Protein Information

Name GABA receptor (protein family or complex)
Synonyms GABA receptor; GABA receptors; GABA(A) receptor; GABA(A) receptors; Gamma aminobutyric acid receptor; Gamma aminobutyric acid receptors

Compound Information

Name strychnine
CAS strychnidin-10-one

Reference List

PubMed Abstract RScore(About this table)
10938255 Krolo M, Stuth EA, Tonkovic-Capin M, Hopp FA, McCrimmon DR, Zuperku EJ: Relative magnitude of tonic and phasic synaptic excitation of medullary inspiratory neurons in dogs. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2000 Aug;279(2):R639-49.


The silent expiratory phase is produced by phasic inhibition of the tonic activity, and approximately 80% of this inhibition is mediated by gamma-aminobutyric acid receptors (GABA (A)) and approximately 20% by glycine receptors.
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14673187 Whyment AD, Wilson JM, Renaud LP, Spanswick D: Activation and integration of bilateral GABA-mediated synaptic inputs in neonatal rat sympathetic preganglionic neurones in vitro. J Physiol. 2004 Feb 15;555(Pt 1):189-203. Epub 2003 Dec 12.

The role of GABA receptors in synaptic transmission to neonatal rat sympathetic preganglionic neurones (SPNs) was investigated utilizing whole-cell patch clamp recording techniques in longitudinal and transverse spinal cord slice preparations.
In three neurones IPSPs evoked by stimulation of the iLF (n = 1) or cLF (n = 2) were partly sensitive to strychnine (2 microM).
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9300267 Leewanich P, Tohda M, Matsumoto K, Subhadhirasakul S, Takayama H, Aimi N, Watanabe H: Inhibitory effects of corymine, an alkaloidal component from the leaves of Hunteria zeylanica, on glycine receptors expressed in Xenopus oocytes. Eur J Pharmacol. 1997 Aug 13;332(3):321-6.

We previously reported that corymine, an alkaloidal compound extracted from the leaves of Hunteria zeylanica native to Thailand, potentiated convulsions induced by either picrotoxin or strychnine.
These observations suggest that corymine was more effective against the glycine receptors than the GABA receptors.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
10465348 Shuto H, Kataoka Y, Fujisaki K, Nakao T, Sueyasu M, Miura I, Watanabe Y, Fujiwara M, Oishi R: Inhibition of GABA system involved in cyclosporine-induced convulsions. . Life Sci. 1999;65(9):879-87.


Cyclosporine (50 mg/kg, i.p.) significantly enhanced the intensity of convulsions induced by bicuculline (GABA receptor antagonist), but not those induced by strychnine (glycine receptor antagonist), N-methyl-D-aspartic acid, quisqualic acid or kainic acid (glutamate receptor agonists).
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8867136 Wu SH, Kelly JB: In vitro brain slice studies of the rat's dorsal nucleus of the lateral lemniscus. J Neurophysiol. 1996 Mar;75(3):1271-82.


The IPSPs evoked by stimulation of the lateral lemniscus were blocked by the glycine receptor antagonist strychnine, but not by the GABA receptor antagonist bicuculline, whereas the IPSPs elicited by stimulation of the commissure of Probst were blocked by bicuculline but not strychnine.
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7799221 Nissen R, Renaud LP: GABA receptor mediation of median preoptic nucleus-evoked inhibition of supraoptic neurosecretory neurones in rat. J Physiol. 1994 Sep 1;479 ( Pt 2):207-16.

In 20/21 cells, locally applied bicuculline (100 microM) attenuated MnPO-evoked depressant responses whereas strychnine (100 microM) and timolol (20 microM) were without effect on 5/5 vasopressin neurones.
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9582230 Kremer E, Lev-Tov A: GABA-receptor-independent dorsal root afferents depolarization in the neonatal rat spinal cord. J Neurophysiol. 1998 May;79(5):2581-92.

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10992010 van Zundert B, Albarran FA, Aguayo LG: Effects of chronic ethanol treatment on gamma-aminobutyric acid (A) and glycine receptors in mouse glycinergic spinal neurons. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2000 Oct;295(1):423-9.

