Protein Information

Name bcl 2
Synonyms Apoptosis regulator Bcl 2; B cell CLL/lymphoma 2; B cell lymphoma protein 2 alpha; B cell lymphoma protein 2 alpha isoform; BCL2; Bcl 2; B cell CLL/lymphoma 2s; B cell lymphoma protein 2 alphas…

Compound Information

Name rotenone
CAS

Reference List

PubMed Abstract RScore(About this table)
19647776 Inden M, Kitamura Y, Tamaki A, Yanagida T, Shibaike T, Yamamoto A, Takata K, Yasui H, Taira T, Ariga H, Taniguchi T: Neuroprotective effect of the antiparkinsonian drug pramipexole against nigrostriatal dopaminergic degeneration in rotenone-treated mice. Neurochem Int. 2009 Dec;55(8):760-7. Epub 2009 Aug 6.

These results suggest that pramipexole may protect DA neurons against exposure to rotenone by chronic oral administration, and this effect is mediated by multiple functions including scavenging of *OH and induction of Bcl-2 protein.
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18836818 Kumar B, Kumar A, Pandey BN, Mishra KP, Hazra B: Role of mitochondrial oxidative stress in the apoptosis induced by diospyrin diethylether in human breast carcinoma (MCF-7) cells. Mol Cell Biochem. 2009 Jan;320(1-2):185-95. Epub 2008 Oct 4.


Taken together, the results of our study clearly suggested that the apoptosis induced by D7 would involve alteration of MPT, cardiolipin peroxidation, migration of Bax from cytosol to mitochondria, decreased expression of Bcl-2, and release of cytochrome c, indicating oxidative mechanism at the mitochondrial level in the tumor cells.
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16790527 Aquilano K, Vigilanza P, Rotilio G, Ciriolo MR: Mitochondrial damage due to SOD1 deficiency in SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells: a rationale for the redundancy of SOD1. FASEB J. 2006 Aug;20(10):1683-5. Epub 2006 Jun 21.

These conditions induced a high susceptibility of SOD1-depleted cells to treatment with the mitochondrial reactive oxygen species producing agent rotenone.
Together with these effects carbonylation of mitochondrial proteins was detected and in particular a consistent carbonylation and decrease of the antiapoptotic protein Bcl-2.
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16120427 Blanco FJ, Lopez-Armada MJ, Maneiro E: Mitochondrial dysfunction in osteoarthritis. . Mitochondrion. 2004 Sep;4(5-6):715-28. Epub 2004 Oct 1.

Inhibition of complex I with rotenone increases the expression and synthesis of Bcl-2 and Cox-2, both effects are similar effects to produced by IL-1 in human chondrocytes.
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19539006 Kim HJ, Park HJ, Park HK, Chung JH: Tranexamic acid protects against rotenone-induced apoptosis in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells. Toxicology. 2009 Aug 3;262(2):171-4. Epub 2009 Jun 16.

TA blocked the rotenone-induced phosphorylation of JNK and P38, the downregulation of BCL2 and the upregulation of BAX.
81(1,1,1,1) Details
19497415 Santos DM, Santos MM, Viana RJ, Castro RE, Moreira R, Rodrigues CM: Naphtho [2,3-d] isoxazole-4,9-dione-3-carboxylates: potent, non-cytotoxic, antiapoptotic agents. Chem Biol Interact. 2009 Jul 15;180(2):175-82. Epub 2009 Mar 24.

In addition, 1a and 1b were shown to up-regulate Bcl-X (L), a pro-survival member of the Bcl-2 family of proteins, which modulates the mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis.
Similar protective effects of quinone derivatives were seen in HuH-7 and PC12 cells incubated with distinct apoptotic stimuli, such as camptothecin, TGF-beta1, or rotenone.
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18466357 Castera L, Hatzfeld-Charbonnier AS, Ballot C, Charbonnel F, Dhuiege E, Velu T, Formstecher P, Mortier L, Marchetti P: Apoptosis-related mitochondrial dysfunction defines human monocyte-derived dendritic cells with impaired immuno-stimulatory capacities. J Cell Mol Med. 2009 Jul;13(7):1321-35. Epub 2008 May 3.

