Protein Information

Name superoxide dismutase
Synonyms IPO B; Indophenoloxidase B; MNSOD; Manganese superoxide dismutase; Manganese containing superoxide dismutase; Mangano superoxide dismutase; Mn superoxide dismutase; Mn SOD…

Compound Information

Name sodium fluoride
CAS sodium fluoride (NaF)

Reference List

PubMed Abstract RScore(About this table)
19060940 Kosenko EA, Solomadin IN, Marov NV, Venediktova NI, Pogosian AS, Kaminskii IuG: [Role of glycolysis and antioxidant enzymes in the toxicity of amyloid beta peptide Abeta25-35 to erythrocytes]. Bioorg Khim. 2008 Sep-Oct;34(5):654-60.

The erythrotoxicity of Abeta (25-35) was shown to increase two- to fourfold both in the absence of glucose in the incubation medium and upon the addition of sodium fluoride, an enolase inhibitor.
Potassium cyanide, a Cu,Zn-superoxide dismutase inhibitor, abolishes the toxic effect of Abeta (25-35) to erythrocytes, whereas mercaptosuccinate, a glutathione peroxidase inhibitor, and ouabain, a Na+,K+-ATPase inhibitor, promote it.
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18187247 Jhala DD, Chinoy NJ, Rao MV: Mitigating effects of some antidotes on fluoride and arsenic induced free radical toxicity in mice ovary. Food Chem Toxicol. 2008 Mar;46(3):1138-42. Epub 2007 Nov 23.

The effects of oral administration of sodium fluoride (NaF) and/or arsenic trioxide (As (2) O (3)) (5 mg and 0.5 mg/kg body weight, respectively) for 30 days were investigated on free radical induced toxicity in the mouse ovary.
The combined treatment of NaF and As (2) O (3) impaired significantly (p <0.001) the production of free radical scavengers such as glutathione and ascorbic acid as well as antioxidant enzymes, namely, glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (Cat), thereby increasing ovarian lipid peroxides (LPO) which might have rendered the ovary susceptible to injury.
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17562290 Manna P, Sinha M, Sil PC: A 43 kD protein isolated from the herb Cajanus indicus L attenuates sodium fluoride-induced hepatic and renal disorders in vivo. J Biochem Mol Biol. 2007 May 31;40(3):382-95.

This exposure significantly altered the activities of the antioxidant enzymes like superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), glutathione reductase (GR) and the cellular metabolites such as reduced glutathione (GSH), oxidized glutathione (GSSG), total thiols, lipid peroxidation end products in liver and kidney compared to the normal mice.
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17270411 Bouaziz H, Croute F, Boudawara T, Soleilhavoup JP, Zeghal N: Oxidative stress induced by fluoride in adult mice and their suckling pups. Exp Toxicol Pathol. 2007 Apr;58(5):339-49. Epub 2007 Jan 30.

In the present work, we evaluated the effects of sodium fluoride on histopathological aspects of kidney, antioxidant status, lipid peroxidation levels and on the expression of four stress proteins (namely, the cytosolic heat shock proteins: HSP72, 73, 90 and the reticulum-associated GRP94).
Alteration of the antioxidant system was confirmed by the significant decline of serum total antioxidant status and of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activities in red blood cells.
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14635268 Aydin G, Cicek E, Akdogan M, Gokalp O: Histopathological and biochemical changes in lung tissues of rats following administration of fluoride over several generations. J Appl Toxicol. 2003 Nov-Dec;23(6):437-46.

The increased activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and reduced glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and the decreased activity of catalase (CAT) in the lung tissues with 10 mg l (-1) fluoride might indicate activation of the antioxidant defence mechanism.
The possible effects of multigenerational administration of sodium fluoride (NaF) via drinking water on lung tissue morphology and biochemistry and body and lung weight were investigated in second-generation adult male rats.
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18676123 Das J, Ghosh J, Manna P, Sil PC: Taurine provides antioxidant defense against NaF-induced cytotoxicity in murine hepatocytes. Pathophysiology. 2008 Oct;15(3):181-90. Epub 2008 Aug 3.