Five-day-old cultures of mouse glycinergic spinal interneurons were chronically treated with 100 mM ethanol and the glycine and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)(A) receptors were assayed using whole-cell recordings and fluorescence-imaging techniques.
Strychnine inhibited the glycine current with smaller potency (29%) in treated neurons, thus the IC (50) increased from 14 +/- 2 nM in control to 18 +/- 6 nM in treated neurons.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
7971741 Bartlett SE, Dodd PR, Smith MT: Pharmacology of morphine and morphine-3-glucuronide at opioid, excitatory amino acid, GABA and glycine binding sites. Pharmacol Toxicol. 1994 Aug;75(2):73-81.


In addition, morphine-3-glucuronide and morphine did not inhibit the binding of 3H-strychnine (glycine receptor antagonist) to synaptic membranes prepared from bovine spinal cord.
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10460250 Levi S, Chesnoy-Marchais D, Sieghart W, Triller A: Synaptic control of glycine and GABA (A) receptors and gephyrin expression in cultured motoneurons. J Neurosci. 1999 Sep 1;19(17):7434-49.


We have evaluated the influence of the secretory phenotype of presynaptic boutons on the accumulation of postsynaptic glycine receptors (GlyRs), type A GABA receptors (GABA (A) Rs), and gephyrin clusters.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
20357156 Macleod BA, Wang JT, Chung CC, Ries CR, Schwarz SK, Puil E: Analgesic properties of the novel amino Acid, isovaline. Anesth Analg. 2010 Apr;110(4):1206-14.

Because glycine (A) and gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor agonists are antiallodynic, we hypothesized that isovaline produces antinociception in mice.
The effects of RS-isovaline were studied on nociceptive responses to (1) formalin injection into the hindpaw; (2) glutamate injection into the hindpaw; and (3) strychnine injection either into the lumbar intrathecal space or cisterna magna.
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9895039 Kostowski W, Bienkowski P: Discriminative stimulus effects of ethanol: neuropharmacological characterization. Alcohol. 1999 Jan;17(1):63-80.

Discrimination studies with ethanol and drugs acting on NMDA and GABA receptors consistently indicate asymmetrical generalization.
Further, some antagonists of strychnine-insensitive glycine modulatory sites among the NMDA receptor complex (e.g., L-701,324) dose-dependently substitute for the ethanol discriminative stimulus.
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16930437 Perez-Leon JA, Warren EJ, Allen CN, Robinson DW, Lane Brown R: Synaptic inputs to retinal ganglion cells that set the circadian clock. Eur J Neurosci. 2006 Aug;24(4):1117-23.

Although strychnine (Strych)-sensitive mPSCs were evident on many non-ipRGCs, indicating the presence of glycinergic inputs, we saw no evidence of Strych-sensitive events in ipRGCs.
Using whole-cell patch-clamp recording, we demonstrate that light triggers synaptic currents in ipRGCs via activation of ionotropic glutamate and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptors.
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9765346 Madden TE, Johnson SW: Gamma-hydroxybutyrate is a GABAB receptor agonist that increases a potassium conductance in rat ventral tegmental dopamine neurons. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1998 Oct;287(1):261-5.

These data suggest that GHB is an agonist at gamma-aminobutyric acid receptors and would be expected to inhibit DA release by causing K+-dependent membrane hyperpolarization.
Changes in membrane potential and input resistance were blocked by the gamma-aminobutyric acid antagonist CGP-35348 (300 microM), but neither bicuculline (30 microM) nor strychnine (10 microM) was an effective antagonist.
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10971610 Piguet P, Stoeckel ME, Schlichter R: Synaptically released 5-HT modulates the activity of tonically discharging neuronal populations in the rostral ventral medulla (RVM). Eur J Neurosci. 2000 Aug;12(8):2662-75.