Macroarray analysis results (validated by real time quantitative-PCR (QRT-PCR) and immunoblotting), showed up-regulation of the pro-apoptotic member of the Bcl-2 family, Bim, while expression of several anti-apoptotic molecules was down-regulated.
Perturbations to mitochondrial respiration with rotenone identified the same modifications to DC immune functions.
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16641227 Hsuan SL, Klintworth HM, Xia Z: Basic fibroblast growth factor protects against rotenone-induced dopaminergic cell death through activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1/2 and phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase pathways. J Neurosci. 2006 Apr 26;26(17):4481-91.

Reducing the expression of the proapoptotic protein Bcl-2-associated death protein (BAD) by small interfering RNA rendered SH-SY5Y cells resistant to rotenone, implicating BAD in rotenone-induced cell death.
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19885011 Kim HJ, Song JY, Park HJ, Park HK, Yun DH, Chung JH: Naringin Protects against Rotenone-induced Apoptosis in Human Neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y Cells. Korean J Physiol Pharmacol. 2009 Aug;13(4):281-5. Epub 2009 Aug 31.

Naringin also blocked rotenone-induced phosphorylation of Jun NH2-terminal protein kinase (JNK) and P38, and prevented changes in B-cell CLL/lymphoma 2 (BCL2) and BCL2-associated X protein (BAX) expression levels.
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11952418 Shchepina LA, Popova EN, Pletjushkina OY, Chernyak BV: Respiration and mitochondrial membrane potential are not required for apoptosis and anti-apoptotic action of Bcl-2 in HeLa cells. Biochemistry. 2002 Feb;67(2):222-6.

The important anti-apoptotic oncoprotein Bcl-2 inhibits this process.
In the present study it was shown that apoptosis and release of cytochrome c induced by staurosporine or by tumor necrosis factor-alpha in HeLa cells were not affected by inhibitors of respiration (rotenone, myxothiazol, antimycin A) or by uncouplers (CCCP, DNP) that decrease the membrane potential at the inner mitochondrial membrane.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
18563357 Han M, Im DS: Effects of mitochondrial inhibitors on cell viability in U937 monocytes under glucose deprivation. Arch Pharm Res. 2008 Jun;31(6):749-57. Epub 2008 Jun 19.

And also activation of JNK, inactivation of ERK, and enhanced expression of Bcl-2 were observed.
Mitochondrial inhibitors such as rotenone, TTFA, antimycin A, sodium azide, oligomycin, and valinomycin were used in this study.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
12657369 Waldmeier PC: Prospects for antiapoptotic drug therapy of neurodegenerative diseases. . Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2003 Apr;27(2):303-21.


These events are reasonably well reflected in some of the PD animal models, notably those involving 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) and rotenone.
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18082360 Liu YM, Jiang B, Bao YM, An LJ: Protocatechuic acid inhibits apoptosis by mitochondrial dysfunction in rotenone-induced PC12 cells. Toxicol In Vitro. 2008 Mar;22(2):430-7. Epub 2007 Nov 7.

The apoptosis in rotenone-induced PC12 cells was accompanied by the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), the total glutathione depletion, activation of caspase-3 and down-regulation of Bcl-2.
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18242171 Chen S, Zhang X, Yang D, Du Y, Li L, Li X, Ming M, Le W: D2/D3 receptor agonist ropinirole protects dopaminergic cell line against rotenone-induced apoptosis through inhibition of caspase- and JNK-dependent pathways. FEBS Lett. 2008 Mar 5;582(5):603-10. Epub 2008 Jan 31.

Furthermore, we demonstrated that ropinirole can reduce the rotenone-induced cleavages of caspase 9, caspase 3 and PARP and elevate the expression of anti-apoptotic proteins of p-Akt and bcl-2.
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19047048 Porcelli AM, Angelin A, Ghelli A, Mariani E, Martinuzzi A, Carelli V, Petronilli V, Bernardi P, Rugolo M: Respiratory complex I dysfunction due to mitochondrial DNA mutations shifts the voltage threshold for opening of the permeability transition pore toward resting levels. J Biol Chem. 2009 Jan 23;284(4):2045-52. Epub 2008 Dec 1.

The addition of rotenone to HL180 cells and of antimycin A to XTC.UC1 cells caused fast mitochondrial membrane depolarization that was prevented by treatment with cyclosporin A, intracellular Ca2+ chelators, and antioxidant.
Both cell lines also displayed an anomalous response to oligomycin, with rapid onset of depolarization that was prevented by cyclosporin A and by overexpression of Bcl-2.
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15996779 Sanchez-Reus MI, Peinado II, Molina-Jimenez MF, Benedi J: Fraxetin prevents rotenone-induced apoptosis by induction of endogenous glutathione in human neuroblastoma cells. Neurosci Res. 2005 Sep;53(1):48-56.

