Protein Information

Name Acetylcholinesterase
Synonyms ACHE; ACHE protein; AChE; ARACHE; AcChoEase; Acetylcholine acetylhydrolase; Acetylcholinesterase; Acetylcholinesterase isoform E4 E6 variant…

Compound Information

Name lindane
CAS (1α,2α,3β,4α,5α,6β)-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexachlorocyclohexane

Reference List

PubMed Abstract RScore(About this table)
7685730 Agrawal D, Sultana P: Biochemical and structural alterations in rat erythrocytes due to hexachlorocyclohexane exposure. Food Chem Toxicol. 1993 Jun;31(6):443-8.


The phospholipid:cholesterol ratio was altered, and there were changes in the activities of the membrane-bound enzymes ATPase and acetylcholinesterase.
2(0,0,0,2) Details
12946900 Maycock DS, Prenner MM, Kheir R, Morris S, Callaghan A, Whitehouse P, Morritt D, Crane M: Incorporation of in situ and biomarker assays in higher-tier assessment of the aquatic toxicity of insecticides. Water Res. 2003 Oct;37(17):4180-90.

Experimental ponds were dosed with pirimiphos methyl (PM) and lindane.
Surviving larvae were analysed for acetylcholinesterase activity (AChE).
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9989472 Sahoo A, Samanta L, Das A, Patra SK, Chainy GB: Hexachlorocyclohexane-induced behavioural and neurochemical changes in rat. J Appl Toxicol. 1999 Jan-Feb;19(1):13-8.


Effect of chronic oral exposure (10 and 20 mg kg (-1) body wt. for 7, 15 and 30 days) to hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) on open-field behaviour and activities of cerebral Na+,K+-ATPase, Mg2+-ATPase and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) of rat was evaluated.
2(0,0,0,2) Details
20211194 Gustafsson H, Runesson J, Lundqvist J, Lindegren H, Axelsson V, Forsby A: Neurofunctional endpoints assessed in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells for estimation of acute systemic toxicity. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2010 Mar 6.

We studied cell membrane potential (CMP), noradrenalin (NA) uptake, acetylcholine esterase (AChE) activity, acetylcholine receptor (AChR) signalling and voltage-operated calcium channel (VOCC) function in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells after exposure to 23 pharmaceuticals, pesticides or industrial chemicals.
The CMP assay was the most sensitive assay, identifying eight chemicals as neurotoxic alerts and improving the LC50 correlation for nicotine, lindane, atropine and methadone.
2(0,0,0,2) Details
10414779 Banerjee BD, Seth V, Bhattacharya A, Pasha ST, Chakraborty AK: Biochemical effects of some pesticides on lipid peroxidation and free-radical scavengers. Toxicol Lett. 1999 Jun 30;107(1-3):33-47.

Oxidative stress was studied in blood samples obtained from lindane, malathion and propoxur poisoning cases admitted to the Guru Teg Bahadur Hospital, Delhi and evaluated for lipid peroxidation, oxygen free radical (OFR) scavenging enzymes, and glutathione (GSH) and related enzymes.
Acetylcholine esterase (AChE), gamma glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) and GSH level were also assayed in lymphocytes.
2(0,0,0,2) Details
19893075 Vucevic D, Petronijevic N, Radonjic N, Rasic-Markovic A, Mladenovic D, Radosavljevic T, Hrncic D, Djuric D, Susic V, Djuro M, Stanojlovic O: Acetylcholinesterase as a potential target of acute neurotoxic effects of lindane in rats. Gen Physiol Biophys. 2009;28 Spec No:18-24.
87(1,1,2,2) Details
16966160 Binelli A, Ricciardi F, Riva C, Provini A: Integrated use of biomarkers and bioaccumulation data in Zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha) for site-specific quality assessment. Biomarkers. 2006 Sep-Oct;11(5):428-48.

In this study, several persistent organic pollutants -- 23 polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners, 11 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), six dichlorodiphenyltricholroethane (DDT) relatives, hexachlorobenzene (HCB), chlorpyrifos and its oxidized metabolite -- and some herbicides (lindane and the isomers alpha, beta, delta; terbutilazine; alachlor; metolachlor) were measured in the soft tissues of the freshwater mollusc Zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha) from 25 sampling sites in the Italian portions of the sub-alpine great lakes along with the measure of ethoxyresorufin dealkylation (EROD) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity.
31(0,1,1,1) Details
19449386 Anguiano GA, Amador A, Moreno-Legorreta M, Arcos-Ortega F, Vazquez-Boucard C: Effects of exposure to oxamyl, carbofuran, dichlorvos, and lindane on acetylcholinesterase activity in the gills of the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas. Environ Toxicol. 2009 May 15.
16(0,0,2,6) Details
16257038 Romeo M, Gharbi-Bouraoui S, Gnassia-Barelli M, Dellali M, Aissa P: Responses of Hexaplex (Murex) trunculus to selected pollutants. Sci Total Environ. 2006 Apr 15;359(1-3):135-44. Epub 2005 Oct 27.