The synaptic release of 5-HT was, itself, under an inhibitory control involving GABAA (gamma-aminobutyric acid) receptors.
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9547252 Roska B, Nemeth E, Werblin FS: Response to change is facilitated by a three-neuron disinhibitory pathway in the tiger salamander retina. J Neurosci. 1998 May 1;18(9):3451-9.

We used perforated and whole-cell patch-clamp recordings to measure the timing of light responses in amacrine, bipolar, and ganglion cells under control and glycine and GABA receptor-blocked conditions.
Blocking the glycinergic amacrine cell activity with strychnine allows the GABAergic system to become active earlier.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
8600299 Galvez-Ruano E, Aprison MH, Robertson DH, Lipkowitz KB: Identifying agonistic and antagonistic mechanisms operative at the GABA receptor. J Neurosci Res. 1995 Dec;42(5):666-73.

Moreover, we find a remarkedly different antagonistic mechanism exists for this phylogenetically newer inhibitory system in the central nervous system (CNS) than recently reported for strychnine and eight weaker glycine antagonists.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
11181903 Loomis CW, Khandwala H, Osmond G, Hefferan MP: Coadministration of intrathecal strychnine and bicuculline effects synergistic allodynia in the rat: an isobolographic analysis. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2001 Mar;296(3):756-61.

The allodynic state induced by the blockade of glycine or GABA receptors is clearly exacerbated by the removal of both inhibitory systems.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
9760138 Li P, Yang XL: Strong synergism between GABA (A) and glycine receptors on isolated carp third-order neurons. Neuroreport. 1998 Aug 24;9(12):2875-9.

A strong synergistic interaction between the bicuculline-sensitive GABA receptor (GABA (A) receptor) and the strychnine-sensitive glycine receptor was observed in third-order neurons acutely isolated from crucian carp retina, with the use of the whole-cell patch-clamp recording technique.
81(1,1,1,1) Details
12213259 Wong JY, Ross SA, McColl C, Massalas JS, Powney E, Finkelstein DI, Clark M, Horne MK, Berkovic SF, Drago J: Proconvulsant-induced seizures in alpha (4) nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunit knockout mice. Neuropharmacology. 2002 Jul;43(1):55-64.

We investigated the response of alpha (4) nAChR subunit knockout mice to the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptor antagonists; pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) and bicuculline (BIC), the glutamate receptor agonist kainic acid (KA), the glycine receptor antagonist strychnine and the K (+) channel blocker 4-aminopyridine (4-AP).
63(0,2,2,3) Details
10630206 Chen Q, Moulder K, Tenkova T, Hardy K, Olney JW, Romano C: Excitotoxic cell death dependent on inhibitory receptor activation. . Exp Neurol. 1999 Nov;160(1):215-25.


GABA receptor blockade with either a competitive or noncompetitive antagonist provides complete neuroprotection.
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18929557 Shigemi K, Tsuneyoshi Y, Hamasu K, Han L, Hayamizu K, Denbow DM, Furuse M: l-Serine induces sedative and hypnotic effects acting at GABA (A) receptors in neonatal chicks. Eur J Pharmacol. 2008 Dec 3;599(1-3):86-90. Epub 2008 Sep 30.

The involvement of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)(A) receptors on the effect of l-serine was investigated using the GABA (A) receptor antagonist picrotoxin.
Glycine similarly induced sedative and hypnotic effects in chicks, but its effect was attenuated by the glycine receptor antagonist strychnine.
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10686090 Vergnes M, Boehrer A, Reibel S, Simler S, Marescaux C: Selective susceptibility to inhibitors of GABA synthesis and antagonists of GABA (A) receptor in rats with genetic absence epilepsy. Exp Neurol. 2000 Feb;161(2):714-23.

The susceptibility to convulsions induced by threshold doses of various GABA receptor antagonists and inhibitors of GABA synthesis, kainic acid and strychnine, was compared in GAERS and in nonepileptic rats from a selected control strain (NE).
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9927615 Rothlin CV, Katz E, Verbitsky M, Elgoyhen AB: The alpha9 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor shares pharmacological properties with type A gamma-aminobutyric acid, glycine, and type 3 serotonin receptors. Mol Pharmacol. 1999 Feb;55(2):248-54.