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18619991 Chen KC, Lin SR, Chang LS: Involvement of mitochondrial alteration and reactive oxygen species generation in Taiwan cobra cardiotoxin-induced apoptotic death of human neuroblastoma SK-N-SH cells. Toxicon. 2008 Aug 1;52(2):361-8. Epub 2008 Jun 24.


Co-incubation with rotenone, an inhibitor of mitochondrial electron transport chain complexes I, resulted in partial inhibition of CTX3-induced ROS generation but not the loss of DeltaPsim.
0(0,0,0,0) Details
16679036 Lopez-Armada MJ, Carames B, Martin MA, Cillero-Pastor B, Lires-Dean M, Fuentes-Boquete I, Arenas J, Blanco FJ: Mitochondrial activity is modulated by TNFalpha and IL-1beta in normal human chondrocyte cells. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2006 Oct;14(10):1011-22. Epub 2006 May 5.

Rotenone also increased Bcl-2 mRNA expression and protein synthesis.
8(0,0,1,3) Details
19252273 Shimohama S: Nicotinic receptor-mediated neuroprotection in neurodegenerative disease models. Biol Pharm Bull. 2009 Mar;32(3):332-6.

Up-regulation of Bcl-2 and Bcl-x could prevent cells from neuronal death induced by beta-amyloid (Abeta), glutamate and rotenone.
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18715146 Ethell DW, Fei Q: Parkinson-linked genes and toxins that affect neuronal cell death through the Bcl-2 family. Antioxid Redox Signal. 2009 Mar;11(3):529-40.

Oxidative stress induced by the neurotoxins MPTP, paraquat, maneb, and rotenone causes lipid peroxidation and protein misfolding that affects cell death through members of the Bcl-2 family.
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15485993 Pignatelli M, Sanchez-Rodriguez J, Santos A, Perez-Castillo A: 15-deoxy-Delta-12,14-prostaglandin J2 induces programmed cell death of breast cancer cells by a pleiotropic mechanism. Carcinogenesis. 2005 Jan;26(1):81-92. Epub 2004 Oct 14.


In contrast, the addition of radical scavengers or rotenone, which prevent 15dPG-J2-induced ROS production, block the loss of cell viability induced by this prostaglandin.
0(0,0,0,0) Details
14561532 Tada-Oikawa S, Hiraku Y, Kawanishi M, Kawanishi S: Mechanism for generation of hydrogen peroxide and change of mitochondrial membrane potential during rotenone-induced apoptosis. Life Sci. 2003 Nov 7;73(25):3277-88.

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19442964 Yin W, Li X, Feng S, Cheng W, Tang B, Shi YL, Hua ZC: Plasma membrane depolarization and Na,K-ATPase impairment induced by mitochondrial toxins augment leukemia cell apoptosis via a novel mitochondrial amplification mechanism. Biochem Pharmacol. 2009 Jul 15;78(2):191-202. Epub 2009 Apr 5.

The results demonstrated that both PMP depolarization and Na,K-ATPase impairment induced by rotenone were regulated by mitochondrial H (2) O (2) and Bcl-2.
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19723537 Park HJ, Kim HJ, Park HK, Chung JH: Protective effect of histamine H2 receptor antagonist ranitidine against rotenone-induced apoptosis. Neurotoxicology. 2009 Nov;30(6):1114-9. Epub 2009 Aug 31.

Ranitidine also prevented the down-regulation of B-cell CLL/lymphoma 2 (BCL2) and the up-regulation of BCL2-associated X protein (BAX) by rotenone.
6(0,0,1,1) Details
8313978 Wolvetang EJ, Johnson KL, Krauer K, Ralph SJ, Linnane AW: Mitochondrial respiratory chain inhibitors induce apoptosis. FEBS Lett. 1994 Feb 14;339(1-2):40-4.


In this paper the specific mitochondrial respiratory chain inhibitors rotenone and antimycin A and the highly specific mitochondrial ATP-synthase inhibitor oligomycin are shown to induce an apoptotic suicide response in cultured human lymphoblastoid and other mammalian cells within 12-18 h.
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19777565 Deng YT, Huang HC, Lin JK: Rotenone induces apoptosis in MCF-7 human breast cancer cell-mediated ROS through JNK and p38 signaling. Mol Carcinog. 2010 Feb;49(2):141-51.