Sodium fluoride (NaF) was used as the source of fluoride for this particular study.
In addition, the activities of the antioxidant enzymes like superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) were also decreased by toxin treatment at the previous dose.
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15248484 Shivarajashankara YM, Shivashankara AR, Bhat PG, Rao SH: Lipid peroxidation and antioxidant systems in the blood of young rats subjected to chronic fluoride toxicity. Indian J Exp Biol. 2003 Aug;41(8):857-60.


RBC superoxide dismutase activity decreased significantly on high-fluoride treatment.
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17403599 Sinha M, Manna P, Sil PC: A 43kD protein from the herb, Cajanus indicus L., protects against fluoride induced oxidative stress in mice erythrocytes. Pathophysiology. 2007 May;14(1):47-54. Epub 2007 Apr 2.

Present study has been carried out to evaluate the protective and curative roles of a 43kD protein isolated from the herb Cajanus indicus L. on sodium fluoride (NaF) induced toxicity in mice erythrocytes.
Erythrocytes were isolated, and the antioxidant enzyme superoxide dismutase (SOD) as well as the levels of reduced and oxidized glutathione (GSH and GSSG), total thiols and lipid peroxidation end products were measured in those cells.
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19538017 Kaur T, Bijarnia RK, Nehru B: Effect of concurrent chronic exposure of fluoride and aluminum on rat brain. Drug Chem Toxicol. 2009;32(3):215-21.


Following fluoride exposure, oxidative stress increased significantly, estimated by increased lipid peroxidation and a decrease in the activity of the antioxidant enzyme, superoxide dismutase.
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17537562 Zhang M, Wang A, He W, He P, Xu B, Xia T, Chen X, Yang K: Effects of fluoride on the expression of NCAM, oxidative stress, and apoptosis in primary cultured hippocampal neurons. Toxicology. 2007 Jul 17;236(3):208-16. Epub 2007 Apr 24.

To investigate the expression level of neural cell adhesion molecules (NCAM), oxidative stress, and apoptosis induced by fluoride, the primary rat hippocampal neurons were incubated with 20, 40, and 80 mg/l sodium fluoride for 24 h in vitro.
Compared with control group, the malondialdehyde levels were significantly elevated while glutathione levels and glutathione peroxidase activities were decreased in all fluoride-treated groups, accompanied by the markedly reduced superoxide dismutase activity in 80 mg/l fluoride-treated group.
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16769200 Sarkar SD, Maiti R, Ghosh D: Management of fluoride induced testicular disorders by calcium and vitamin-E co-administration in the albino rat. Reprod Toxicol. 2006 Nov;22(4):606-12.

Treatment of rats with sodium fluoride at the dose of 20 mg/kg/day for 28 days resulted in significant diminution of testicular Delta5,3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (HSD) and 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (HSD) activities and low plasma levels of testosterone, follicular stimulating hormone (FSH) and leutinizing hormone (LH).
Furthermore, fluoride treatment was associated with low activities of testicular, prostatic and epididymal catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase along with elevation of malondialdehyde (MDA) and conjugated dienes (CD) in those tissues.
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16828073 Mittal M, Flora SJ: Effects of individual and combined exposure to sodium arsenite and sodium fluoride on tissue oxidative stress, arsenic and fluoride levels in male mice. Chem Biol Interact. 2006 Aug 25;162(2):128-39. Epub 2006 Jun 3.

An increase in the level of liver and kidney thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) along with a concomitant decrease in the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and reduced GSH content were observed in both arsenic and fluoride administered mice.
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15850282 Cicek E, Aydin G, Akdogan M, Okutan H: Effects of chronic ingestion of sodium fluoride on myocardium in a second generation of rats. Hum Exp Toxicol. 2005 Feb;24(2):79-87.

Additionally, the increased activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), catalase (CAT) and thiobarbituric acid-reactive substance (TBARS) levels were observed in the myocardial tissues of rats treated with 10 and 50 mg/L NaF.
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20306234 Blaszczyk I, Birkner E, Kasperczyk S: Influence of Methionine on Toxicity of Fluoride in the Liver of Rats. Biol Trace Elem Res. 2010 Mar 20.