Thus, the type A gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor antagonist bicuculline, the glycinergic antagonist strychnine, and the type 3 serotonin receptor antagonist ICS-205,930 block ACh-evoked currents in alpha9-injected Xenopus laevis oocytes with the following rank order of potency: strychnine > ICS-205,930 > bicuculline.
31(0,1,1,1) Details
17411024 Gelmi ML, Fontana G, Pocar D, Pontremoli G, Pellegrino S, Bombardelli E, Riva A, Balduini W, Carloni S, Cimino M: Novel 3-O-glycosyl-3-demethylthiocolchicines as ligands for glycine and gamma-aminobutyric acid receptors. J Med Chem. 2007 May 3;50(9):2245-8. Epub 2007 Apr 6.

New 3-O-glycosyl-3-demethylthiocolchicines containing natural and unnatural sugar moieties were prepared and tested on gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and strychnine-sensitive glycine receptors present in rat brain and spinal cord.
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8890920 Wang H, Cui WY, Liu CG: Regulatory effects of acutely repeated nicotine treatment towards central muscarinic receptors. Life Sci. 1996;59(17):1415-21.

In conscious rats, the dose-response curves of muscarinic agonists arecoline and pilocarpine, cholinesterase inhibitors soman and physostigmine rather than GABA receptor antagonist pentylenetetrazol or glycine receptor antagonist strychnine for producing EEG seizures were shifted leftwards by acutely repeated injections of nicotine.
31(0,1,1,1) Details
12151932 Yamauchi M, Sekiyama H, Shimada SG, Collins JG: Halothane suppression of spinal sensory neuronal responses to noxious peripheral stimuli is mediated, in part, by both GABA (A) and glycine receptor systems. Anesthesiology. 2002 Aug;97(2):412-7.

The authors tested the hypothesis that gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor type A (GABA (A)) and strychnine-sensitive glycine receptor systems mediate halothane depression of spinal sensory neuronal responses to noxious stimuli.
31(0,1,1,1) Details
8052412 Saransaari P, Oja SS: Regulation of D-aspartate release by glutamate and GABA receptors in cerebral cortical slices from developing and ageing mice. Neuroscience. 1994 May;60(1):191-8.

The glycine effect was strychnine-insensitive, characteristic of the glycine modulatory site in the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
8624015 Mason P, Owens CA, Hammond DL: Antagonism of the antinocifensive action of halothane by intrathecal administration of GABAA receptor antagonists. Anesthesiology. 1996 May;84(5):1205-14.

In contrast, the antinocifensive effect of the increase in halothane concentration was not attenuated by the GABAB receptor antagonist CGP 35348 or the glycine receptor antagonist strychnine.
BACKGROUND: The hind brain and the spinal cord, regions that contain high concentrations of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and GABA receptors, have been implicated as sites of action of inhalational anesthetics.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
7635092 Guillet R, Dunham L: Neonatal caffeine exposure and seizure susceptibility in adult rats. Epilepsia. 1995 Aug;36(8):743-9.

At age 70-90 days, each rat was infused intravenously (i.v.) with picrotoxin (PIC), bicuculline (BIC) [convulsants acting at the gamma-aminobutyric acid/benzodiazepine (GABA/BDZ) receptor], pentylenetetrazol [PTZ, possibly acting at both GABA/BDZ and N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors], caffeine (acting at adenosine receptors), strychnine (STR, acting at glycine receptors), or kainic acid (KA, acting at the NMDA receptor).
31(0,1,1,1) Details
17982916 Lee MC, Hwang JC, Lin JT, Tung LC: Characteristics of GABA receptors on the ocellar L-neurons of American cockroach Periplaneta americana. Chin J Physiol. 2007 Aug 31;50(4):178-86.

More interestingly, administration of strychnine, glycine receptor antagonist, largely attenuated the depolarization response of the L-neurons to cercal stimulation.
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8930293 Valeyev AY, Hackman JC, Wood PM, Davidoff RA: Pharmacologically novel GABA receptor in human dorsal root ganglion neurons. J Neurophysiol. 1996 Nov;76(5):3555-8.