The antiapoptotic protein, Bcl-2, was decreased, whereas the apoptotic protein, Bax, was increased in a time-dependent manner in rotenone-induced apoptosis.
6(0,0,1,1) Details
11120600 Single B, Leist M, Nicotera P: Differential effects of bcl-2 on cell death triggered under ATP-depleting conditions. Exp Cell Res. 2001 Jan 1;262(1):8-16.

ATP levels were modulated by using mitochondrial inhibitors, such as rotenone or S-nitrosoglutathione, in medium either lacking glucose or supplemented with glucose to stimulate glycolytic ATP generation.
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14535829 Vrbacky M, Krijt J, Drahota Z, Melkova Z: Inhibitory effects of Bcl-2 on mitochondrial respiration. Physiol Res. 2003;52(5):545-54.

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16678157 Lai JS, Zhao C, Warsh JJ, Li PP: Cytoprotection by lithium and valproate varies between cell types and cellular stresses. Eur J Pharmacol. 2006 Jun 6;539(1-2):18-26. Epub 2006 Apr 5.


Pretreatment of SH-SY5Y cells for 7 days, but not 1 day, with 1 mM of lithium or 0.6 mM of valproate significantly reduced rotenone and H2O2-induced cytotoxicity, cytochrome c release and caspase-3 activation, and increased Bcl-2 levels.
0(0,0,0,0) Details
15764812 Singh SV, Srivastava SK, Choi S, Lew KL, Antosiewicz J, Xiao D, Zeng Y, Watkins SC, Johnson CS, Trump DL, Lee YJ, Xiao H, Herman-Antosiewicz A: Sulforaphane-induced cell death in human prostate cancer cells is initiated by reactive oxygen species. J Biol Chem. 2005 May 20;280(20):19911-24. Epub 2005 Mar 11.


The SFN-induced ROS generation was significantly attenuated on pretreatment with mitochondrial respiratory chain complex I inhibitors, including diphenyleneiodonium chloride and rotenone.
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8790427 Murphy AN, Bredesen DE, Cortopassi G, Wang E, Fiskum G: Bcl-2 potentiates the maximal calcium uptake capacity of neural cell mitochondria. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1996 Sep 3;93(18):9893-8.

This difference was less apparent when respiration was driven by the oxidation of succinate in the presence of the respiratory complex I inhibitor rotenone.
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8668329 Shimizu S, Eguchi Y, Kamiike W, Waguri S, Uchiyama Y, Matsuda H, Tsujimoto Y: Retardation of chemical hypoxia-induced necrotic cell death by Bcl-2 and ICE inhibitors: possible involvement of common mediators in apoptotic and necrotic signal transductions. Oncogene. 1996 May 16;12(10):2045-50.

Inhibition of the respiratory chain reaction by cyanide, rotenone or antimycin A (chemical hypoxia) induces necrotic cell death characterized by apparently intact chromatin, remarkable mitochondrial swelling with loss of crista structure, and loss of plasma membrane integrity.
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16184340 Ruggieri M, Avolio C, Scacco S, Pica C, Lia A, Zimatore GB, Papa S, Livrea P, Trojano M: Glatiramer acetate induces pro-apoptotic mechanisms involving Bcl-2, Bax and Cyt-c in peripheral lymphocytes from multiple sclerosis patients. J Neurol. 2006 Feb;253(2):231-6. Epub 2005 Sep 30.

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10228947 Rajpurohit R, Mansfield K, Ohyama K, Ewert D, Shapiro IM: Chondrocyte death is linked to development of a mitochondrial membrane permeability transition in the growth plate. J Cell Physiol. 1999 Jun;179(3):287-96.

Since treatment with the uncoupler 2,4-dinitrophenol as well as the site-specific inhibitors antimycin A and rotenone failed to elicit a further increase in the activity of the glycolytic pathway, we concluded that oxidative metabolism was minimum in these cells.
Finally, we assessed Bcl-2 expression in these cells.
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12604781 Nilsen J, Diaz Brinton R: Mechanism of estrogen-mediated neuroprotection: regulation of mitochondrial calcium and Bcl-2 expression. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2003 Mar 4;100(5):2842-7. Epub 2003 Feb 25.