The aim of the studies conducted has been to determine what influence the administration of methionine during intoxication with sodium fluoride may have upon the selected enzymes of the antioxidative system in rat liver.
The influence of administered NaF and Met was examined by analyzing the activity of the antioxidative enzymes: superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, and glutathione transferase in the liver.
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19635623 Flora SJ, Mittal M, Mishra D: Co-exposure to arsenic and fluoride on oxidative stress, glutathione linked enzymes, biogenic amines and DNA damage in mouse brain. J Neurol Sci. 2009 Oct 15;285(1-2):198-205. Epub 2009 Jul 26.

Male mice were exposed to sodium meta arsenite (50 ppm) and sodium fluoride (50 ppm) individually and in combination for ten weeks.
There was also an increase in reactive oxygen species, thiobarbituric acid reactive species level, glutathione S-transferase and glutathione peroxidase activities and decreased superoxide dismutase activity, GSH:GSSG ratio, glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity.
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14666669 Tokunaga T, Morshed SR, Otsuki S, Takayama F, Satoh T, Hashimoto K, Yasui T, Ogawa S, Kanegae H, Yokote Y, Akahane K, Kashimata M, Satoh K, Sakagami H: Effect of antioxidants, oxidants, metals and saliva on cytotoxicity induction by sodium fluoride. Anticancer Res. 2003 Sep-Oct;23(5A):3719-26.

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11860917 Zhang C, Liu J, Ling B, Song X, Gu W, Wang G: [The effect of fluoride-arsenic exposure on the lipid peroxidation and antioxidation of the offspring of rats]. Zhonghua Yu Fang Yi Xue Za Zhi. 2000 May;34(3):134-5.


RESULTS: The activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) in the blood decreased with the increase of exposure dose.
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16388101 Birkner E, Grucka-Mamczar E, Zwirska-Korczala K, Zalejska-Fiolka J, Stawiarska-Pieta B, Kasperczyk S, Kasperczyk A: Influence of sodium fluoride and caffeine on the kidney function and free-radical processes in that organ in adult rats. Biol Trace Elem Res. 2006 Jan;109(1):35-48.

Modifications of the enzymatic antioxidative system (superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase) and lipid peroxidation (malondialdehyde) were also observed.
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19425189 Kanbur M, Eraslan G, Silici S, Karabacak M: Effects of sodium fluoride exposure on some biochemical parameters in mice: evaluation of the ameliorative effect of royal jelly applications on these parameters. Food Chem Toxicol. 2009 Jun;47(6):1184-9.

Erythrocyte and liver tissue malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activities were evaluated in the blood and tissue samples obtained.
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17319268 Yu RA, Xia T, Wang AG, Chen XM: Effects of selenium and zinc on renal oxidative stress and apoptosis induced by fluoride in rats. Biomed Environ Sci. 2006 Dec;19(6):439-44.

METHODS: Wistar rats were given distilled water containing sodium fluoride (50 mg/L NaF) and were gavaged with different doses of selenium-zinc preparation for six months.
The activities of serum glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), kidney superoxide dismutase (SOD), and the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and glutathione (GSH) in the kidney were measured to assess the oxidative stress.
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17439417 Guney M, Oral B, Demirin H, Karahan N, Mungan T, Delibas N: Protective effects of vitamins C and E against endometrial damage and oxidative stress in fluoride intoxication. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 2007 May-Jun;34(5-6):467-74.


Fluoride administration to control rats significantly increased endometrial malondialdehyde (MDA) but decreased superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and catalase (CAT) activities.
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10393342 Yamano S, Sako Y, Nomura N, Maruyama T: A cambialistic SOD in a strictly aerobic hyperthermophilic archaeon, Aeropyrum pernix. J Biochem. 1999 Jul;126(1):218-25.

With Mn as a metal cofactor, it was more thermostable, and less sensitive to sodium azide and sodium fluoride than with Fe.
The superoxide dismutase (SOD) gene of Aeropyrum pernix, a strictly aerobic hyperthermophilic archaeon, was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli, and its gene product was characterized.
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19053867 Sinha M, Manna P, Sil PC: Terminalia arjuna protects mouse hearts against sodium fluoride-induced oxidative stress. J Med Food. 2008 Dec;11(4):733-40.

The activities of various antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione S-transferase), levels of cellular metabolites, reduced glutathione, and oxidized glutathione, levels of lipid peroxidation end products, and protein carbonyl contents were determined in the cardiac tissues of all the experimental animals.
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