The glycine receptor antagonist strychnine (100 microM) did not alter GABA currents in human DRG cells. 5.
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10430508 Li P, Yang XL: Zn2+ differentially modulates glycine receptors versus GABA receptors in isolated carp retinal third-order neurons. Neurosci Lett. 1999 Jul 9;269(2):75-8.

It was previously reported that strychnine-sensitive glycine receptors and GABAA receptors co-existed on carp retinal third-order neurons (amacrine/ganglion cells) (Li, P. and Yang, X.-L., Strong synergism between GABAA and glycine receptors on isolated carp third-order neurons.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
7824081 Lorsignol A, Taupignon A, Dufy B: Short applications of gamma-aminobutyric acid increase intracellular calcium concentrations in single identified rat lactotrophs. Neuroendocrinology. 1994 Oct;60(4):389-99.

We have investigated the direct effect of GABA receptor agonists on the cytosolic free calcium concentration ([Ca2+] i) and the membrane potential of rat lactotrophs in primary culture. [Ca2+] i was recorded in single identified lactotrophs by dual emission microspectrofluorimetry using indo-1 as intracellular fluorescent calcium probe.
The GABA-induced [Ca2+] i increase was antagonized by picrotoxin (10 (-5) M), bicuculline methiodide (10 (-5) M) and strychnine (10 (-4) M), demonstrating GABAA receptor specificity.
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7948829 Mettens P, Cheron G, Godaux E: Role of the vestibular commissure in gaze-holding in the cat: a pharmacological evaluation. Neuroreport. 1994 Jul 21;5(12):1421-4.

In order to test this hypothesis, we injected either bicuculline, a GABA receptor antagonist, or strychnine, a glycine receptor antagonist, into the medial vestibular nucleus of alert cats.
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8587908 Sanders SK, Shekhar A: Regulation of anxiety by GABAA receptors in the rat amygdala. . Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 1995 Dec;52(4):701-6.

The present study was undertaken to determine whether GABA receptors in the BLA might be involved in regulating experimental anxiety using the social interaction (SI) and conflict test.
Microinjection of MUS, baclofen (GABAB agonist), 2OH-saclofen (GABAB antagonist) or strychnine (glycine antagonist) into the BLA or BMI into the Ce elicited no change in experimental anxiety as measured by the SI test.
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14658764 O'Brien BJ, Richardson RC, Berson DM: Inhibitory network properties shaping the light evoked responses of cat alpha retinal ganglion cells. Vis Neurosci. 2003 Jul-Aug;20(4):351-61.

The hyperpolarization was largely abolished by bath application of strychnine, a blocker of glycinergic inhibition.
Picrotoxin, an antagonist of ionotropic GABA receptors, greatly reduced the attenuation of the hyperpolarizing response for large spots.
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15555633 Ran I, Mathers DA, Puil E: Pentobarbital induces thalamic oscillations in brain slices, modulated by GABA and glycine receptors. Neuropharmacology. 2004 Dec;47(7):985-93.

Receptors for glutamate and glycine mediated oscillations during GABA receptor blockade in ventrobasal nuclei, or on disconnection from nRT.
GABA (B) antagonism (CGP 35348, 100 nM), or antagonism of glycine receptors (strychnine, 1 microM) suppressed oscillations at 1-4 and 11-15 Hz.
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9412508 Chub N, O'Donovan MJ: Blockade and recovery of spontaneous rhythmic activity after application of neurotransmitter antagonists to spinal networks of the chick embryo. J Neurosci. 1998 Jan 1;18(1):294-306.