E (2)-induced attenuation of bulk-free [Ca (2+)](i) depends on mitochondrial sequestration of Ca (2+), which is blocked in the presence of the combination of rotenone and oligomycin or in the presence of antimycin, which collapse the mitochondrial membrane potential, thereby preventing mitochondrial Ca (2+) transport.
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18705696 Liu WH, Chang LS: Reactive oxygen species and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase induce apoptotic death of U937 cells in response to Naja nigricollis toxin gamma. J Cell Mol Med. 2008 Aug 14.

Subsequent modulation of Bcl-2 family member and cytochrome c release accompanied with activation of caspase-9 and -3 were involved in the death of U937 cells.
Inhibitors of electron transport (rotenone and antimycin A) or inhibitor of mitochondrial permeability transition pore (cyclosporine A) reduced the effect of toxin gamma on ROS generation, loss of DeltaPsim and cytochrome c release.
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20187293 Liu WH, Chang LS: Reactive oxygen species and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase induce apoptotic death of U937 cells in response to Naja nigricollis toxin-gamma. J Cell Mol Med. 2009 Aug;13(8B):1695-705.

Subsequent modulation of Bcl-2 family member and cytochrome c release accompanied with activation of caspase-9 and -3 were involved in the death of U937 cells.
Inhibitors of electron transport (rotenone and antimycin A) or inhibitor of mitochondrial permeability transition pore (cyclosporine A) reduced the effect of toxin- on ROS generation, loss of deltapsim and cytochrome c release.
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12538580 De Sarno P, Shestopal SA, King TD, Zmijewska A, Song L, Jope RS: Muscarinic receptor activation protects cells from apoptotic effects of DNA damage, oxidative stress, and mitochondrial inhibition. J Biol Chem. 2003 Mar 28;278(13):11086-93. Epub 2003 Jan 21.

Muscarinic receptor stimulation also protected cells from caspase-3 activation induced by exposure to rotenone, a mitochondrial complex 1 inhibitor, but no protection was evident from staurosporine-induced caspase-3 activation.
The mechanism of protection afforded by muscarinic receptor activation from camptothecin-induced apoptotic signaling involved blockade of mitochondrial cytochrome c release associated with a bolstering of mitochondrial bcl-2 levels and blockade of the translocation of Bax to mitochondria.
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15897899 Felty Q, Singh KP, Roy D: Estrogen-induced G1/S transition of G0-arrested estrogen-dependent breast cancer cells is regulated by mitochondrial oxidant signaling. Oncogene. 2005 Jul 21;24(31):4883-93.

In addition, E2-induced expression of PCNA, PRC1, and bcl-2 were inhibited by mitochondrial blockers.
Flow cytometry showed that mitochondrial blockers of protein synthesis (chloramphenicol), transcription and replication (ethidium bromide), and function (rotenone, rhodamine 6G) blocked E2-induced G1 to S transition.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
12730627 Muscarella DE, O'Brien KA, Lemley AT, Bloom SE: Reversal of Bcl-2-mediated resistance of the EW36 human B-cell lymphoma cell line to arsenite- and pesticide-induced apoptosis by PK11195, a ligand of the mitochondrial benzodiazepine receptor. Toxicol Sci. 2003 Jul;74(1):66-73. Epub 2003 May 2.

We found that, although EW36 cells are refractory to apoptosis induction by antimycin A, rotenone, pyridaben, alachlor, and carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone (mClCCP), they are dramatically sensitized to induction of apoptosis by low concentrations of these same agents following pre-treatment with PK11195.
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16990509 Moungjaroen J, Nimmannit U, Callery PS, Wang L, Azad N, Lipipun V, Chanvorachote P, Rojanasakul Y: Reactive oxygen species mediate caspase activation and apoptosis induced by lipoic acid in human lung epithelial cancer cells through Bcl-2 down-regulation. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2006 Dec;319(3):1062-9. Epub 2006 Sep 21.

Likewise, the mitochondrial respiratory chain inhibitor rotenone potently inhibited the apoptotic and ROS-inducing effects of LA, supporting the role of mitochondrial ROS in LA-induced cell death.
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16313906 Pan T, Li X, Xie W, Jankovic J, Le W: Valproic acid-mediated Hsp70 induction and anti-apoptotic neuroprotection in SH-SY5Y cells. FEBS Lett. 2005 Dec 19;579(30):6716-20. Epub 2005 Nov 21.