An evaluation of the biological effects of the most toxic metals (cadmium and copper) and of two organics (carbofuran and lindane), present in the sediments of the Bizerta lagoon, was attempted by measuring biomarkers (acetylcholinesterase: AChE, catalase: CAT and glutathione S-transferase: GST activities) in animals experimentally exposed for 48 or 72 h.
13(0,0,2,3) Details
16780930 Raftopoulou EK, Dailianis S, Dimitriadis VK, Kaloyianni M: Introduction of cAMP and establishment of neutral lipids alterations as pollution biomarkers using the mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis. Sci Total Environ. 2006 Sep 15;368(2-3):597-614. Epub 2006 Jun 15.

Increased levels of cAMP were observed in tissues of mussels Mytilus galloprovincialis exposed to PAHs, 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and lindane for 15 days. cAMP levels were higher in mantle/gonad complex, in relation to other tissues studied (digestive gland and gills).
In support of our suggestion, cAMP was significantly correlated with established biomarkers, such as lysosomal membrane stability, AChE activity and metallothionein content.
3(0,0,0,3) Details
1714421 Dikshith TS, Raizada RB, Singh V, Pandey M, Srivastava MK: Repeated dermal toxicity of technical HCH and methyl parathion (50EC) to female rats (Rattus norvigicus). Indian J Exp Biol. 1991 Feb;29(2):149-55.


Repeated dermal application of hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH; 100 mg/kg/day) or methyl parathion (2 mg/kg/day) individually or in combination for 7, 15 and 30 days produced pathomorphological changes in skin, liver, kidney and brain of female rats along with significant enzymatic alterations in the activity of transaminase, alkaline phosphatase lactic dehydrogenase and acetylcholinesterase.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
8841090 Narahashi T: Neuronal ion channels as the target sites of insecticides. Pharmacol Toxicol. 1996 Jul;79(1):1-14.

The insecticide-channel interactions that have been studied most extensively are pyrethroid actions on the voltage-gated sodium channel and cyclodiene/lindane actions on the GABAA receptor chloride channel complex.
With the exception of organophosphate and carbamate insecticides which inhibit acetylcholinesterases, most insecticide commercially developed act on the sodium channel and the GABA system.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
11522282 Seth V, Banerjee BD, Bhattacharya A, Pasha ST, Chakravorty AK: Pesticide induced alterations in acetylcholine esterase and gamma glutamyl transpeptidase activities and glutathione level in lymphocytes of human poisoning cases. Clin Biochem. 2001 Jul;34(5):427-9.

1(0,0,0,1) Details
9865422 Bhalla P, Agrawal D: Alterations in rat erythrocyte membrane due to hexachlorocyclohexane (technical) exposure. Hum Exp Toxicol. 1998 Nov;17(11):638-42.


Administration of HCH (technical) to rats at 5 mg/kg, orally, 5 days a week for 1, 2 and 3 months caused marked increase in erythrocyte membrane fluidity, osmotic fragility and decrease in levels of Na+, K (+)-ATPase, acetylcholinesterase in erythrocytes and glutathione in blood. 2.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
12092750 Roche H, Buet A, Ramade F: Accumulation of lipophilic microcontaminants and biochemical responses in eels from the Camargue Biosphere Reserve. Ecotoxicology. 2002 Jun;11(3):155-64.

The aims of this study were (1) to determine the amount of lipophilic xenobiotics such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), which are probably of atmospheric origin, and two organochlorines (OC), lindane and dieldrin, which are from irrigation waters, in liver and muscle (2) to define in situ biomarkers and (3) to identify the mode by which fish from 'unpolluted' areas become contaminated.
For example, there is a relationship between the concentrations of the most volatile PAHs and the activity of muscle acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and between the concentration of benzo-PAH and the activities of ATPases in the gills and/or muscle.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
10665412 Galindo-Reyes JG, Dalla Venezia L, Lazcano-Alvarez G, Rivas-Mendoza H: Enzymatic and osmoregulative alterations in white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei exposed to pesticides. Chemosphere. 2000 Feb;40(3):233-7.

Enzymatic and osmoregulation tests in shrimp exposed to DDT, Lindane, Chlordane, Lorsban, Gusathion, Folidol, Diazinon and Tamaron were carried out.
Activity reductions from 11 to 2 units/ml in acetylcholinesterase and from 1 to 0 units/l in transaminases (GOT and GPT) were detected.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
1703470 Picollo de Villar MI, Fontan A, Wood E, Zerba E: The biochemical basis of tolerance to malathion in Rhodnius prolixus. Comp Biochem Physiol C. 1990;96(2):361-5.

LC50 of malathion, fenitrothion and lindane were determined in R. prolixus and T. infestans.
Acetylcholinesterase from R. prolixus heads was 3.3-fold less sensitive to inhibition by malaoxon than the similar enzyme of T. infestans. 4.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
1380351 Wolff MS, McConnell R, Cedillo L, Rivera M: Dermal levels of methyl-parathion, organochlorine pesticides, and acetylcholinesterase among formulators. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol. 1992 May;48(5):671-8.

1(0,0,0,1) Details