After bath application of either an excitatory amino acid (AP-5 or CNQX) and a nicotinic cholinergic (DHbetaE or mecamylamine) antagonist, or glycine and GABA receptor (bicuculline, 2-hydroxysaclofen, and strychnine) antagonists, spontaneous activity was blocked for a period (30-90 min) but then reappeared in the presence of the drugs.
After bath application of either an excitatory amino acid (AP-5 or CNQX) and a nicotinic cholinergic (DHbetaE or mecamylamine) antagonist, or glycine and GABA receptor (bicuculline, 2-hydroxysaclofen, and strychnine) antagonists, spontaneous activity was blocked for a period (30-90 min) but then reappeared in the presence of the drugs.
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10559379 Delaney AJ, Sah P: GABA receptors inhibited by benzodiazepines mediate fast inhibitory transmission in the central amygdala. J Neurosci. 1999 Nov 15;19(22):9698-704.

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20002018 Siapich SA, Banat M, Albanna W, Hescheler J, Luke M, Schneider T: Antagonists of ionotropic gamma-aminobutyric acid receptors impair the NiCl2-mediated stimulation of the electroretinogram b-wave amplitude from the isolated superfused vertebrate retina. Acta Ophthalmol. 2009 Nov;87(8):854-65.

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9636118 Cleland TA, Selverston AI: Inhibitory glutamate receptor channels in cultured lobster stomatogastric neurons. J Neurophysiol. 1998 Jun;79(6):3189-96.

The distinct GABA receptor also displayed a single open state with a conductance of 72 +/- 10 pS.
The IGluR was weakly blocked by the chloride channel blocker furosemide and the excitatory glutamate receptor antagonist6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione (CNQX), but was not inhibited by bicuculline methiodide, strychnine, kynurenic acid, gamma--glutamylglycine, or aspartate.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
15046720 Young TL, Cepko CL: A role for ligand-gated ion channels in rod photoreceptor development. Neuron. 2004 Mar 25;41(6):867-79.

Taurine potentiates the production of rod photoreceptors, and this induction is inhibited by strychnine, an antagonist of glycine receptors, and bicuculline, an antagonist of GABA receptors.
Taurine potentiates the production of rod photoreceptors, and this induction is inhibited by strychnine, an antagonist of glycine receptors, and bicuculline, an antagonist of GABA receptors.
1(0,0,0,1) Details
17112484 Heesch CM, Laiprasert JD, Kvochina L: RVLM glycine receptors mediate GABAA and GABAB) independent sympathoinhibition from CVLM in rats. Brain Res. 2006 Dec 13;1125(1):46-59. Epub 2006 Nov 16.

These experiments evaluated the role of RVLM gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA) receptor subtypes and glycine receptors in mediating CVLM sympathoinhibition.
The addition of strychnine (300 pmol, 100 nl) to the RVLM eliminated responses to CVLM inhibition, suggesting that a GABA (A) and GABA (B) independent sympathoinhibitory influence from CVLM to RVLM is mediated by glycine receptors.
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7862886 Swerdlow NR, Britton KT: Alphaxalone, a steroid anesthetic, inhibits the startle-enhancing effects of corticotropin releasing factor, but not strychnine. Psychopharmacology. 1994 Jun;115(1-2):141-6.

CRF potentiates the amplitude of the startle reflex, and this effect is reversed by benzodiazepines (BDZ), suggesting that the startle-enhancing effects of CRF are modulated by changes in the GABA/BDZ receptor complex.
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7657995 Martin B, Clement Y, Venault P, Chapouthier G: Mouse chromosomes 4 and 13 are involved in beta-carboline-induced seizures. J Hered. 1995 Jul-Aug;86(4):274-9.


Testing of these two strains with two other convulsant agents (pentylenetetrazol, which acts at the picrotoxine site of the GABA receptor complex, and strychnine, which acts at the glycinergic receptor) provided evidence that the genes implicated are not involved in general seizure processes but specifically in beta-CCM-induced seizures.
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12200222 Bough KJ, Gudi K, Han FT, Rathod AH, Eagles DA: An anticonvulsant profile of the ketogenic diet in the rat. Epilepsy Res. 2002 Aug;50(3):313-25.