We now show that VPA attenuates rotenone (a potent complex I inhibitor)-induced apoptosis through the induction of heat shock protein 70, which may interact with apoptotic-protease-activating factor 1.
Activation of p-Akt, p-Bcl-2, as well as p-Erk1/2 by VPA may be co-contributors to the protection.
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12821677 Ling YH, Liebes L, Zou Y, Perez-Soler R: Reactive oxygen species generation and mitochondrial dysfunction in the apoptotic response to Bortezomib, a novel proteasome inhibitor, in human H460 non-small cell lung cancer cells. J Biol Chem. 2003 Sep 5;278(36):33714-23. Epub 2003 Jun 23.

In PC-3 prostate carcinoma cells (with overexpression of Bcl-2), a reduction of bortezomib-induced ROS generation, Delta psi m increase was correlated with cellular resistance to bortezomib and the attenuation of drug-induced apoptosis.
Co-incubation with rotenone and antimycin A, inhibitors of mitochondrial electron transport chain complexes I and III, or with cyclosporine A, an inhibitor of mitochondrial permeability transition pore, resulted in inhibition of bortezomib-induced ROS generation, increase in Delta psi m, and cytochrome c release.
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18817789 Abdin AA, Hamouda HE: Mechanism of the neuroprotective role of coenzyme Q10 with or without L-dopa in rotenone-induced parkinsonism. Neuropharmacology. 2008 Dec;55(8):1340-6. Epub 2008 Sep 10.

This model confirmed the implication of mitochondrial-apoptotic pathway in the pathogenesis of parkinsonism as there was a decrease in levels of striatal complex I activity and ATP as well as extreme overexpression of the antiapoptotic protein Bcl-2, and also exhibited the role of coenzyme Q10 where its plasma and striatal levels were found to be decreased in comparison to the normal control rats (group I).
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19455392 Chen Y, Wu Q, Cui GH, Chen YQ, Li R: Deguelin blocks cells survival signal pathways and induces apoptosis of HL-60 cells in vitro. Int J Hematol. 2009 Jun;89(5):618-23. Epub 2009 May 20.


To investigate the anti-cancer effects and molecular mechanism of deguelin on the human leukemia HL-60 cells, to explore the expression and clinical significance of p-AKT, survivin and Bcl-2 in leukemia cell line HL-60 cell.
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16185262 Tamiji S, Beauvillain JC, Mortier L, Jouy N, Tual M, Delaporte E, Formstecher P, Marchetti P, Polakowska R: Induction of apoptosis-like mitochondrial impairment triggers antioxidant and Bcl-2-dependent keratinocyte differentiation. J Invest Dermatol. 2005 Oct;125(4):647-58.

In this study, we demonstrated that protoporphyrin IX, staurosporine, and rotenone induced apoptotic-like changes in the mitochondria, and early differentiation of keratinocytes without inducing apoptosis.
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8700549 Shimizu S, Eguchi Y, Kamiike W, Waguri S, Uchiyama Y, Matsuda H, Tsujimoto Y: Bcl-2 blocks loss of mitochondrial membrane potential while ICE inhibitors act at a different step during inhibition of death induced by respiratory chain inhibitors. Oncogene. 1996 Jul 4;13(1):21-9.

A similar blocking effect is observed on necrotic cell death induced by other respiration inhibitors, rotenone and antimycin A, and on apoptotic cell death induced by etoposide or calcium ionophore.
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19365708 Li R, Chen Y, Shu WX, Chen Z, Ke WJ: Involvement of SRC-3 in deguelin-induced apoptosis in Jurkat cells. Int J Hematol. 2009 Jun;89(5):628-35. Epub 2009 Apr 14.


RT-PCR and Western blotting were employed to assess the expression levels of steroid receptor coactivator-3 (SRC-3), nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) and some apoptosis related genes, including Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL.
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7629499 Zamzami N, Marchetti P, Castedo M, Decaudin D, Macho A, Hirsch T, Susin SA, Petit PX, Mignotte B, Kroemer G: Sequential reduction of mitochondrial transmembrane potential and generation of reactive oxygen species in early programmed cell death. J Exp Med. 1995 Aug 1;182(2):367-77.

Transfection with the antiapoptotic protooncogene Bcl-2 simultaneously inhibits mitochondrial alterations and apoptotic cell death triggered by steroids or ceramide.
This step can be selectively inhibited by rotenone and ruthenium red yet is not affected by cyclosporin A.
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8068950 Smets LA, Van den Berg J, Acton D, Top B, Van Rooij H, Verwijs-Janssen M: BCL-2 expression and mitochondrial activity in leukemic cells with different sensitivity to glucocorticoid-induced apoptosis. Blood. 1994 Sep 1;84(5):1613-9.

