 2009 Nov 10.

Warfarin therapy has been demonstrated to reduce the risk of stroke in nonrheumatic atrial fibrillation (NRAF).
Sera were assayed for undercarboxylated osteocalcin (ucOC), bone Gla protein and 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25-OHD).
1(0,0,0,1) Details