All animals began diet treatment at age P37 and each was subjected to one of five chemically-induced seizure tests: bicuculline (BIC; s.c.), picrotoxin (PIC; s.c.), kainate (KA, i.p. or s.c.) and gamma-butyrolactone (GBL, i.p.), strychnine (s.c.).
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12923611 Dudeck O, Lubben S, Eipper S, Knorle R, Kirsch M, Honegger J, Zentner J, Feuerstein TJ: Evidence for strychnine-sensitive glycine receptors in human amygdala. . Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol. 2003 Sep;368(3):181-7. Epub 2003 Aug 16.

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15885796 Raiteri L, Zappettini S, Stigliani S, Paluzzi S, Raiteri M, Bonanno G: Glutamate release induced by activation of glycine and GABA transporters in spinal cord is enhanced in a mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Neurotoxicology. 2005 Oct;26(5):883-92.


Potentiation of the spontaneous amino acid release is likely to be mediated by activation of a GLY or a GABA transporter, since the effect of GLY was counteracted by the GLY transporter blocker glycyldodecylamide but not by the GLY receptor antagonists strychnine and 5,7-dichlorokynurenate while the effect of GABA was diminished by the GABA transporter blocker SKF89976-A but not by the GABA receptor antagonists SR9531 and CGP52432.
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16611622 Stehr CM, Linbo TL, Incardona JP, Scholz NL: The developmental neurotoxicity of fipronil: notochord degeneration and locomotor defects in zebrafish embryos and larvae. Toxicol Sci. 2006 Jul;92(1):270-8. Epub 2006 Apr 12.

Fipronil is a phenylpyrazole insecticide designed to selectively inhibit insect gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptors.
The notochord effects of fipronil were phenocopied by exposure to 70 microM strychnine, a glycinergic receptor antagonist.
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8714526 Aprison MH, Galvez-Ruano E, Robertson DH, Lipkowitz KB: Glycine and GABA receptors: molecular mechanisms controlling chloride ion flux. J Neurosci Res. 1996 Feb 1;43(3):372-81.

In addition, amino acids also involved in stabilizing the interaction between the antagonists strychnine and R5135 at the glycinergic and gabanergic receptors, respectively, have been shown to fit our complex model.
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12183767 Fuzessery ZM, Wenstrup JJ, Hall JC, Leroy S: Inhibition has little effect on response latencies in the inferior colliculus. J Assoc Res Otolaryngol. 2003 Mar;4(1):60-73. Epub 2002 Aug 19.

Multibarrel "piggyback" electrodes were used to iontophoretically apply bicuculline and strychnine sequentially while recording from single neurons.
In the pallid bat, blocking GABA receptors produced latency changes that ranged from -3.8 to +0.2 ms, while blocking glycine receptors produced changes from -0.1 to +1.7 ms.
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10218805 Xiao J, Wang Y, Wang SR: Effects of glutamatergic, cholinergic and gabaergic antagonists on tectal cells in toads. Neuroscience. 1999 Mar;90(3):1061-7.


The excitatory responses were reversibly abolished by atropine, but not affected by either 3-Rs-2-carboxypiperazin-4-yl-propyl-1-phosphonic acid or the alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole-propionate antagonist 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione, whereas the inhibitory responses were released by the GABA receptor A antagonist bicuculline, but not influenced by the GABA receptor B antagonist 2-hydroxysaclofen and glycinergic antagonist strychnine.
0(0,0,0,0) Details
8890310 Hare WA, Owen WG: Receptive field of the retinal bipolar cell: a pharmacological study in the tiger salamander. J Neurophysiol. 1996 Sep;76(3):2005-19.


Surround responses were not blocked by glycine or its antagonist strychnine, or by combinations of drugs designed to eliminate GABAergic and glycinergic pathways simultaneously. 7.
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17068103 Vignes JR, Deloire MS, Petry KG, Nagy F: Characterization and restoration of altered inhibitory and excitatory control of micturition reflex in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in rats. J Physiol. 2007 Jan 15;578(Pt 2):439-50. Epub 2006 Oct 26.