In this panel, 10- to 15-fold differences in basal adenosine triphosphate (ATP) content and adenosine diphosphate (ADP)/ATP ratio were correlated with up to fivefold differences in bcl-2 protein (in human cells) and approximately 25-fold difference in bcl-2 mRNA content (all cell lines).
In resistant cell lines, sensitivity to dexamethasone was restored by the mitochondrial inhibitors rotenone and meta-iodobenzylguanidine.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
18817777 Kamdar O, Le W, Zhang J, Ghio AJ, Rosen GD, Upadhyay D: Air pollution induces enhanced mitochondrial oxidative stress in cystic fibrosis airway epithelium. FEBS Lett. 2008 Oct 29;582(25-26):3601-6. Epub 2008 Sep 24.

Mitochondrial inhibitors (4,4-diisothiocyanatostilbene-2,2'disulfonic acid, rotenone and thenoyltrifluoroacetone) blocked PM-induced generation of reactive oxygen species and apoptosis.
The anti-apoptotic Bcl-2, Bcl-xl, Mcl-1 and Xiap remained unchanged; however, overexpression of Bcl-xl blocked PM-induced apoptosis.
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12880480 Sharma SK, Ebadi M: Metallothionein attenuates 3-morpholinosydnonimine (SIN-1)-induced oxidative stress in dopaminergic neurons. Antioxid Redox Signal. 2003 Jun;5(3):251-64.

The synthesis of mitochondrial 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine and apoptosis-inducing factors were increased following exposure to 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium ion or rotenone.
Furthermore, it down-regulated the expression of Bcl-2 and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase, but up-regulated the expression of caspase-3 and Bax in dopaminergic (SK-N-SH) neurons.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
17506948 Zhang H, Gajate C, Yu LP, Fang YX, Mollinedo F: Mitochondrial-derived ROS in edelfosine-induced apoptosis in yeasts and tumor cells. Acta Pharmacol Sin. 2007 Jun;28(6):888-94.

The overexpression of Bcl-2 by gene transfer abrogated both ROS generation and apoptosis induced by edelfosine in leukemic cells.
Rotenone, an inhibitor of the mitochondrial electron transport chain, prevented ROS generation and apoptosis in response to edelfosine in S cerevisiae. alpha-Tocopherol abrogated the edelfosine-induced generation of intracellular ROS and apoptosis.
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18832435 Hu LF, Lu M, Wu ZY, Wong PT, Bian JS: Hydrogen sulfide inhibits rotenone-induced apoptosis via preservation of mitochondrial function. Mol Pharmacol. 2009 Jan;75(1):27-34. Epub 2008 Oct 2.

NaHS also prevented rotenone-induced p38- and c-Jun NH (2)-terminal kinase (JNK)-mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) phosphorylation and rotenone-mediated changes in Bcl-2/Bax levels, mitochondrial membrane potential (DeltaPsi (m)) dissipation, cytochrome c release, caspase-9/3 activation and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase cleavage.
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11526446 Smaili SS, Hsu YT, Sanders KM, Russell JT, Youle RJ: Bax translocation to mitochondria subsequent to a rapid loss of mitochondrial membrane potential. Cell Death Differ. 2001 Sep;8(9):909-20.

Bax, a pro-apoptotic member of the Bcl-2 family, is a cytosolic protein that inserts into mitochondrial membranes upon induction of cell death.
Bax association with mitochondria is also triggered by inhibitors of the electron transport chain, antimycin and rotenone, compounds that collapse DeltaPsi (m) without inducing rapid ATP hydrolysis that typically occurs with uncouplers such as FCCP.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
9989825 Dumont A, Hehner SP, Hofmann TG, Ueffing M, Droge W, Schmitz ML: Hydrogen peroxide-induced apoptosis is CD95-independent, requires the release of mitochondria-derived reactive oxygen species and the activation of NF-kappaB. Oncogene. 1999 Jan 21;18(3):747-57.

Inhibition of the mitochondrial permeability transition by bongkrekic acid (BA), or interference with the mitochondrial electron transport system by rotenone or menadione prevented the cytotoxic effect of H2O2.
Overexpression of Bcl-2 and the viral anti-apoptotic proteins BHRF-1 and E1B 19K counteracted H2O2-induced apoptosis.
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