Bladder hyperactivity was suppressed by activation of glycine and GABA receptors in the lumbosacral spinal cord with an order of potency: glycine > GABA (B) > GABA (A).
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8386310 Woodward RM, Polenzani L, Miledi R: Characterization of bicuculline/baclofen-insensitive (rho-like) gamma-aminobutyric acid receptors expressed in Xenopus oocytes. Mol Pharmacol. 1993 Apr;43(4):609-25.

Strychnine (Kb congruent to 70) and SR-95531 (Kb congruent to 35) also were competitive inhibitors of the rho-like receptors but were, respectively, 20 and 240 times more potent at GABAA receptors.
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10561820 Chebib M, Johnston GA: The 'ABC' of GABA receptors: a brief review. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 1999 Nov;26(11):937-40.

GABAA and GABAC receptors are members of a super-family of transmitter-gated ion channels that include nicotinic acetylcholine, strychnine-sensitive glycine and 5HT3 receptors.
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15993440 Ghavanini AA, Mathers DA, Puil E: Glycinergic inhibition in thalamus revealed by synaptic receptor blockade. . Neuropharmacology. 2005 Sep;49(3):338-49.


Using juvenile rat brain slices, we examined the possibility that strychnine-sensitive receptors for glycine-like amino acids contributed to synaptic inhibition in ventrobasal thalamus, where gamma-aminobutyrate (GABA) is the prevalent inhibitory transmitter.
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17728537 Zhang CG, Kim SJ: Taurine induces anti-anxiety by activating strychnine-sensitive glycine receptor in vivo. Ann Nutr Metab. 2007;51(4):379-86. Epub 2007 Aug 29.

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7637204 Furuhata K, Hiraiwa T, Ono S, Tanaka K, Shimotori T, Makino S, Kitamura K, Aikawa Y, Izumi Y, Kimura T, et al.: [General pharmacology of T-3761, a new oral quinolone antibacterial agent (1). Jpn J Antibiot. 1995 May;48(5):692-705.


T-3761 exerted no significant effects on spontaneous motor activity, motor coordination, pentobarbital-induced hypnosis, electroshock-, pentetrazole- or strychnine-induced convulsion, acetic acid-induced writhing responses, reserpine-induced hypothermia and ptosis in mice at oral doses of 100, 300 and 1,000 mg/kg.
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17308985 Trailovic SM, Varagic VM: The effect of ivermectin on convulsions in rats produced by lidocaine and strychnine. Vet Res Commun. 2007 Oct;31(7):863-72.

In nematodes, the target site of ivermectin's action is glutamate-gated chloride-channel receptor and GABA receptor.
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11226317 Garcia-Alcocer G, Garcia-Colunga J, Martinez-Torres A, Miledi R: Characteristics of glycine receptors expressed by embryonic rat brain mRNAs. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2001 Feb 27;98(5):2781-5. Epub 2001 Feb 13.

A study was made of glycine (Gly) and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptors expressed in Xenopus oocytes injected with rat mRNAs isolated from the encephalon, midbrain, and brainstem of 18-day-old rat embryos.
Strychnine inhibited all of the Gly-currents, with an IC (50) of 56 +/- 3 nM for encephalon, 97 +/- 4 nM for midbrain, and 72 +/- 4 nM for brainstem mRNAs.
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10973624 Haberek G, Tomczyk T, Zuchora B, Wielosz M, Turski WA, Urbanska EM: Proconvulsive effects of the mitochondrial respiratory chain inhibitor--3-nitropropionic acid. Eur J Pharmacol. 2000 Sep 8;403(3):229-33.


In contrast, 3-nitropropionic acid did not affect convulsions induced by gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptor antagonists - bicuculline, pentylenetetrazol and picrotoxin, glycine antagonist - strychnine, cholinomimetic drug-pilocarpine, and kynurenine aminotransferase inhibitor - aminooxyacetic acid.
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9183739 Withers MD, St John PA: Embryonic rat spinal cord neurons change expression of glycine receptor subtypes during development in vitro. J Neurobiol. 1997 Jun 5;32(6):579-92.


However, the extent to which responses to glycine were blocked by the antagonist strychnine differed significantly between the first few days and 8 days in culture.
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